Description
how does ethnic identity have an influence on race bias?
Explanation & Answer
The significance of race as a term and concept has been debated. Race
has been based on phenotypical differences in skin color, facial
features, and hair and has been extended to include judgments on
intelligence and other psychological characteristics. These physical
differences, however, were determined to be inappropriate measures of
separateness, so much so that the American Anthropological Association
(1998) issued a statement suggesting that race no longer be used as a
biological classification but instead be viewed as a product of
sociopolitical issues and economics. Skin color, for example, is a
historical adaptation to climate and environmental conditions rather
than a representation of genetic differences. Contrary to people’s
beliefs, purity of the races is a myth (American Anthropological
Association, 1998). Race has sociopolitical connotations in the United
States and has historically been a way to justify political oppression
(McGoldrick & Giordano, 1996; Sue & Sue, 2003). Race was used
for determining citizenship and land ownership and served as a
justification for oppressive acts. Ethnicity is a broader concept in
the field of multicultural theory that affords more depth of analysis
than race. Focusing on ethnicity allows for inclusion of various groups
categorized within racial groups, such as differences between Japanese
and Chinese or Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. The emphasis on ethnicity
also allows for the exploration of cultural norms for Whites.
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