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Underground distribution systems

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UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 681 government mandates, and the declining costs of underground construction are all contributing to the rapid growth of underground distribution systems. The function of distribution networks is to receive electric power from large, bulk sources and to distribute it to consumers at lower voltage levels (subtransmission, primary distribution, and secondary distribution) via different network topologies (radial, loop, multiple loop and network configurations) that are appropriate to the various types of users. In addition, today’s increasing emphasis on reliability requires a higher degree of distribution automation that is becoming more practical as the necessary equipment and communication channels are developed. Among other applications, underground cables are used to transport electric energy in underground distribution systems. Compared with overhead lines, which utilize the insulating characteristics of air, insulating materials for underground cables have always faced the problems of: (1) humidity in the insulating layers; (2) air trapped in the insulating layers; (3) impurities in the insulating materials; and (4) aging of insulating material as a result of thermal and voltage effects. For these reasons, adequate tests are required to assure both the proper design and quality of cable systems. Electric discharges that do not completely bridge the electrodes or other metallic surfaces of dissimilar electric potentials are called part ...
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