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Esoh 100 exercise set no 4 surface water groundwater fall 2020 1

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ESOH 100
Exercise Set No. 4
Fresh Water as a Resource and Ecosystem Capital
Surface Water and Groundwater
Class Nos. 7 and 8
1. Water is fundamental to life. According to the text:
a. What percentage of the earth’s surface is covered by water? 75%
b. _97.5%__ of the volume of water that covers the earth’s surface is salt water in
the oceans and seas.
c. __2.5%___ of the volume of water that covers the earth’s surface is fresh water.
d. Of that percentage of fresh water, _two thirds___ of that fresh water is bound up
in the polar ice caps and glaciers.
e. Only _0.77___ % of all water that covers the earth’s surface is found in lakes,
wetlands, rivers, groundwater, biota, soil, and the atmosphere.
(Page 234 and Figure 10-1)
2. Give seven examples of the various types of “infrastructure that has been designed and
built/installed to manage and treat our water resources (i.e., surface water, drinking water,
groundwater, wastewater, or storm water) in the United States. (Page 234)
i. Dams
ii. Canals
iii. Reservoirs
iv. Aqueducts
v. Sewer systems
vi. Treatment plants
vii. Water towers
3. Define the following terms associated with nature’s movement and storage of water:
a. Infrastructure man made structures that are designed to help with the
management of water resources.
b. Water quantity the amount of water within a region
c. Freshwater water that has low salt content equal to and less than 500ppm
d. Stormwater water originating from a storm

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e. Surface water water found on the ground in form of rivers, lakes, ponds
f. Watershed an area of land that drains water in to a particular water body
g. Groundwater water found inside the ground
h. Aquifer a permeable rock located in between two layers of non permeable
rocks and has water stored with it.
i. Recharge area area upon which water enters a permeable rock which is located
between layers of non-permeable rocks.
j. Desalination elimination of salt particle from water to make it non-salty water
4. Freshwater is a continually renewable resource. Identify four major steps in the
hydrologic cycle that provide for the supply of freshwater. (Page 236 and Figure 10-3)
Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation
5. ___condensation______ is the opposite of evaporation. (Page 237)
6. What is meant by “water purification”? Identify two processes in the hydrologic cycle
that are responsible for water purification. (Page 237) it is the separation of water from
solutes and other particles it had.
7. As precipitation hits the ground, it may either _soak in to the ground___ or _run off the
surface_____. (Page 239)
8. Water that hits the earth’s surface in the form of precipitation may run along the earth’s
surface (e.g., runoff) or infiltrate the earth’s surface. Water that infiltrates the earth’s
surface becomes either _capillary____ water or _gravitational__ water. (Page 239).
Describe the difference between those two types of water that infiltrate the earth’s
surface. (Page 239). Capillary water is held in soil in any amount depending on the
water-holding capacity. Gravitational water is not held in soil, it continues to trickledown
through the pores and cracks in soil and rocks through gravitational pull until it
encounters an impervious rock
9. Aquifers hold _99___ percent of all liquid freshwater. The remaining __1__ percent is
found in __surface______ waters. (Page 239)
10. Climate change results in a warming of the earth’s abiotic spheres. What are the earth’s
abiotic spheres? (Pages 56 and 57; Figure 3-8). Hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
lithosphere
11. Climate change speeds up the water cycle. What does this cause? What is the effect of a
wetter atmosphere? (Page 242). Speeding up of the hydrological cycle occurs since the

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ESOH 100 Exercise Set No. 4 Fresh Water as a Resource and Ecosystem Capital Surface Water and Groundwater Class Nos. 7 and 8 1. 2. Water is fundamental to life. According to the text: a. What percentage of the earth’s surface is covered by water? 75% b. _97.5%__ of the volume of water that covers the earth’s surface is salt water in the oceans and seas. c. __2.5%___ of the volume of water that covers the earth’s surface is fresh water. d. Of that percentage of fresh water, _two thirds___ of that fresh water is bound up in the polar ice caps and glaciers. e. Only _0.77___ % of all water that covers the earth’s surface is found in lakes, wetlands, rivers, groundwater, biota, soil, and the atmosphere. (Page 234 and Figure 10-1) Give seven examples of the various types of “infrastructure” that has been designed and built/installed to manage and treat our water resources (i.e., surface water, drinking water, groundwater, wastewater, or storm water) in the United States. (Page 234) i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. 3. Dams Canals Reservoirs Aqueducts Sewer systems Treatment plants Water towers Define the following terms associated with nature’s movement and storag ...
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