you can help to make a summary of these texts thanks

yberamb65zveb
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You need to find the theory of Argyle, soler and schultz and describe it in your own words not cut and paste from the internet to explain in your own words. Use your own words and try to summarize the text using easy words and the text should not have the same words and then use other simple words with the same meaning Technological aids to communication Information technology offers a wide range of facilities to help with communication. It is possible to provide enlarged visual displays or voice description for people with visual impairment. Electronic aids – such as the minicom for people with a hearing disability or voice typing for people with dyslexia – can turn speech into writing. Some electronic communication systems can be activated by air pressure, so that a person can communicate via an oral tube connected to computerised equipment. At a simpler level, aids such as fl ash cards or picture books can also improve communication with people who do not use a spoken or signed language. Text messaging, using a mobile phone, provides an effective way of staying in touch for many people. For people with a hearing disability, text messaging may provide a major form of communication. When you send text messages to friends, do you use symbols and shortened words that would not be acceptable in more formal academic work? If you send emails, do you use abbreviations, symbols and special terms or do you only use formal English? Do you think it should be acceptable to use ‘texting’ symbols and abbreviations for academic work? How formal should English be? Human aids to communication Many people have specifi c communication needs. It may be important to employ an interpreter if a person uses a different language such as BSL. Some carers learn to use communication systems, such as Makaton, in order to help them communicate with people. If you are communicating with a person with a hearing impairment you should make sure that the person can see your face clearly so that they can see your expressions and the way your lips move. Sometimes people use clues from facial expression and lip movement to interpret what you might be saying. It is also important to speak in a clear, normal voice. If you raise your voice, your face and lips will become distorted. A person with a hearing impairment may realise that you are shouting and may assume that you are angry! It is also important to try and speak in an environment with little background noise. If people have limited vision, it may be important to use language to describe issues that a sighted person might take for granted, such as non-verbal communication or the context of certain comments. Touch may be an important aspect of communication. For instance, some registered blind people can work out what you look like if they can touch your face in order to build an understanding of your features. It is always important to choose the right style of language in order to communicate with people from different language communities. Variation between cultures Skilled carers use a range of conversational techniques when working with others. These include being sensitive to variations in culture. Culture means the history, customs and ways of behaving that people learn as they grow up. People from different regions of Britain use different expressions. Non-verbal signs vary from culture to culture. White middle-class people often expect people to ‘look them in the eye’ while talking. If a person looks down or away a lot, they think it is a sign that the person may be dishonest, or perhaps sad or depressed. In some other cultures – for example, among some black communities – looking down or away when talking is a sign of respect. No one can learn every possible system of cultural variation in non-verbal behaviour but it is possible to learn about the ones that are used by the people you are with! You can do this by first noticing and remembering what others do – in other words, what non-verbal messages they are sending. The next step is to make a guess as to what messages the person is trying to give you. Finally, check your understanding (your guesses) with the person. This involves reflective listening and thinking carefully about the person’s responses. Care workers must be careful not to assume that statements and signs always have the same meaning. Cultural differences and different settings can alter what things mean. A vast range of meanings can be given to any type of eye contact, facial expression, posture or gesture. Every culture, and even small groups of people, can develop their own system of meanings. Care workers have to respect differences but it is impossible to learn all the possible meanings that phrases, words and signs may have. Use of signs and symbols Gestures made with hands or arms, written symbols or diagrams (such as traffic signs) all communicate messages to people. Pictures and objects of reference Paintings, photographs, sculptures, architecture, ornaments and other household objects can communicate messages and emotions to people. People often take photographs or buy souvenirs to remind them of happy experiences and emotions. Sometimes an object – such as a cuddly toy – can symbolise important personal issues and provide a source of meaning and comfort for an individual. Objects can sometimes be used to communicate with people who do not use much signed or spoken language. A child or adult with a learning disability might understand that a cup stands for ‘would you like a drink’. An object like a spoon tied to a card might communicate that it is time for dinner when the spoon is presented. A person without language might use a patch of cloth to communicate that they wish to sit in a favourite chair covered in that type of cloth. Sometimes a person might learn a symbol, perhaps a symbol like a horseshoe that can be used to label possessions or identify his or her room. Text Messaging explain in your own words text messaging is from the internet but you have to explain it in your own words, no copy and icnollare from the internet, explains in your own words. Tuckman’s stages of group interaction Communication in groups can also be influenced by the degree to which people feel they belong together. When people first meet in a group they often go through a process of group formation. Many groups may experience some sort of struggle before people unite and communicate effectively. One of the bestknown theorists to explain group formation stages is Tuckman (1965). Tuckman suggested that most groups go through a process involving four stages. These are: 1 forming 2 storming 3 norming 4 performing. The first stage (forming) refers to people meeting for the first time and sharing information. The second stage (storming) involves tension, struggle and sometimes arguments about the way the group might function. The third stage (norming) sees the group coming together and consciously or unconsciously agreeing on their group values. Once they have established common expectations and values, the group will reach the fourth stage of being an effectively performing group.
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