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Biochemistry Review for the National Boards

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2003 Biochemistry Review for the National Boards Part I Page 1 of 33
©2003 Gene C. Lavers, Ph.D.
Examination Specifications (2002)
1
Building Blocks of Life Course (41)
I. Physical-Chemical Principles (3)
A. Basic principles (2)
B. Applied principles (1)
II. Biological Compounds (9)
A. Sugars and carbohydrates (1)
B. Amino Acids and proteins (2 )
C. Lipids (1)
D. Nucleic Acids and metabolism (1)
E. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (4)
III. Metabolism (13)
A. Bioenergetics (1)
B. Enzymology (1)
C. Catabolism (2)
D. Anabolism (2)
E. Regulation (2)
F. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (5)
---25 ---
IV. Molecular Biology (8)
A. DNA/RNA and protein synthesis (4 )
B. Genetic engineering (2)
C. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (2)
XIV. Nutrition (8)
A. Nutrients/minerals (3)
1. Requirements (1)
2. Functions (2)
B. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2)
---16 of 25 ---
---9 of 25 ---
Biochemistry in other D1 Courses (13)
V. Connective Tissues (8) (in Basic Tissues)
A. Soft tissue (2)
B. Hard Tissue/calcification (3)
C. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (3)
VI. Membranes (4) (most in Cell Organelles )
A. Structure (1)
B. Function (1)
C. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (2)
VII. Nervous System (9) (most in Organ Systems)
A. General properties (2)
B. Central nervous system (1)
C. Autonomic nervous system (1)
D. Somatic nervous system (with reflexes) (2)
E. Special senses (1)
F. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2)
VIII. Muscle (6) ()
A. Skeletal (2) metabolism and myoglobin
B. Smooth (1)
C. Cardiac (1)
D. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (3)
IX. Circulation (9) (in Basic Tissues/clotting/gas transport
A. Fluid content and dynamics (2)
B. Coagulation (1)
C. Cardiodynamics and electrophysiology (2)
C. Regulation (1)
D. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (3)
X. Respiration (6) (in Basic Tissues)
A. Mechanical aspects (1)
B. Gas exchange and transport (1)
C. Regulation (1)
D. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (3)
XI. Renal (6) (see Organ Systems)
A. Functional anatomy (1)
B. Blood flow and filtration (1)
C. Reabsorption and secretion (1) metabolites
D. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2)
XII. Acid-Base Balance (1) (in Organ Systems)
XIII. Digestion (5) (in Organ Systems)
A. Neuromuscular (1)
B. Secretions (1) enzymes
C. Absorption (1)
D. Regulation (1)
E. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (1)
XV. Endocrines (8) (in Organ Systems)
A. Pituitary/hypothalamus (1)
B. Reproduction (1)
C. Signaling systems (2) insulin/glucagon & cAMP
D. Pancreas/parathyroid (1)
E. Adrenal/thyroid (1)
F. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2)

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2003 Biochemistry Review for the National Boards Part I Page 2 of 33
©2003 Gene C. Lavers, Ph.D.
Integrated Biochemistry Review and Study Questions
To assist you in reviewing Biochemistry for the Part I National Boards, review questions were prepared and are accompanied
by suggested study or thought questions in red text. Additionally, written answers - as endnotes - are provided to foster easier
review rather than new learning. To see the answer, move the mouse cursor over the endnote number (exponent) and the
endnote pops up. Greek letters, super/subscripts formatting are lost in the popup note, so consult the actual endnote as needed.
[Additional information is within brackets in grey tone, which is also lost in the popup note.].
The TOPIC headings (centered) and their SUBTOPIC headings (left margin) are also in gray scale. Topics in Building
Blocks of Life course are in blue text. Other topics taught in the previous traditional biochemistry course are in other D1
courses, these other topics are in green text. Many subtopics can not be included in a short 50 question format, so the related
study questions attempt to expand the subtopics in the questions. Not all answers (*) are reviewed or discussed in the endnote
material.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES (3)
BASIC PRINCIPLES
1. Which of the following functional groups behaves as a weak acid, i.e., dissociate a proton in aqueous solution, at
physiological pH?
A. RCH
2
R'
B. RCH
2
OH
C. RNH
3
+
* D. RCOOH
E. PhOH
Related study questions.
[1] What is physiological pH?
2
What is a weak acid compared to a strong acid?
3
[2] Identify each functional group above, which can dissociate at physiological pH; and why
4
?
[3] Why is the pKa of COOH and NH
2
on the -carbon of amino acids about 1-2 pH unit higher and lower, respectively
5
?
2. Which of the following pairs of compounds is INCORRECTLY matched with its respective type of stereoisomerism?
A. D- and Lglyceraldehyde : absolute configuration
B. and -glucose : anomer pair
C. glucose and mannose : epimers
D. cis- and transfumarate : geometric isomers
* E. ribose and glucose : diastereomers
Related study questions.
[1] How many configurations can an asymmetric tetrahedral carbon and a chiral carbon have
6
? How many different
configurations do all of the asymmetric carbons (C*) contribute in a sugar?
7
How many C* in aldoses
8
; ribose, glucose,
and mannose; in ketoses
9
: ribulose, xylulose, fructose?
[2] Regarding carbons C
1
C
5
or C
1
C
6
, which chiral carbons in those sugars define pairs of anomers ()
10
, epimers
11
(e.g.,
glucose and mannose) , D/L-sugar families
12
(e.g., D/L-glucose).
[3] How many of the asymmetric carbon atoms of these sugars rotate polarized light, i.e., are optically active?
13
If a D-sugar
always give a (+) optical rotation does the corresponding mirror image L-sugar always give a () rotation?
14
Is there any
consistent relationship between the asymmetrical tetrahedral carbons and the direction (+ or ) of optical light rotation
properties?
15
[4] What are meso stereoisomers versus diastereoisomer?
16
Cite an example
17
.
APPLIED PRINCIPLES
3. Which thermodynamic parameter deals with randomness and disorder?
A. enthalpy
* B. entropy
C. free energy
D. activation energy
E. potential energy
Related study questions.
[1] What is the meaning of each the terms listed
18
?
[2] What is the significance of random disorder versus specified order in biological systems
19
?

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Examination Specifications (2002)1 Building Blocks of Life Course (41) I. Physical-Chemical Principles (3) A. Basic principles (2) B. Applied principles (1) II. Biological Compounds (9) A. Sugars and carbohydrates (1) B. Amino Acids and proteins (2 ) C. Lipids (1) D. Nucleic Acids and metabolism (1) E. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (4) III. Metabolism (13) A. Bioenergetics (1) B. Enzymology (1) C. Catabolism (2) D. Anabolism (2) E. Regulation (2) F. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (5) ---25 --- IV. Molecular Biology (8) A. DNA/RNA and protein synthesis (4 ) B. Genetic engineering (2) C. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (2) XIV. Nutrition (8) A. Nutrients/minerals (3) 1. Requirements (1) 2. Functions (2) B. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2) ---16 of 25 --- ---9 of 25 --- Biochemistry in other D1 Courses (13) V. Connective Tissues (8) (in Basic Tissues) A. Soft tissue (2) B. Hard Tissue/calcification (3) C. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (3) VI. Membranes (4) (most in Cell Organelles ) A. Structure (1) B. Function (1) C. Interdisciplinary clinical/cross correlation (2) VII. Nervous System (9) (most in Organ Systems) A. General properties (2) B. Central nervous system (1) C. Autonomic nervous system (1) D. Somatic nervous system (with reflexes) (2) E. Special senses (1) F. Interdisciplinary and clinical/cross correlation (2) VIII. Mu ...
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