Description
1. Why was the New York House of Refuge established?
2.
How did the reform
school movement affect today's youth correctional institutions?
Explanation & Answer
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Houses of Refuge were large fortress-like congregate style institution located in urban areas for youth designated as abandoned, delinquent or incorrigible. The average number of youth in a house of refuge was 200, but some, like the New York House of Refuge, housed over 1,000 youth.
Unlike prisons, the houses of refuge are not places of punishment‹although the internal workings can be remarkably similar, with military exercises, severe discipline, and long hours of labor. The wards include juvenile offenders, the poor, vagrants, and disobedient children turned over by parents. Separate institutions, laws, and strategies will transform the response to juveniles and youth crime throughout the rest of the century, culminating in 1899 when the first juvenile court is established.
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