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Economics and finance related complete details research topic

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Essay
Mutual Funds:
A mutual funds is a trust that pools together the saving of a
number of investors who share a common Financial goal.
Mutual funds provide a means of diversification of investment
by small investors. Initially mutual fund collects funds from
small investors and when sufficient funds are gathered, and then
they are invested into securities of different types, thus
diversifying the portfolio. A management company manages a
mutual fund. The fund manager invests money on behalf of the
investors. The fund manager is paid a management fee. If there
is a profit or gain on investments, it belongs to the investors. In
case there is a loss, it is also borne by the investors. The money
collected is then invested in financial instruments such as shares,
debentures and other securities. Mutual funds are corporation
that accept money from investors and use this money to buy
stocks. Long term bonds, Short term debt instruments issued by
business or Govt.
Mutual funds are broadly classified into two types .
1) Based on Maturity Period:
An open ended funds is a fund that is available for subscription
and can be redeemed on a continuous basis . It is available for
subscription throughout the year and investors can buy and sell
units at prevailing NAV. In Pakistan there exist 13 open-end

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mutual funds listed at Karachi Stock Exchange.
A close-ended fund is a fund that has a defined maturity period
e.g 3-6 years. These funds are open for subscription for a
specific period.
Interval funds combine the features of open-ended and close-
ended funds. These funds may trade on stock exchanges and are
open for sale or redemption at predetermined intervals on the
prevailing NAV.
2) Based on Investment Objectives:
Debt funds based on low risk and low rate of return.
It consists of Short or Long time investment.
Invested major portion depends on fixed income like
Govt.Bonds, Corporate Bonds and Fixed Deposits etc.
Balance or Hybrid funds based on Moderate Risk , Moderate
rate. It consists of Short or Long time investment.
Invested major portion depends in Mix of Equity and debt
Funds.
Money market funds based on low risk, and low rate of return. It
consists of short time investment. Invested major portion
depends on instruments like Treasury Bills, Commercial papers
and Certificates of deposits etc-
Equity funds or Growth based on higher risk and higher rate of
return. It consists of Long time investment needed.
Invested major portion depends on Stocks of Companies.

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Essay Mutual Funds: A mutual funds is a trust that pools together the saving of a number of investors who share a common Financial goal. Mutual funds provide a means of diversification of investment by small investors. Initially mutual fund collects funds from small investors and when sufficient funds are gathered, and then they are invested into securities of different types, thus diversifying the portfolio. A management company manages a mutual fund. The fund manager invests money on behalf of the investors. The fund manager is paid a management fee. If there is a profit or gain on investments, it belongs to the investors. In case there is a loss, it is also borne by the investors. The money collected is then invested in financial instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. Mutual funds are corporation that accept money from investors and use this money to buy stocks. Long term bonds, Short term debt instruments issued by business or Govt. Mutual funds are broadly classified into two types . 1) Based on Maturity Period: An open ended funds is a fund that is available for subscription and can be redeemed on a continuous basis . It is available for subscription throughout the year and investors can buy and sell units at prevailing NAV. In Pakistan there exist 13 open-end mutual funds listed at Karachi Stock Exchange. A close-ended fund is a fund that has a defined maturity period e.g 3-6 years. These funds are open for subscription for a specific period. I ...
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