Question 1. Explain the difference between autotrophic organisms and heterotrophic organisms.undefinedQuestion 2. If there is an "energy advantage" for organisms which use aerobic respiration, do you suppose this could explain why there are more aerobic species than anaerobic species? Explain your answer.undefinedQuestion 3. Assuming that an animal loses heat to its environment from its surface, suggest an evolutionary explanation for the following question: why do arctic hares have shorter ears than those of San Diego County jackrabbits?undefinedQuestion 4. Which animal taxonomic groups include endotherms?undefinedQuestion 5. What is an ectotherm? Give examples of animals which are ectotherms.undefinedQuestion 6. As the size of the cubes got smaller and smaller, what happened to the surface area : volume ratio?undefinedQuestion 7. Examine Figure 1. For each visible cube in the whole "organism", count the number of sides exposed to the outside. Write these numbers on the cubes in the diagram. Is there a cube with no sides exposed to the environment in Figure 1?undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined undefinedQuestion 8. Locate the cube marked "a" in each of the three figures on page 6. Compare cube "a" in the three figures: how many sides of each "a" cube are actually exposed to the outside surface?undefined Cube "a" Number of Sides Exposed Figure 1. 3 x 3 x 3 Figure 2. 2 x 2 x 2 Figure 3. 1 x 1 x 1 undefinedQuestion 9. Referring the Question 8, if each cube "a" were an equal amount of living tissue, which one would lose heat to a cooler environment fastest?undefined undefined undefinedQuestion 10. Referring to Question 8, if each cube "a" were an equal amount of living tissue, which one would need the fastest heat production to maintain homeostasis of its body temperature? (Remember, Cubus quadrangularis is a mammal.)undefinedQuestion 11. As an animal grows larger, what do you expect to happen to its rate of heat production per gram of body mass?undefined undefined undefinedQuestion 12. Based on the reasoning above, you will formulate a hypothesis for the following experiment. Small mice, medium-sized rats and large rats are available in the laboratory. We will measure their rate of oxygen uptake per gram body mass. undefinedWhat is the dependent variable we will measure?undefinedWhat is the independent variable?undefinedWhat are the groups being compared?undefinedNow, write the entire formula using the If…, and…, then… format.undefinedQuestion 13. Which mammal do you expect to have the fastest oxygen uptake per gram body mass? Explain why.undefined undefinedTable 1. Metabolic rate measurements for 3 mammalsundefinedwith different surface area to volume ratios.undefined Group 1 Mouse Young Rat Adult Rat Body weight (g): 26.4 90.5 126.6 5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2): 1. 170 128 149 2. 128 205 73 3. 203 104 88 4. 125 97 87 5. 104 110 68 Average time (sec) to consume 5000 µL O2 : Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it: Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal. undefined undefined Group 2 Mouse Young Rat Adult Rat Body weight (g): 13.1 52.2 181.2 5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2): 1. 330 204 141 2. 335 114 69 3. 210 166 66 4. 208 87 85 5. 208 89 51 Average time (sec) to consume 5000 µL O2 : Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it: Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal. undefined undefined Group 3 Mouse Young Rat Adult Rat Body weight (g): 30 76.6 211.6 5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2): 1. 157 79 79 2. 158 144 61 3. 184 43 53 4. 119 89 50 5. 135 92 48 Average time (sec) to consume 5000 µL O2 : Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it: Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal. undefined undefined Group 4 Mouse Young Rat Adult Rat Body weight (g): 24.0 76.0 160.3 5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2): 1. 208.5 117.1 59.3 2. 183.6 111.0 17.1 3. 174.5 96 61.8 4. 142.1 121.5 52.5 5. 170.0 105.3 62.7 Average time (sec) to consume 5000 µL O2 : Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it: Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal. undefined undefined undefined undefinedTable 2. Metabolic rate for all groups.undefined undefined undefined Mouse Young Rat Adult Rat Group: Mass (g) Average Metabolic Rate Mass (g) Average Metabolic Rate Mass (g) Average Metabolic Rate 1 2 3 4 5 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX 6 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX 7 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX 8 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX Average undefined undefined undefinedAnalysis QuestionsundefinedFill in the Table 3 with the class average data:undefined undefined undefined Mammal type Average Mass (g) Average Metabolic Rate (µL O2 per second per gram of animal) Mouse Young Rat Mature Rate undefined undefinedQuestion 14. Based on the class data, describe the relationship which appears to exist between a mammal's size and its metabolic rate.undefined undefined undefinedQuestion 15. Has your hypothesis been supported by the class data?undefinedIf not, where did your reasoning go wrong?undefinedQuestion 16. Which would you predict to be higher, the metabolic rate of a sparrow or that of a gull? Explain your answer in terms of thermoregulation.undefined undefinedQuestion 17. To what extent do you think it would be valid to apply this "metabolic rate to body size relationship" to animals other than mammals (clams, insects, fish, frogs, reptiles and birds)? Explain.undefinedQuestion 18. Is there a thermoregulatory advantage for marine mammals such as whales to be so large? Explain your answer.undefinedQuestion 19. Suggest a reason why there are no rat-sized marine mammals.undefinedQuestion 20. If an animal is an ectotherm, which is without internal physiological thermoregulation, how does it manage to survive when the weather is very hot or very cold? Give an example.

In this module, you explored several theories of human development including a psychodynamic theory advanced by Freud which was later built upon by Erikson. Although the initial stages of Erikson's work parallels Freud's, Erikson's theory introduced three adult stages resulting in a more comprehensive lifespan view of psychosocial development.In your initial post:Apply Erikson's theory to your own development and identify which of Erikson's developmental stages you are in currently.Based on your experiences or what you have witnessed in others, suggest a new stage of development to further Erikson's theory. Be sure to give your new stage a name, describe its characteristics (age span, behaviors, challenges, etc.), and ensure that it's clear where it would be inserted into Erikson's existing stages.Describe whether or not you have achieved the goal of your newly created developmental stage.