BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography University of Sargodha Name Muhammad Safeer Hussain Roll Number BGRF19M033 Assignment Economic Geography Topic Approaches to study Economic Geography Lecturer Submission date 1 Sir Umar Younis 24_Jan_,2022 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography Department of Earth Science UOS Approaches to Study Economic Geography Name______________________ Roll No____________ ➢ Economic__ “ Concerned with how Economic System operation’s. 2 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography ➢ Geography__ “ Concerned with understanding of how spatial System operates. ➢ Economic Geography__ “ The study of Location, Distribution and spatial organization of Economic Activity’s . Ideographic Approach __ “The step by step Study with the help of Flow chart and solve problems Nomothetic Approach__ “ The solve problems with the help of mathematical systems Traditional Approach __ • Regional Approach_ “ Study in the specific Region • Commodity Approach “Systematic description and interpenetration of the world distribution pattern of a Commodity.” • Principles Approach “ Economic regions are based on certain fundamental principles Philosophic Approach 3 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography • Positivism “It involves informed hypothesis testing leading to empirical generalisations and law-like statements. • Structuralism “ Develop ideas and theories that will help us understand what we see and experience. • Humanism “ Base on the both Positivism and Structuralism. Modern Analysis • System Analysis “ is an approach or methodology rather then a philosophy of scientific Method. • Behavioral Approach “Economic Geographers study the overall results of economically oriented behavior as they appear in the landscape” • Institutional Approach “ It is the rule of formal and informal systems which is the focus of an institutional Approach to economic Geography” 4 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography Comments Section _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ Economics :5 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography Economics is "the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services." Geography:Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Economic Geography:Economic geography is one of the most diverse, vibrant, and catalytic subdisciplines within human geography. It is concerned with describing and explaining the varied places and spaces in which economic activities are carried out and circulate. It was institutionalized as a subdiscipline in the late nineteenth century in both Western Europe and the United States. The first part of this article provides a history of the development of economic geography. Idiographic approach 6 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography The idiographic approach is focused on an individual case and aims at finding out details about the individual case, this may be a person, as in the case of psychology where it is used to understand the behaviour and personality attributes of the individual, or a society, as in sociology. Nomothetic Approach Windelband used nomothetic to describe an approach to producing knowledge that seeks to make large-scale generalizations. With a nomothetic approach, one conducts careful and systemic observation and experimentation to derive results that can be applied more broadly outside the realm of study. 1. Traditional Approaches: These are the approaches which are common in geography and frequently used in economic geography. These are: (i) Regional Approach, 7 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography (ii) Commodity or Topical Approach, and (iii) Principles Approach. (i) Regional Approach: This is one of the popular approaches of study of Economic Geography that attempts to study the economy of the different geographical regions in a country, a continent or the world as a whole. ‘The term region’, as Dickinson has put it, ‘is undoubtedly one of the catch-words of our day among both popular and scientific writers.’ By region we mean a suitable areal unit with some degree of homogeneity. “The basic advantage of the regional approach is that it gives a better and comprehensive knowledge of the different parts of a unit, their relationship to each other and to the units as a whole. This is true whether the unit is a country, a continent or the world.” (ii) Commodity or Topical Approach: This approach provides a systematic description and interpretation of the world distribution 8 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography pattern of a commodity (wheat), or an industry (cotton textile industry), or a human occupation (fishing). It analyses the whole sequence of their development, and catches them on their march to progression or retrogression. This topical or commodity approach is very popular. The systematic economic geography, if we choose this appellation, is the legitimate child of this very conception. (iii) Principles Approach: In every sphere of human activity certain fundamental truths or principles hold good: indeed, they provide the rock-foundations upon which the varied and varying superstructures rest. The concepts of Economic Geography are through and through permeated with the same spirit whether we talk of Regional Economic Geography or Systematic Economic Geography. Economic regions are based on certain fundamental principles; and similar is the case with the extraction of minerals (coals, iron ore 9 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography or diamond), or the localisation of industries (metal fabricating or textile industries), or the exchange of commodities. At least four principles, viz., the principle of genomics relationship, the principle of optimum location, the principle of regional specialisation and the principle of geonomic succession appear to be valid generalisations under all conditions. That is why it seems to be a sound proposition if we enunciate certain fundamental principles in the discussion of geonomic problems. This approach has two distinct advantages: firstly, it provides an analytical method which promotes critical acumen; and secondly, it does away with parrot learning of factual material. 2. Philosophic Approaches: The 1990s research in economic geography may be characterised by three major philosophic approaches. These are: (i) Positivism, 10 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography (ii) Structuralism, and (iii) Humanism. (i) Positivism: It employs the scientific method to interpret and understand issues in economic geography. The scientific approach is based on empirically verifiable and commonly agreed upon evidence through replication of analytical results. It involves informed hypothesis testing leading to empirical generalisations and law-like statements. GIS (Group Information System) is central to analytical and positivist approaches to geography in general and with especially numerous applications in economic geography. (ii) Structuralism: In economic geography, structuralism, posits that what we see in the world does not reveal the causes of what we see. The structure of the economy cannot be directly observed, and we should therefore, develop ideas and theories that will help us understand what we see and 11 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography experience. While there is no way to directly test such theories, we can debate about them to achieve better understanding. (iii) Humanism: It is a part of critique of positivism. Humanistic economic geographers object to both positivism and structuralism on the basis that these approaches view people as responding mechanically to spatial and structural forces. 3. Modern Approaches: In economic geography, three approaches have been developed during last three decades that can be considered as modern approaches. These are: (i) System analysis, 12 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography (ii) Behavioural approach, and (iii) Institutional approach. (i) System Analysis: A system is a set of identified elements so related that together they form a complex whole. System analysis is an approach or methodology rather than a philosophy or scientific paradigm. Economic geographers utilise the system concept in order to better understand the component elements of some part of reality, and the relations between them. The use of such a conception stresses the study of the whole as well as of the parts. Thus, the world economy can be regarded as a set of interlocking parts and sub-systems. (ii) Behavioural Approach: Incorporation of the behavioural science outlook in geography is known as behavlouralism. In economic geography behavioural approach now has become very common. Economic geographers study the overall results of 13 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography economically-oriented behaviour as they appear in the landscape. In economic geography, the study of decision-making process is an important aspect. The type of decision-making, which is the concern of economic geography, can be classified as problem-solving or behavioural decision-making with such results as new locations for shops, farms or factories. Similarly, the studies of consumer behaviour, movement or trip behaviour, etc. are considered to be important. The decision-making process and other aspects of behavioural analysis. (iii) Institutional Approach: Ron Martin (2003) has emphasised the need of institutional approach in economic geography. He stated that the form and evolution of the economic landscape cannot be fully understood without giving due attention to the various social institutions on which economic activity depends and through which it is shaped. 14 BS Geography 5th semester (Economic Geography In other words, economic activity is socially and institutionally situated and it cannot be explained by reference to atomistic individual motives alone, but has to be understood as enmeshed in wider structures of social, economic and political rules, procedures and conventions. It is the role of these systems, both formal and informal, which is the focus of an institutional approach to economic geography. 15 Name: Description: ...