The following 3 questions (Q1 to Q3) are based on the information below:A survey of Ohio University students was conducted to determine if there was a particular ‘Green’ that was desired by students to live on. A sample of 210 students responses are reproduced below. Do students prefer a particular ‘Green’? Use critical value = 5.99. West Green South Green East Green 70 50 90 Q1:What are the expected values? Q2:What is the calculated chi-squared value? Q3:Was there a significant preference for where students live? A.Yes B.No The following 3 questions (Q4 to Q6) are based on the information below:A local sports bar wanted to determine whether Ohio University students prefer a particular type of food in their establishment. A sample of 100 students responses are reproduced below. Do students prefer a particular type of bar food? Use critical value = 7.82. Natchos Pizza Chicken Wings Cheese Sticks18 22 20 40Q4:What are the expected values? Q5:What is the calculated chi-squared value? Q6:Was there a significant preference for what students eat in a sports bar? A.Yes B.No The following 8 questions (Q7 to Q14) are based on the information below:The following data comes from “The Impact of AIDS on Gender Differences in Willingness to Engage in Casual Sex” by Russell Clark, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 20, No.9, pp.771-782. In this study researchers were interested in gender differences in willingness to engage in casual sex. Both males and females were approached by opposite sex confederates and asked one of the three questions: “I have been noticing you around campus. I find you to be very attractive.” Then the confederate asked one of these three questions: “Would you go out with me tonight?” “Would you come over to my apartment tonight?” “Would you go to bed with me tonight?” The type of question was randomly determined for each request. Test for a relationship between gender and compliance with each request. Interpret your findings. The results for the first two questions are as follows: Date Yes No Male 11 5 Female 7 9 There are four total expected values: Q7: What are the expected values for ‘male-yes’ and ‘female-yes’ (they should be the same)? Q8: What are the expected values for ‘male-no’ and ‘female-no’ (they should be the same)?Q9: What is the calculated chi-squared value? Q10: Using a critical value of 3.84, was there a significant relationship between gender and compliance? Yes No ApartmentYes No Male 8 8 Female 2 14There are four total expected values: Q11: What are the expected values for ‘male-yes’ and ‘female-yes’ (they should be the same)? Q12: What are the expected values for ‘male-no’ and ‘female-no’ (they should be the same)?Q13: What is the calculated chi-squared value? Q14: Using a critical value of 3.84, was there a significant relationship between gender and compliance? Yes No Q15: Which of the following data organization schemes is useful in showing changes in data relationships over time? A.bar graph B.pictogram C. pie chart line graph scatterplot none of the above Q16: Which of the following is/are necessary for properly displaying a statistical plot, picture, or graph? a title a source proper labeling of the axes proper labeling/representation of the pie segments, bars, etc. E. All of the above Q17: A pie chart would be most appropriate with which of the following statistical tests? chi-square goodness-of-fit chi-square test for independence correlation The following 3 questions (Q18 to Q20) are either “True” or “False” Q18: Bar graphs are useful to represent two or more measurement variables. Q19: A chi-square test is appropriate with measurement variables. Q20: ‘Chart-junk’ should be used in all statistical plots, pictures, and graphs The following 6 questions (Q21 to Q26) are based on the following summarized data below: Given the upcoming NBA draft, there are 100 players available: College Experience (CE) No College Experience (NCE)Point Guard (PG) 15 3Shooting Guard (SG) 17 8Center (C) 10 8Small Forward (SF) 17 2Power Forward (PF) 16 4Find the following probabilities:Q21: p(PF) Q22: p(C and NCE) Q23: p(CE) Q24: p(SF/CE) Q25: p(not SG) Q26: p(CE/PF) The following 3 questions (Q27 to Q29) are based on the following information:You have a kennel that contains all Labrador Retrievers. The kennel has 6 black labs, 3 yellow labs, and 1 chocolate lab. Find the following probabilities:Q27: What’s the probability that you randomly select a black lab, don’t put the lab back, then draw another black lab, don’t put the lab back, and then draw another black lab? Q28: What’s the probability that you draw a yellow or chocolate lab on the first draw, replace the dog, and then draw a black lab? Q29: What’s the probability that you draw a yellow lab on the first draw, don’t put the lab back, and then draw either a yellow or chocolate lab on the second draw? The following 3 questions (Q30 to Q32) are based on the following information: John has the phone numbers of many young ladies. Some of these young ladies are blonde and others are brunettes. In addition, John knows that some are single while others have boyfriends. The exact breakdown is as follows: Blonde Brunette Single 15 18 Taken 10 12Find the following probabilities:Q30: What is the probability of selecting someone who is taken, given that they are blonde? Q31: What is the probability of selecting a single brunette? Q32: What is the probability of selecting someone who is brunette, given that they are taken? Q33: A coin is tossed four times. Which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails(T) is more likely? HTHT HHHT THHH TTTT all are equally likely none of the above Q34: If an event can occur twice out of every 10 times, it has the probability value of A. 0.10B.0.20 C.0.50 D.none of the above three answers are correct Q35: Probabilities are expressed with what values? A. negative infinity to positive infinity B. 0.00 to positive infinity C.0.00 to +1.00 D.–1.00 to +1.00 The following 5 questions (Q36 to Q40) are either “True” or “False”Q36: The ‘Subjective View’ uses an analysis of possible outcomes to define probability Q37: ‘Gambler’s Fallacy’ is the incorrect belief that the probability of a particular event changes after a series of the event has taken place. Q38: ‘Mutually Exclusive Events’ is when the occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of occurrence of the other. Q39: The probability of randomly guessing at the first three multiple choice questions on an exam, each of which has four possible answers, is 0.015625. Q40: Flipping a coin repeatedly is a series of “Independent Events’The following 4 questions (Q41 to Q44) are based on the following information: You and your friends have decided to go to The Kentucky Derby. There are 14 horses in the race. How many ways can the horses come in first, second, or third? Steps for Calculation:Q41: Is this an example of a combination or a permutation? Q42: What is N? Q43: What is r? Q44: What is the calculated value for this example? The following 4 questions (Q45 to Q48) are based on the following information: You have 20 friends that you want to invite to dinner. However, you dining room table only seats 6 people. Since, you will take up one seat, you can only have five friends at one time. How many different groups of guests can you have? Steps for Calculation:Q45: Is this an example of a combination or a permutation? Q46: What is N? Q47: What is r? Q48: What is the calculated value for this example? The following 2 questions (Q49 to Q50) are either “True” or “False” Q49: 5! is equal to 120. Q50: With a combination ‘order matters’. Q51:Which one of the following is NOT one of the major uses of the CPI? A.The CPI is used to evaluate and determine economic policy. B.The CPI is used to compare prices in different years. C.The CPI is used to determine salary and price adjustments. D.All of the above three answers are major uses of the CPI. Q52:Using the 1989 base as a base, the price index for computers is now 125. What does this index number mean? A.price of computers has decreased 25% since 1989 B.price of computers has increased 25% since 1989 C.price of computers has increased 125% since 1989 D.none of the above three answers are correct Q53:A _____________ economic indicator is one whose changes lag behind or follow changes in the economy. A.Leading B.Coincidence C.Lagging Q54:Some criticisms of the CPI include all of the following except: A.the market basket used in the CPI may not reflect current spending priorities B.the CPI does not adjust for changes in quality C.the CPI takes advantage of sale prices D.the CPI does not measure prices for rural Americans The following 2 questions (Q55 to Q56) are based on the following information:The CPI’s at the start of each decade from 1940 to 1990 were: Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 CPI 14.0 24.1 29.6 38.8 82.4 130.7 Q55: What was the rate of inflation for the 1950’s, as measured by the percentage change in the CPI? Q56: What was the rate of inflation for the 1970’s, as measured by the percentage change in the CPI? Q57: Name the major category added for the market basket of goods and services in 1998? Q58: Tuition at University Z was $1000 per quarter in 1985 (CPI = 107.6). How much should tuition be in 2001 adjusted for inflation (CPI = 175.1)? The following 2 questions (Q59 to Q60) are either “True” or “False” Q59: The current ‘base period’ that we are on is 1982-1984.Q60: ‘Child care’ is one of the eight major categories of goods and services in the market basket. The following 13 questions (Q61 to Q73) are based on the following example: Patients recovering from an appendix operation normally spend an average of 6.3 days in the hospital. The distribution of recovery times is normal with a σ = 2.2 days. The hospital is trying a new recovery program designed to lessen the time patients spend in the hospital. The first 25 appendix patients in this new program were released from the hospital in an average of 5.5 days. On the basis of these data, can the hospital conclude that the new program has a significant reduction of recovery time. Test at the .01 level of significance. Q61: The appropriate statistical procedure for this example would be a z-test t-test Q62: Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test? one-tailed two-tailed Q63:The most appropriate null hypothesis (in words) would be A.There is no statistical difference in the amount of time appendix patients spend in the hospital when comparing the new recovery program to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. B.There is a statistical difference in the amount of time appendix patients spend in the hospital when comparing the new recovery program to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. C.The new appendix recovery program does not significantly reduce the number of days spent in the hospital when compared to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. D.The new appendix recovery program does significantly reduce the number of days spent in the hospital when compared to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. Q64: The most appropriate null hypothesis (in symbols) would be A. μnew program = 6.3 B.μnew program = 5.5 C.μnew program  6.3 D.μnew program  6.3 Q65: Set up the criteria for making a decision. That is, find the critical value using an alpha = .01. (Make sure you are sign specific: + ; - ; or  ) (Use your tables) Summarize the data into the appropriate test statistic. Steps:Q66: What is the numeric value of your standard error? Q67: What is the z-value or t-value you obtained (your test statistic)? Q68: Based on your results (and comparing your Q67 and Q65 answers) would you A.reject the null hypothesis B.fail to reject the null hypothesis Q69: The best conclusion for this example would be A.There is no statistical difference in the amount of time appendix patients spend in the hospital when comparing the new recovery program to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. B.There is a statistical difference in the amount of time appendix patients spend in the hospital when comparing the new recovery program to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. C.The new appendix recovery program does not significantly reduce the number of days spent in the hospital when compared to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. D.The new appendix recovery program does significantly reduce the number of days spent in the hospital when compared to the population of patients on the traditional recovery program. Q70: Based on your evaluation of the null in Q68 and your conclusion is Q69, as a researcher you would be more concerned with a A.Type I statistical error B.Type II statistical error Calculate the 99% confidence interval. Steps:Q71: The mean you will use for this calculation is A. 5.5 B. 6.3 Q72: What is the new critical value you will use for this calculation? Q73: As you know, two values will be required to complete the following equation: __________    __________ The following 4 questions (Q74 to Q77) are based on the following situation: If α = .10, and β = .30, complete the following questions by inserting the appropriate probability of each. Q74:The statistical decision is to reject the null, and H0 is really true (ie: a Type I error) Q75:The statistical decision is to fail to reject null, and H0 is really true (ie: a correct decision) Q76:The statistical decision is to reject the null, and H0 is really false (ie: Power) Q77:The statistical decision is to fail to reject the null, and H0 is really false (ie a Type II error) The following 14 questions (Q78 to Q91) are based on the following example: A researcher wants to determine whether high school students who attend an SAT preparation course score significantly different on the SAT than students who do not attend the preparation course. For those who do not attend the course, the population mean is 1050 (μ = 1050). The 16 students who attend the preparation course average 1150 on the SAT, with a sample standard deviation of 300. On the basis of these data, can the researcher conclude that the preparation course has a significant difference on SAT scores? Set alpha equal to .05. Q78: The appropriate statistical procedure for this example would be a A.z-test B.t-test Q79: Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test? one-tailed two-tailed Q80: The most appropriate null hypothesis (in words) would be A.There is no statistical difference in SAT scores when comparing students who took the SAT prep course with the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course.B.There is a statistical difference in SAT scores when comparing students who took the SAT prep course with the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course.C.The students who took the SAT prep course did not score significantly higher on the SAT when compared to the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course. D.The students who took the SAT prep course did score significantly higher on the SAT when compared to the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course. Q81: The most appropriate null hypothesis (in symbols) would be A. μSATprep = 1050 B.μSATprep = 1150 C.μSATprep  1050 D.μSATprep  1050 Q82: Set up the criteria for making a decision. That is, find the critical value using an alpha = .05. (Make sure you are sign specific: + ; - ; or  ) (Use your tables) Summarize the data into the appropriate test statistic. Steps:Q83: What is the numeric value of your standard error? Q84: What is the z-value or t-value you obtained (your test statistic)?Q85: Based on your results (and comparing your Q84 and Q82 answers) would you A.reject the null hypothesis B.fail to reject the null hypothesis Q86: The best conclusion for this example would be A.There is no statistical difference in SAT scores when comparing students who took the SAT prep course with the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course.B.There is a statistical difference in SAT scores when comparing students who took the SAT prep course with the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course.C.The students who took the SAT prep course did not score significantly higher on the SAT when compared to the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course. D.The students who took the SAT prep course did score significantly higher on the SAT when compared to the general population of students who did not take the SAT prep course. Q87: Based on your evaluation of the null in Q85 and your conclusion is Q86, as a researcher you would be more concerned with a A.Type I statistical error B.Type II statistical error Calculate the 99% confidence interval. Steps:Q88: The mean you will use for this calculation is A.1050 B.1150 Q89: What is the new critical value you will use for this calculation? Q90: As you know, two values will be required to complete the following equation: __________    __________ Q91: Which of the following is a more accurate interpretation of the confidence interval you just computed? We are 99% confident that the scores fall in the interval _____ to _____. We are 99% confident that the average score on the SAT by the students who took the prep course falls in the interval _____ to _____. We are 99% confident that the example above has correct values. We are 99% confident that the difference in SAT scores between the students who took the prep course and the students who did not falls in the interval _____ to _____. The following 2 questions (Q92 to Q93) are based on the following situation: The national average for the verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is 500 with a standard deviation of 100. A researcher uses a sampling distribution made up of samples of 100. Q92: According to the Central Limit Theorem, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of means? A. 10 B.50 C.100 D.500 Q93: According to the Central Limit Theorem, what is the standard error of the mean? a.10 b.50 c.100 d.500 Q94: As you increase the number of subjects in your sample, the calculated value of a t-test will A.) increase B.) decrease C.) remain the same Q95:As you decrease the true distance between the null and alternative hypotheses (μ1 – μ0), the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis A.increases B.decreases C.remains the same Q96:Keeping everything else the same, if you were to decrease your alpha level from .05 to .01, the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis A.increases B.decreases C.remains the same The following 4 questions (Q97 to Q100) are either “True” or “False”Q97: The single-most critical component of deciding whether you are to conduct a t-test versus a z-test for hypothesis testing is whether there is a ‘’. Q98: Predicting the characteristics of an entire group, after having measured a small group, is the major goal of inferential statistics. Q99: Degrees of freedom for a single sample z-test is/are ‘n-1’. Q100: Degrees of freedom for a single sample t-test is/are ‘n-1’. Bonus Section – 2 points (5 Questions)**There can be more than one correct answer to the following questions. I am looking for your reasons as to why you think your answer is correct** 1)What is the most interesting thing that you learned in the second half of this course and 2)What is the least interesting thing that you learned in the second half of this course and 3)What is the most difficult thing that you learned in the second half of this course and why do you think it is the most difficult? (1 point) 4)What is the least difficult (easiest) thing that you learned in the second half of this course 5)What is the biggest challenge for you taking this online course now that you have why do you think it is the most interesting? (1 point) why do you think it is the least interesting? (1 point) and why do you think it is the least difficult? (1 point) completed it? (1 point)

Visual Representation of Data The purpose of this assignment is to use pivot tables and pivot charts to aggregate data and to explain the process used for data aggregation. For this assignment, you will use the "Claims 2" dataset. Use Excel pivot tables and pivot charts for this exercise. Part 1: Create a dashboard describing the data by age group (e.g., 21-30 yrs, 31-40 yrs, 41-50 yrs, 51-60 yrs, and 61-70 yrs). The dashboard should include the graphs and charts listed in the locations described. The dashboard should be a separate tab in Excel that only includes the five items below. A sample layout is provided below the dashboard description.     Top Left: Bar graph showing the average number of ER visits for each of the five age groups. Show the actual average values above each bar.     Middle Left: Bar graph showing the average number of procedures for each of the five age groups. Show the actual average values above each bar.     Bottom Left: Bar graph showing the average claim cost for each of the five age groups. Show the actual average values above each bar.     Top Right: Pie chart showing the percent of the total sum of all claim costs for each of the five age groups. Show the actual percent values of each slice.     Bottom Right: Line graph showing the percent of each age group that has one or more ER visits. Show the actual percent values of each group. To create this chart, first create a new calculated column, named "Has ER Visit," that is equal to 1 when the patient has had one or more ER visits; otherwise 0. HINT: The average of a 0-1 column is a percent. Refer to the example in the resource "Visual Representation of Data Screenshot: Preview of the Excel Dashboard." Part 2: Interpret the dashboard and the story it is attempting to tell users by writing a 250-word summary that clearly describes the merits of each of the charts used on the dashboard. For example, discuss why a pie chart might be more appropriate than a bar graph for highlighting the information you want key stakeholders to obtain by studying that content on the dashboard. Include specific discussion about why each specific chart is used to illustrate the data it represents.