Part 1.You are considering shifting resources from maternal-child health programs to programs for more members of the community. If black-white disparities in birth outcomes continue, but the overall health of the community improves, have you met your ethical obligations as a health department?Is there something about infant mortality that makes it special in consideration of fairness? Do we need to think about what is fair in a different way because infants are involved?Should the role of race and racism in infant mortality impact how we set priorities and allocate resources? Why or why not?Part 2There are 3 choices suggested in this case study:1. Maintain funding for maternal-child health care2. Shift funding from maternal-child health care to programs that impact the health of the larger community3. Involve the community in deciding what the priorities are and how resources should be allocatedWhat are the ethical dimensions of each option? If the community gets involved, who should speak for the community?Read this case study then answer above questions.Case Study3.8 Case 4: Black-White Infant Mortality: Disparities,Priorities, and Social Justice Erika Blacksher Department of Bioethics and Humanities University of Washington Seattle , WA , USA e-mail: eb2010@u.washington.edu Susan D. Goold Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Health Managementand Policy Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor , Michigan , USAThis case is presented for instructional purposes only. The ideas and opinions expressedare the authors’ own. The case is not meant to refl ect the offi cial position, views, orpolicies of the editors, the editors’ host institutions, or the authors’ host institutions.3.8.1 Background Preterm births, the leading cause of infant mortality, are increasing annually worldwide(World Health Organization 2012 ). The United State s shares company with Nigeria,India, and Brazil among the top ten countri es with the highest numbers of preterm birthsand ranks 31st among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)nations in infant mortality (OECD 2010 ). Within the United States, racial and ethnicdisparities in infant mortality remain entrenched and have increased (MacDorman andMathews 2009 ). U.S. health policy leaders have made the elimination of health disparities a top public health priority (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011 ;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2011 ). Infant mortality is an importantarea of focus for eliminating disparities, both in its own right and because the rate ofinfant mortality serves as an indicator of the nation’s health due to its association withmaternal health, social and economic conditions, racial discrimination, access to healthcare, and public health practices (MacDorman and Mathews 2009 ). During the twentieth century, U.S. infant mortality declined 93 % (MacDorman 2011 ). In 1900, about 100 infants died per 1000 live births. By 2000, that numberfell to 6.89. During the last half of the twentieth century, the rate of black infantmortality dropped dramatically. In 1950, black infant mortality was 43.9 deaths per1000 live births compared with 26.8 deaths per 1000 live births among whites(Mechanic 2002 ). But by 1998 black infant mortality fell to 13.8 deaths per 1000live births compared with 6.0 deaths per 1000 live births among whites. As thesenumbers show, both groups made signifi cant absolute gains, with blacks gainingmore in absolute terms—a reduction of 30.1 for blacks and 20.8 for whites. Yet,black infant mortality still remained about twice that of whites.N. Daniels85 These disparities have persisted in the twenty-fi rst century. In 2006, non- Hispanicblack women experienced the highest rate of infant mortality, with 13.4 infantdeaths per 1000 live births, while non-Hispanic white women had a considerablylower rate, with 5.6 infant deaths per 1000 live births. Citing a 2006 report from theNational Healthy Start Association, MacDorman and Mathews ( 2009 ) report thatprogrammatic efforts to reduce disparities in black-white infant mortality have hadsome successes at local levels, but eliminating the disparities is diffi cult. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services have prioritized both the elimination of health disparities and improvement in overall population health. These twin goals—one distributive, the other aggregative—are separate and sometimes confl ict (Anand 2004 ).Increases in health disparities often accompany advances in aggregate gains in population health (Mechanic 2007 ). Although this case is specifi c to the United State s, thedilemma is not. Data show that signifi cant progress on child mortality has been madein many countries but that this overall success is often coupled with increasedinequalities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups (Chopra et al. 2012 ). InChina and India, for example, disparities in mortality persist between boys and girlsyounger than 5 years, a function of entrenched gender discrimination (You et al. 2010 ). These examples raise challenging questions about how ethically to assesssuch cases and set priorities for the allocation of scarce public health resources.3.8.2 Case Description You serve as the director for the local health department in a racially segregatedurban city in the Midwest with one of the greatest concentrations of AfricanAmericans in the United States. The city has a long history of civil rights activismthat led to protests and marches that ultimately empowered and mobilized blackcommunities and organizations. Your health department has a history of prioritizingmaternal-child health and the elimination of black-white disparities in infant mortality in its programs, an investment of resources affi rmed by the city residentsthrough the department’s community outreach program and planning processes. Chronic underfunding of public health, made worse by the economic downturn,has resulted in drastic and unprecedented reductions in the public health budget. Inconsultation with your staff and community board of health, you have raised thepossibility of redirecting resources from maternal-child health into other programsbased on a number of practical and ethical considerations. As with national statistics, the city has seen signifi cant declines in black infant mortality, even as blackwhite disparities remain. You note that although the maternal-child health programsare cost-effective, their impact on reducing black-white disparities seems to havestalled. Other programs appear to meet targets more consistently. To help supportthese other programs, you note that allocating resources to more effective programsprovides more “health” per dollar, thus meeting the utilitarian demand to maximizeoverall health, which many view as the primary goal of public health and health policy (Powers and Faden 2006 ). In addition, although black-white disparities in3 Resource Allocation and Priority Setting86infant mortality persist, blacks have made signifi cant gains, declining more thanwhites in some decades. You note that remaining inequalities could be deemed ethically acceptable by some standard s of equity , such as the “maximin” principle .Although this distributive principle is subject to interpretation (Van Parijs 2003 ), itis generally understood to require that social and economic inequalities work tobenefi t society’s least advantaged groups. Thus, inequalities (even signifi cant ones)are morally acceptable as long as the least advantaged have signifi cantly benefi ted(Powers and Faden 2006 ). The director of community outreach proposes that the health department notmake this decision unilaterally, but instead listen to community opinions on thesequestions of priorities and fairness. He suggests that the health department collaborate with community partners to host a series of public forums. He insists that atopic of such historic and contemporary concern to the community must be subjectto public deliberation. Despite having a history of supporting community discussions, you are concerned about the cost of community forums, noting that they willdrain resources from an already slim budget.

Welcome to the third week of class and MBA6010 Activity 3.Please use the attached MBA6010 Instructions Activity 3 Template.docxto write your paper.Type your paper into the template. Enter two numbers where indicated in the two tabs of the spreadsheet.At the top is a summary table.Copy the tables from the spreadsheet into your paper and use the summary figures to answer the questions.You will should also find the attached Activity 3 ROI Analysis.xlsx spreadsheet helpfulAttachments:MBA6010 Instructions Activity 3 Template.docxMBA6010 Instructions Activity 3 Instructions.docx Activity 3 ROI Analysis.xlsx Week 3 - Assignment 2: Calculate Investing in Productivity Improvements (HR)InstructionsPrepare a policy position that addresses the issue, "Does it make sense to invest in the productivity improvements offered by the HR module?"Suppose that you apply the maximums to recruiting and training. Here are the costs:Recruiting costs per new worker are $5000.Each employee trains 80 hours per year at $20 per training hourWorkforce complement increases by 4.2% to cover the 80 hours people are in training.For this exercise you need a spreadsheet and both the Capstone Courier and Annual Report. Use the Round 2 reports for the analysis. Human Resources statistics like workforce complement and turnover are on Courier page 12. Use Annual Report Income Statement's total Labor cost to estimate payroll costs.Assume the following productivity payoffs:Round 1 - 102%Round 2 - 105%Round 3 - 108%Round 4 - 112%Round 5 - 115%Round 6 - 118%Therefore, in Round 6 each worker would be 1.18 times as effective as the beginning worker, and your workforce complement would fall to 1/1.18 or 85% of its current level.For a quick evaluation, assume your total labor expenditure from the Annual Report Income Statement will stay flat for the next six years.How much of a cost savings might you expect in the sixth year? For example, if the total labor costs on the Income Statement says $29M, and costs stay the same for six years, then in the last year your costs would fall to $29/1.18 M. Apply the same approach to years one through five to get a total savings over time.Would this justify the necessary expenditures in recruiting and training made over time? Assume a turnover of 10% and no increase in workforce size. Since you are sending workers to training for 80 hours or two weeks each year, you also need to expand the workforce enough to cover the workers that are in training. We are looking for a ballpark answer, not a precise answer, so that you can decide whether or not a payoff in HR productivity justifies the expense.So far we have assumed our workforce and labor contracts are constant. In practice the market is growing at about 14%, and your labor contract has a 5% wage escalator. How does this affect the numbers? At what level, if any, would you recommend that your company invest in recruiting and training? Are there any factors beyond the simple numbers that should be considered?Length: 1 - 2 pages of analysis not including title page and references as well as all of the calculations that you generated to come up with your solution.Your response should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Please use at minimum of three outside scholarly sources for support.

Part II Overview For this part of the final project, you will be given a scenario in which you are asked to illustrate your financial computation and analysis skills. This part of the assessment addresses the following course outcomes:  Compute financial ratios, time value, variables, and returns using industry standard tools for optimizing financial success  Analyze corporate financial data for multiple companies in evaluating past and future financial performances Part II Prompt For this section of your employment exam, you will select two companies. The first company needs to come from your TDAU thinkorswim portfolio. The second needs to be a competitor of the first company from the same industry. You will be responsible for collecting, synthesizing, and making decisions regarding both companies. After evaluating these companies’ financial data, you will then decide which company’s stock is the better investment. This section of your employment examination must be submitted in two parts. Part A will contain the workbooks that house all of your quantitative data and formulas, along with any of the information that is relevant for your chosen companies. Part B will contain your answers to the questions asked below, composed in a cohesive manner. If you are referring to data that is found within the workbooks in Part A, be sure to include a citation—for example, “rate of return is 3.570 USD (E64, WB2),” where E64 is the cell that the calculation took place in and WB2 is designating “workbook 2.” This ensures that your instructor can quickly and accurately check data entry, formula use, and financial calculations. Your submission must address the following critical elements: I. Preparing the Workbooks A. Download the annual income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements for the last three completed fiscal years for your chosen companies. This information must be included in your final submission. B. Prepare a worksheet for each of the companies to display their financial data for the last three fiscal years. Ensure your data is accurate and organized. Include these worksheets as a workbook in your final submission. C. Find historical stock prices for both companies and add this information to the respective spreadsheets. Consider the appropriate date range you should use. II. Three-Year Returns A. What is the three-year return on the stock price of the first company (Company A)? How is the stock performing? Ensure that you use the appropriate formula in your spreadsheets to calculate the three-year return on the given company’s stock price. B. What is the three-year return on the stock price of the second company (Company B)? How is this stock performing? Ensure that you use the appropriate formula in your spreadsheets to calculate the three-year return on your chosen company’s stock price. C. How do these two stocks compare in terms of three-year returns? What does this indicate about these two companies? III. Financial Calculations A. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the price-to-earnings ratio for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. B. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the debt-to-equity ratios for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. C. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the return-on-equity ratios for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. D. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the earnings per share for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. E. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the profit margins for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. F. Using the appropriate spreadsheets, which are to be included in the workbooks, calculate the free cash flows for the last three fiscal years of the given and your chosen companies. Be sure that you are entering and using the correct formula. IV. Industry Averages A. Obtain current industry averages of three of the financial calculations above for both companies and add this information to your spreadsheet for comparison. Ensure the accuracy and organization of your data. B. In this context, how is each company’s financial health? How do these two companies compare to one another? Consider the appropriate date range you should use. V. Performance Over Time A. Analyze the performance of the Company A over time. What financial strengths and weaknesses does this company have? Consider addressing the free cash flows and ratios you calculated earlier. B. Analyze the performance of your Company B over time. What financial strengths and weaknesses does this company have? Consider addressing the free cash flows and ratios you calculated earlier. C. Analyze how the data differ between these two companies. Why do you think this is? Consider addressing the free cash flows and ratios you calculated earlier. VI. Investment A. Are the companies considered growth or value companies? Why? B. Which company’s stock is the better investment? Consider supporting your answer with data. Final Project Part II Rubric Guidelines for Submission: This part of the final project will be submitted in two parts. Part A will contain the workbooks that house all of your quantitative data and formulas, along with any of the information that is relevant for your chosen company. Part B will contain your answers to the prompts, composed in a cohesive manner. Part B should use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Citations should be formatted according to APA style.