Chapter 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 0 0 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Orientation and Fire Service History SAUDI ACADEMY OF CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING CENTER NAME VERSION : DATE OF IMPLEMENTATION : Handout/2020/Feb/V.1.0 1.0 25-03-2020 |Page 2 0 0 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Contents 1 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 The Work ethic. ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Pride ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Courage ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Loyalty ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Respect ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.6 Compassion ................................................................................................................. 7 Fire Service Mission and Organization.............................................................................. 7 2.1 3 Fire Department Organization ........................................................................................... 8 3.1 4 5 6 7 Fire Service Mission.................................................................................................... 7 Organization Structure ................................................................................................ 9 Separation of departmental Duties ................................................................................... 10 4.1 Fire Companies ......................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Fire Department Personnel ........................................................................................ 12 Organizational Principles ................................................................................................. 14 5.1 Chain Command........................................................................................................ 14 5.2 Unity of Command .................................................................................................... 14 5.3 Span of Control ......................................................................................................... 15 5.4 Division of Labor ...................................................................................................... 15 5.5 Discipline .................................................................................................................. 15 Fire Department Regulations ........................................................................................... 15 6.1 Policies ...................................................................................................................... 16 6.2 Procedures ................................................................................................................. 17 6.3 Laws, Statutes, or Ordinances ................................................................................... 17 6.4 Codes and Standards ................................................................................................. 17 6.5 Orders and Directives ................................................................................................ 18 Interacting with Other Organizations............................................................................... 18 7.1 Emergency Medical Services .................................................................................... 18 7.2 Hospitals .................................................................................................................... 19 7.3 Emergency Disaster Management ............................................................................. 19 7.4 Law Enforcement ...................................................................................................... 20 7.5 Utility companies ...................................................................................................... 20 Handout/2020/Feb/V.1.0 |Page 3 0 0 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 7.6 Public Works ............................................................................................................. 20 7.7 Media......................................................................................................................... 20 7.8 Other Agencies .......................................................................................................... 21 Handout/2020/Feb/V.1.0 |Page 4 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Upon completion of the session, all participants will be able to: 1. Summarize the history of the fire service. 2. Explain the organizational characteristics, cultural challenges, and cultural strengths that influence the fire service. 3. Describe the mission of the fire service. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1] 4. Describe the organization of fire departments. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1] 5. Distinguish among functions of fire companies. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1] 6. Summarize primary knowledge and skills the firefighter must have to function effectively. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1, 6.1.1] 7. Distinguish among the primary roles of fire service personnel. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1, 6.1.1] 8. Describe fire department organizational principles. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1] 9. Locate information in departmental documents and standard or code materials. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.2] 10. Distinguish between fire department SOPs and rules and regulations. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1] 11. Explain the ways the fire service may interact with other organizations. [NFPA® 1001, 5.1.1]. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I |Page 5 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 1 1.1 Introduction The Work ethic. Having a good work ethic means valuing the virtues of hard work and thoroughness. It means doing what needs to be done without being told, doing what you are asked to do without complaint, doing the task completely, and doing it to the best of your ability. It also means being prompt, reliable, and willing to take the initiative. Even tasks that are unpleasant or seem unimportant require your best effort. It is important to remember that throughout your fire service career, you will be judged by the quantity and quality of the work that you do. 1.2 Pride For most firefighters, being a part of the fire service gives them a feeling of self-respect and self-worth. In addition to personal pride, firefighters are proud of their department and of the fire service in general. They demonstrate this by taking pride in their personal appearance, displaying fire service symbols on personal vehicles, wearing no uniform apparel with the department name or Maltese Cross, and collecting fire service memorabilia. 1.3 Courage Of all the personal characteristics firefighters have, courage is the most obvious. Courage is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger, or uncertainty. Although the image of firefighters racing into a hazardous situation while others are racing out is an overused stereotype, they do place themselves in harm’s way to protect others. They confront danger in a controlled and rational way, analyzing the risk, planning the most appropriate response, and relying on their training to do the best job possible. 1.4 Loyalty Firefighters are faithfully loyal to the fire service, their department, and their coworkers. They will risk their own lives to save a trapped or missing firefighter. They will take care of an injured firefighter or the family of a fallen firefighter. They will defend their department and the service when someone attempts to tarnish its image. 1.5 Respect Firefighters have always exhibited an attitude of esteem toward their peers, superiors, and fellow citizens. This attitude, as well as the public service firefighters provide, has always led the public to respect the work of the fire service. In North America, this respect has been heightened since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The courage shown by the New York Fire Department and the horrific losses they suffered generated sympathy and admiration for the survivors that has carried over to the fire service as a whole. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I |Page 6 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 1.6 Compassion Finally, firefighters care about the citizens they serve, their fellow fire- fighters, and their families. They show this compassion when they comfort victims while giving medical aid, provide assistance when fire leaves families homeless, and grieve when a department member is killed in the line of duty. Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) — Term used in codes and standards to identify the legal entity, such as a building or fire official, that has the statutory authority to enforce a code and to approve or require equipment; may be a unit of a local, state, or federal government, depending on where the work occurs. In the insurance industry, it may refer to an insurance rating bureau or an insurance company inspection department. 2 Fire Service Mission and Organization The mission of the fire service — the reason the fire service exists — is usually mandated by a law or ordinance enacted by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). The AHJ determines what services are needed to protect its citizens and establishes the fire service to meet that need. Different communities require different types of services, so fire departments’ missions will vary among different cities, states/provinces, and regions. However, the most basic objectives of the fire service will always include protecting lives, property, and the environment. The AHJ also establishes the organization of the department. It determines the number of facilities and their locations, types of apparatus, number of personnel, and the overall type of department. The AHJ also establishes a hierarchy or organizational chart, assigning functions and responsibilities to specific jobs and ranks. It also sets requirements for the minimum levels of training and certification necessary to attain those ranks. 2.1 Fire Service Mission The mission of the fire service is to save lives and protect property and the environment from fires and other hazardous situations. As mentioned earlier, this mission has evolved. Today many fire departments take an all-hazard concept approach to the services they provide. An all-hazards approach means that the department may provide: • Fire suppression protection • Emergency medical services • Technical rescue services • Hazardous materialsof mitigation Figure 1.8 Members the fire service honor fallen firefighters and offer support to their families. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I |Page 7 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History • Airport and/or seaport protection • Emergency management services • Fire prevention services and public education (engineering, education, and enforcement) • Community risk reduction • Fire cause determination The mission of your local department will depend on the legal mandate that established it, and this mandate will be based on the needs of your community. Your own duty will be to fulfill the stated goals and objectives of your department’s mission statement. These statements are part of the department’s rules and regulations and are usually posted in every department facility. They are made available to all personnel and should be available to the community you protect. AII Hazard Concept — Provides a coordinated approach to a wide variety of incidents; all responders use a similar, coordinated approach with a common set of authorities, protections, and resources. 3 Fire Department Organization Fire and emergency services organizations are structured to meet the missions they are mandated to fulfill. To understand the organizational structure of your department, you need to know the general organizational structures used the common types of fire departments, types of staffing, and the separation of departmental duties. You will also need to know the types of fire department units, known as companies, and the positions that personnel fill to complete the mission of the department. Finally, you need to know your own duties as a Firefighter I or II. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I |Page 8 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 3.1 Organization Structure Generally, the organizational structure forms a pyramid/hierarchy with the chief of the department at the tip and the firefighters forming the base. In between, the layers are composed of personnel assigned by rank and duty. As a person moves up the pyramid, the number of positions between the tip and base decreases and their authority and responsibility increase (Figure 1.9). Scalar Organizational Structure Based on Rank Deputy Chief Captains Lieutenants Driver/Operators Firefighters/EMTs Figure 1.9 A scalar model includes all personnel in an organizational hierarchy. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I |Page 9 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Figure 1.10 Volunteer organizations protect areas that may not have a high enough population or incident rate to fund a full-time Line Functions — Personnel who provide eminency services to external customers (the pubic). Staff/Support Functions— Personnel who provide administrative and logistical support to line units (internal customers). External Customer — Customer 0f the service area protected by the organization. Internal Customer— Employees and membership of the organization. 4 Separation of departmental Duties In some volunteer and most career departments, personnel are divided into two groups: Line and Staff. Line personnel deliver emergency services to external customers (the public). Stay personnel provide administrative and logistical support for internal customers (line personnel) in areas such as finance, maintenance, and training (Figures 1.11a and b). In some departments, staff officers deliver services to both internal and external customers. For instance, training officers may provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to the public as well as to firefighters. Both line and staff functions are critical to the successful operation of any organization. In the end, we are all members of the same department and the same profession. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 10 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Figure 1.11a Line personnel deliver emergency services to the public, including fire suppression. Courtesy of Bob Esposito. 4.1 Figure 1.11b Staff personnel deliver services to line personnel, including Fire Companies The basic unit of firefighting operations is a company, which is commanded by a company officer and typically includes a driver/operator or engineer, firefighter, and/ or emergency medical technician. Actual staffing is determined by the AHJ. Multiple companies within a response area are grouped into a battalion or district, whose dayto-day functions are overseen by the operations division. There are many different types of companies, each of which are organized based on local needs. In large departments, most companies are specialized. That is, they are organized and trained to excel at one particular aspect of the fire service, such as structural firefighting, rescue, or EMS. In smaller departments, a single company typically performs all of these functions. These are the general types of companies, and their primary duties (Figures 1.12a-d). Figure 1.12a An engine company provides fire suppression, but may also perform ventilation and search and rescue duties. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I Figure 1.12c A hazardous materials company may be placarded to indicate the scope of the incidents that may be addressed. | P a g e 11 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Figure 1.12d An aircraft rescue and firefighting company provides rescue and fire suppression duties in incidents involving aircraft. Courtesy of Edwin Jones. Figure 1.12b A ladder company provides access to upper levels of a structure and performs forcible entry, salvage and overhaul, and utilities control duties. Courtesy of Ron Moore, McKinsey (TX) FD. • • • • • • • • 4.2 Engine company — Performs fire suppression duties at structure, vehicle, wild- land, and other types of fires, such as providing a water supply and advancing attack hoselines. Additional duties may include search and rescue, extrication, ventilation, and emergency medical care. Truck (Ladder) company — Performs forcible entry, search and rescue, ventilation, salvage and overhaul, and utilities control, and provides access to upper levels of a structure. May also provide elevated water streams, extrication, and emergency medical care. Rescue squad/company — Searches for and removes victims from areas of danger or entrapment and may perform technical rescues. Brush company — Extinguishes ground cover or grass fires and protects structures in areas close to fields and woodlands, referred to as the wildland/urban interface. Hazardous materials company — Mitigates hazardous materials incidents. Emergency medical/ambulance Company— Provides emergency medical care to patients and may transport them to a medical facility. Special rescue company — Performs technical rescues, including rapid intervention for the rescue of firefighters. Aircraft rescue and firefighting company — Performs rescue and fire suppression activities involving aircraft accidents Fire Department Personnel In most jurisdictions, professional qualifications for firefighters are based on the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 1001, Standard for hire higher Professional Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 12 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Qualifications. The NFPA standard establishes basic criteria and then distinguishes between two levels of competency/professionalism: Firefighter I and Firefighter II. To be considered for employment by a fire department, a candidate must first meet the following criteria: • • • • Minimum educational requirements set by the AHJ, usually a high school diploma or general educational diploma (GED) Age requirement set by the AHJ, which may have a maximum limit based on the local or state/provincial pension law Medical requirements set forth in NFPA 1582, Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments Job-related physical fitness requirements set forth by the AHJ. Candidates must also be able to provide basic medical care, including cardio- pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), bleeding control, infection control, and shock management. If they do not already possess these skills, they may also receive this training from the department. Departments that provide EMS may also require that candidates be certified EMS First Responders, EMTs, or paramedics. In most organizations, personnel are classified as either uniformed or non- uniformed. Uniformed personnel have received basic firefighter training and may perform line or staff functions. No uniformed personnel, sometimes referred to as civilians, are not trained as firefighters and do not perform firefighting or other hazardous activities. The following sections provide an overview of the variety of uniformed and no uniformed positions that you may hold or meet during your career in the fire service. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 13 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Large fire departments generally include a training division to provide internal training for entry-level personnel, mandated certification training, and periodic refresher courses. Smaller departments may have a chief or company officer who oversees training. State/provincial, regional, and national training academies may also provide services and specialized training courses to small departments. The following positions are normally a part of a training division: • Instructors — Uniformed personnel who train members of the department or other students. They are certified to Firefighter I requirements of NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications. • Training officer/chief of training — This position oversees all training activities and supervises personnel assigned to the training division. Training officers are certified to Firefighter II or higher, based on the requirements of NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications. 5 Organizational Principles All fire and emergency services organizations adhere to the same basic organizational principles. These principles ensure that the department delivers services efficiently and effectively, and completes its assigned mission. To function effectively as a member of your organization, you must operate according to the following organizational principles: • • • • • 5.1 Chain of command Span of control Discipline Unity of command Division of labor Chain Command The chain of command is the formal line of authority, responsibility, and communication within an organization. The chain of command can be shown on an organizational chart with the fire chief or chief executive officer at the top and the firefighters and emergency responders at the bottom. By adhering to these visible authority relation- ships, organizations also ensure unity of command (Figure 1.19, p. 34). 5.2 Unity of Command This principle means that each employee reports directly to just one supervisor. Moving up through the chain of command, all personnel ultimately report to the fire chief. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 14 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 5.3 Span of Control This principle establishes the maximum number of subordinates or functions that any one supervisor can control, typically three to seven. Five is considered optimum (Figure 1.20, p. 34). 5.4 Division of Labor Division of labor is the process of dividing large jobs into smaller jobs in order to make them more manageable, equalize workloads, and increase efficiency. Division of labor is the process of dividing large jobs into smaller jobs in order to make them more manageable, equalize workloads, and increase efficiency. Division of labor is necessary in the fire service for the following reasons: • • • 5.5 To assign responsibility To prevent duplication of effort To assign specific and clear-cut tasks Discipline Discipline refers to an organization’s responsibility to provide leadership, and an individual’s responsibility to follow orders. It is administered through rules, regulations, and policies that define acceptable performance and expected outcomes. It can only be enforced if rules are clearly written and communicated throughout the organization. 6 Fire Department Regulations Written regulations are essential for the successful operation of any fire and emergency services organization. They clarify expectations and delegate authority based on the organization’s structure and mission. Departmental regulations consist of policies and procedures. The department and its employees are also governed by municipal ordinances, state/provincial and federal laws, and the codes and standards mandated by the AHJ. Additionally, departments that have labor/management agreements with a union or bargaining agent will have a written contract that directly affects their members. A copy of the contract is usually provided to all members and maintained in every workplace. It is your responsibility to learn and adhere to your department’s regulations. You must be able to locate these documents and find the parts that apply to your duties, authority, and responsibility. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 15 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History To ensure that members have access to regulations so that they can fully understand them and be able to comply, organizations do the following: • Distribute them in written or electronic format. • Communicate them verbally to all members. • Post them in a conspicuous place in all facilities. If you have a question about departmental regulations, it is important to know where to find them. If you do not know, ask your supervisor, who may be able to answer your question directly. If not, he or she can probably tell you where to find the documents so that you can look up the answer for yourself. Regulations are always filed in the administrative office, and each station, facility, or division office typically keeps a copy. New policies or amendments should also be posted on bulletin boards (Figure 1.21). Once you have located the documents, you will have to know where to look for the information you seek. To do so, you must know the difference between policies, procedures, laws, codes, and standards. Figure 1.21 Policies should be kept current and accessible to those who will be held accountable for them. 6.1 Policies A policy is a guide to decision-making within an organization. They are determined by top management, then distributed to lower ranks to be implemented. Policies set boundaries and establish standards of conduct that an organization expects from its members. They address issues such as working hours, emergency response guide- lines, and chain of command. Policies may be created in response to government mandates, such as certification training, or changes to operational needs. Most policies involve written criteria, but some remain unwritten and are known as organizational norms or past practices. They typically result from an organization’s traditional approach to routine tasks and are implied rather than formally stated. Policy — Guide to decision making in an organization. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 16 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 6.2 Procedures Procedures are detailed written plans that list specific steps for approaching a recurring problem or situation. Examples include the steps required to ventilate a roof or handle hazardous materials spills. Most organizations provide personnel with standard operating procedures (SOPs) that enable all members to perform specific tasks to the required standard. Some departments issue standard operating guidelines (SOGs). These are similar to SOPs but may allow firefighters some leeway in particular situations, whereas SOPs are hard and fast rules. Procedure — Step-by-step written plan that is closely related to a policy. Procedures help an organization to ensure that it consistently approaches a task in the correct way, in order to accomplish a specific objective and comply with a policy. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) — Rule for how personnel should perform routine functions or emergency operations. Procedures are typically written in a handbook, so that all firefighters can become familiar with them. 6.3 Laws, Statutes, or Ordinances Policies may be the result of federal mandates, state/provincial regulations, or local government laws and ordinances that directly affect the fire department. For example, the U.S. Fair Labor has mandated equal employment opportunity practices. Standards Act (FLSA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). These practices must be followed by all public career fire departments. The FLSA sets criteria for pay and the ADA affects both hiring practices and building accessibility U.S. federal laws that pertain to firefighters are included in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and include the requirements administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In Canada, the agency responsible for health and safety of federal firefighters is Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S), while each province has its own agency for provincial and local firefighters. 6.4 Codes and Standards A standard is a set of principles, protocols, or procedures that is developed by committees through consensus. Standards typically explain how to do something or provide a set of minimum standards to be followed (Figure 1.23). A code is a collection of rules and regulations that has been enacted by law in a particular jurisdiction. It may be based on a standard, or it may incorporate an entire standard. Building codes and standards are enforced by a jurisdiction’s building or fire department. Fire and life safety codes regulate construction materials and design, as well as occupant behavior and manufacturing. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 17 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Standard— A set of principles, protocols, or procedures that explain how to do something or provide a set of minimum standards t0 be followed. Law does not require adhering to a standard, although standards may be incorporated in codes, which are legally enforceable. Code — A collection of rules and regulations that has been enacted by law in a particular jurisdiction. Codes typically address a single subject area; examples include a mechanical, electrical, building, or fire code. Figure 1.23 Code inspections follow established standards to determine whether a facility is within compliance. 6.5 Orders and Directives Orders and directives are issued from the top of the chain of command and used to implement departmental policies and procedures. They may be written or verbal. They may be based on a policy or procedure, making compliance mandatory. The terms orders and directives generally mean the same thing, but exact definitions vary between departments. 7 Interacting with Other Organizations The fire department is one of many organizations that provides services to the public during emergencies. To work efficiently with members of these organizations, you need to know the services they provide to both the public and the fire department. This section will acquaint you with the following: • • • • • • • • 7.1 Emergency medical services Hospitals Emergency/disaster management Law enforcement Utility companies Public works department Media Other agencies Emergency Medical Services Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 18 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Emergency medical service (EMS) organizations provide pre hospital patient care and/or transportation to a medical facility. They may be privately operated or an agency of the AHJ. EMS organizations may provide complete medical services, or they may simply supplement the services provided by the fire department. In some jurisdictions, they also provide standby units for fire department training evolutions. 7.2 Hospitals Public and private hospitals can be found in any major urban area and in many smaller communities within North America. Hospitals are regulated by state medical authorities, which determine the services hospitals may provide based on their staffing and facilities. Hospital regulatory agencies include: • • • 7.3 Joint Commission (JC), which establishes standards of care State Department of Health Services, which issues operating licenses Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which establishes levels of accreditation Emergency Disaster Management Emergency management agencies are administered by city, county, and tribal governments. They manage emergency and disaster response by coordinating multiagency activities. In some jurisdictions, the fire department is the designated emergency disaster management authority. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 19 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History 7.4 Law Enforcement Fire departments may interact with law enforcement agencies from all levels of government, such as: • • • • Local police department County sheriff’s office State/provincial police or highway patrol Federal agencies These agencies may provide incident scene security, traffic and crowd control, and protection to firefighters They may also handle fire cause determination and investigation, explosives disposal, and intelligence gathering (Figure 1.25). 7.5 Utility companies Utility companies may be privately owned or a department of local government. Their personnel assist at incidents by shutting off natural gas lines, electricity, or public water mains. They may also train firefighters to perform these tasks. Some water departments also maintain hydrants and perform with hydrant flow tests. 7.6 Public Works Public works departments typically oversee the construction and maintenance of public roads, buildings, and sewers. Public works departments are administered at the municipal, county, and state/provincial level. In some jurisdictions, they also oversee the water distribution system. The public works department is a division of the AHJ. It assists the fire department by providing: • • • • • • • 7.7 Heavy equipment for confined-space rescue Earth-moving equipment Flood-control equipment and materials Sand for containing spills Barriers and signs to divert traffic Facility maintenance and repair Civil/structural engineers who can determine the structural integrity of a damaged building Media The media consists of journalists from print (newspapers and magazines), broadcast (radio and television), and Internet sources. Each can help the fire department in a variety of ways. For example, up-to-date broadcast news can divert traffic from an incident scene or alert the public when large-scale evacuation is necessary. Ongoing coverage also informs the public about fire and life safety information, fire department activities and events, and important changes to department policies and procedures. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 20 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History When approached by members of the media at an emergency scene, firefighters should never answer questions or offer an opinion unless they have been authorized to do so. Instead, they should direct journalists to an appropriate person, such as the Incident Commander, ranking officer, or Public Information Officer (PIO). 7.8 Other Agencies Many additional agencies assist at emergency or nonemergency incidents, or through administrative channels. They include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Public health departments Coroner/medical examiner’s offices National or state/provincial environmental protection agencies u National or state/provincial forestry departments Coast Guard National Guard and military reserve units District attorney’s offices Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Water resources boards Community organizations Local Emergency Planning Committee/Office of Emergency Management (LEPC/OEM) Red Cross Salvation Army (Figure 1.26) University and federal laboratories Figure 1.26 many agencies may provide support to emergency responders by providing resources for rehabilitation. Courtesy of Tim BurkittlFEMA. Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 21 C H 1 Orientation and Fire Service History Review questions Firefighter I 1. How were early fire organizations started? 2. What are some of the areas that have changed significantly? 3. How do organizational characteristics, cultural challenges, and cultural strengths influence the fire service? 4. What is the mission of the fire service? 5. What are the three main types of staffing found in the fire service? 6. How are the duties of an engine company different from a rescue squad/company? 7. What is the central difference between line functions and staff functions? 8. What is the primary difference between Firefighter I and Firefighter II duties? 9. How are qualifications for different line positions regulated? 10. What types of staff functions support and supplement line functions? 11. What are the organizational principles of the fire service? 12. What steps can be taken to locate information in department policies? 13. How are policies and procedures different from one another? 14. What other organizations may provide services to the public along with firefighters? 15. What should a firefighter do when approached by members of the media? Handout/2020/March/V.2.0 Fire Fighter I | P a g e 22