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ANALYSIS and Presentation of DATA 1. Which of the following is true of relationships among nominal measures? A. When there's complete dependency, the coefficient should be positive. B. When there's no relationship at all, the coefficient should be 0. C. When there's no relationship at all, the coefficient should be 1. D. When there's complete dependency, the coefficient should be negative. 2. Which of the following best expresses the value of using percentages in data presentation? A. Provides for the calculation of marginals B. Allows for relative comparisons C. Focuses on the count of cases D. Allows for mathematical manipulation of the values 3. Which of the following requires ordinal data? A. Kruskal's tau B. Chi-square C. Kendall's tau b and tau c D. Cramer's V 4. What does r 2 measure? A. The proportion of variation in Y due to the variation within each of the categories of X B. The proportion of variation in Y related to the variation of the categories of X C. The proportion of error variation D. The proportion of variation in one variable that is explained by the other 5. Which of the following hypotheses is best examined with a correlation analysis? A. Clothing expenditures are higher in Northern states and lower in Southern and Southwestern states. B. Income level is related to average yearly clothing expenditures. C. Men differ from women on average yearly clothing expenditures. D. Income, geographic location, and gender are predictive of yearly clothing expenditures. 6. A _______ is equal to the observation minus the mean. A. quartile B. range C. standard deviation D. deviation score 7. On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are (1) not employed, (2) employed part-time, (3) employed full-time, (4) full-time student, and (5) other. Which of the following characteristics of coding rules did the researcher fail to address adequately? A. Mutual exclusivity B. Single dimension C. Appropriate categories D. Exhaustive options 8. Which of the following requires at least the ordinal level of data? A. Chi-square B. Cramer's V C. Kruskal's tau D. Nonparametric tests 9. Which of the following best explains how the F ratio examines differences among groups? A. The probability of making a Type I error is compared to the probability of making a Type II error. B. The variability attributable to a treatment is compared to the variability arising from random error. C. The critical F is compared to the critical t. D. The standard deviation for each group is subtracted from the mean of all groups. 10. Which of the following statistical techniques uses two or more independent, metric variables to classify observations into categories of a nominal, dependent variable? A. Multivariate analysis of variance B. Factor analysis C. Multiple regression D. Discriminant analysis 11. The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be A. discriminatory. B. conclusive. C. flexible. D. exclusive. 12. The creation of _______ lies at the heart of multidimensional scaling. A. covariance matrices B. perceptual maps C. part-worth functions D. pair-wise tables 13. Which of the following techniques to control pace is thought to create a positive psychological effect on the reader? A. Use of headings B. Use of well-known vocabulary terms C. Use of ample white space D. Use of visual aids 14. Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5|467889999 Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line? A. There are nine items in the data set, whose first digit is five. B. The variance in the data set is 5. C. The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice. D. The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9. 15. Jack is performing a factor analysis on 20 items relevant to perceptions of service quality. Using a principal components approach, the following Eigenvalues were produced: 3.45, 2.78, 1.33, 1.24, 1.01, .567, .443, and .223. How many factors should Jack retain based on these Eigenvalues? A. 3 B. 8 C. 5 D. 2 16. Which of the following choices for displaying data will include values for which no observations occurred? A. Bar chart B. Heretical triangle C. Stem-and-leaf display D. Boxplot 17. In what section are complex tables, statistical tests, and supporting documents placed? A. Introduction B. Methodology C. Findings D. Appendix 18. Which of the following is false with respect to cross-tabulation? A. When constructed for statistical testing, these tables are called stem-and-leaf tables. B. Cross-tabulation is a technique for comparing data from two or more categorical variables. C. Row and column totals, called marginals, appear at the bottom and right margins of the table. D. Each cell contains a count of the cases of the joint classification and also the row, column, and total percentage. 19. Which of the following is a false statement? A. Whether using a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test, a region of rejection, a region of acceptance, and, therefore, critical values may be developed. B. The failure to correctly reject the alternative hypothesis is referred to as a Type II error (β). C. The failure to correctly reject the null hypothesis is referred to as a Type I error (α). D. The level of significance is quantitatively defined as α and the statistical power of a test is quantitatively defined as 1 − α. 20. Which of the following groups of words indicates a series of words for which aliasing would be used in the analysis? A. Be, is, of, the B. Pretty, beautiful, attractive C. Going, walking, running, flying D. Search, searching, searches, searched
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