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Implications of cigarette smoking among youths in nigeria

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Smoking is a practice in which a substances such as, tobacco, marijuana or cannabis is
burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled Akintaro (2015). It is primarily practiced as a route of
administration for recreation of drug use, as combustion release the active substances in drugs such
as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can be done as a part of
rituals to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment, (Lock, Reyndds and Tansey, 1998). Smoking
is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. In recent times, tobacco smoking is by
far the most popular form of smoking ahead of pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco and is practiced
by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies resulting in nearly 2 billion people,
that is a third of the world’s population being exposed to pulmonary tuberculosis pathogen (Philips
2010; World Health Organization, 2002).
Smoking is one of the most common addictions of modern times. It has been implicated as
an etiological agent for various chronic diseases, including a variety of infection, cancer, heart
disease, and respiratory illness such as chronic obstacle pulmonary disease, that have impairment
in the balance between cells growth and cells death, which, put together, are leading the cause of
morbidity and mortality in today society (Zhonget al, 2008; Mehta et al, 2008). Unless smoking
cigarette patterns are reserve, the world health organization estimated that by 2020-2030, cigarette
smoking will be responsible for 10million death per year, with 70percent of them occurring in the
developing counties like Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Egypt, Senegal and many other countries in
Asia, Latin America (WHO 2001; Suriyaproum et al.; 2007).

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Smoking has been shown to be a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity
resulting in several millions of deaths globally. It has been predicted that if the pattern currently
seen among youth continues, a lifetime of tobacco use would result in the deaths of 250 million
children and young people alive today, most of them in developing countries (WHO, 2012).
National Population Commission (2009) submitted that Nigeria is one of the most populous
countries in Africa, with an estimated population of 162 million people of which youth are
estimated to be more than 30%. In Nigeria, the prevalence of tobacco use among adults(12.3%
males < 1% in females) is generally lower than in more developed countries, however, prevalence
among youth tends to be higher than among adults, a mean lifetime smoking prevalence of 26.4%
was reported among secondary school students with values ranging from 7.2% to 42.9%
(Odukoya, Odeyemi, Oyeyemi and Updhyay, 2013).
Cigarette smoking has been associated with an extensive list of health disorders as well as
reduction of life expectancy (Detels 2002; Doll et al 2004). On the average, cigarette smokers lose
about 15 years of their life (WHO 2008) and an estimated 4 million. Smoking is associated with
several failures such as negative externalities and imperfect information of the smoker. The health
consequences of smoking result in huge health care expenses partly paid from public funds. In
addition, the cost of medical treatment for smokers inflates health insurance premiums for
everyone regardless of smoking participation. Lower labor market productivity is another result of
engagement in tobacco consumption. These market failures can justify government interventions
in the market for tobacco products. Youth is of particular interest for public policy makers and
economists because it is the most effective group to target for smoking prevention programs and
because there are some additional externalities associated with youth smoking. Almost all first use
of cigarettes occurs during the high school years. At that age, consumers are either not well

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