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Epidemiology case study
Please use sources provided to complete this case study. Also please use proper citations and list all sources.Case Study- ...
Epidemiology case study
Please use sources provided to complete this case study. Also please use proper citations and list all sources.Case Study-Teen SuicideThis case study is from the Cases in Population-Oriented Prevention (C-POP) series authored by Lloyd F. Novick, MD, MPH, Don Cibular, PhD, and Sally M. Sutphen, MSc, MPH.Part of the case study is below. You may access the entire PDF document entitled, Adolescent Suicide Prevention, in Google Scholar.ADOLESCENT SUICIDE:In the United States, mental disorders collectively account for more than 15 percent of the burden of disease for all causes that is slightly more than the burden associated with all forms of cancer. In children and adolescents, the most frequently diagnosed mood disorders are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder. The incidence of suicide attempts reaches a peak during the mid-adolescent years (14-17 years of age). Mortality from suicide increases steadily throughout the teenage years and is the third leading cause of death for that age. In 1996, 82 billion dollars were spent on treatment of mental health services. 1Between April 1998 and April 2002, five people died after falling or jumping at a large shopping mall in Syracuse, New York. Three of the individuals were adolescents or young adults (17-20 years old). The mall consists of seven levels with a large open atrium. Each of the levels has a railing approximately four feet high that functions as a barrier to prevent an individual from jumping or falling to the bottom of the main atrium. Of the five individuals noted above, three jumped from the third level (Cinema Floor); one fell or jumped from the second level; and one fell off an escalator railing. Details of the circumstances in each of these cases are given in Table 1.Table 1. Case histories for five individuals who jumped or fell to their death at a mall in Syracuse adapted from records from the Onondaga County Health Department, 1998-2002CaseSceneCause of DeathPast History45 yo femaleJumped from 3rdfloorMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of psychiatric problems including bipolar disorder and prior suicide attempts, was under treatment at the time of deathMarital problems17 yo maleJumped from 3rdfloorWas impaired by drugs at time of deathLanded on a table on the basement level where a 10-12 yo boy was eating. The impact shattered the table and injured the patron.Multiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of over-the-counter drug abuse including cold preparations and anti-motion sickness medicationsApprehended on the day of death for shopliftingRecent tension with mother about drug useNo prior history of depression or suicidal ideation49 yo femaleJumped from 3rdfloor after asking about access to higher floorsWitness screamed “No” but case jumped without speakingMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of depression and suicidal ideationRecent loss of step-mother, financial concerns and stress at work19 yo maleLost balance on escalator railing, falling 28 feetAppeared intoxicated prior to deathMultiple injuries due to fall from heightNo data available20 yo femaleLeaned over backwards on 2ndfloor, fell off.Brain matter was widely scatteredThere were numerous witnesses, several of whom were referred for mental health counselingMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of major psychotic illness, discharged from local hospital the day prior to deathQuestions:For each death, indicate if the death should be classified as a suicide.What criteria (major and minor) were used in your determination of the above?Is this situation (suicide at a public mall) a public health matter?Would you consider preventive interventions for this situation? If so, what methods would you employ?Are deaths from suicides preventable?Please review Table 2 below on completed adolescent suicides in Onondaga County residents from January 1993-Present, and then answer the following questions.Table 2: Completed Adolescent Suicides in Onondaga County,January 1993-Jan 2004Data Source: Medical Examiner’s Office, Onondaga County Health Department, 2004Questions:Identify biases in the reporting data in completed suicides.Comment on age, gender, time, and method of these suicides.What are possible explanations for the gender difference?Define “risk factor” for a health condition or disease.What risk factors have been identified for adolescent suicide? In 1999, the Onondaga County Health Department (OCHD) performed a study of adolescent suicide attempts. The objective of this study was to obtain information on all children and adolescents (up to 19 years of age) presenting to hospital emergency departments with suicide attempt or ideation. All four Syracuse hospital emergency departments, one of which has a specific mission to respond to mental health emergencies (the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program), participated in the study.For each visit meeting the inclusion criteria requirement (see Table 3 below), a health care provider at the emergency department collected information using a uniform instrument. Information was obtained about the patient, time and place of the attempt, method used, perceived threat to life, and patient’s disposition.During the one-year period, 266 visits were investigated. Of these, 156 were described as suicide attempts and 110 were described as suicidal ideation. The results of this study are provided in Figures 1-8 (There is no Figure 3). For the following questions, please refer to these figures.Table 3: Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project: Inclusion Criteria for any adolescent (<19 yo ) who presents to the Emergency Department with:*Could be suspected by another person (family member, friend, teacher, etc.) or by health care provider’s intuitionData Source: Onondaga County Health Department Questions:Provide an operational definition of “suicide attempt” and “suicidal ideation.”Using the raw numbers (in brackets), comment on age distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 1). Are younger children in this study more likely to have only suicidal ideation (versus actual attempts?) Does this surprise you?List possible explanations for the peak of suicide reports in August through October 1999 (Figure 2).Comment on the gender distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 4). How does this distribution differ from that described for the completed suicides?Describe the relationship between drug/alcohol abuse and suicide attempts/suicidal ideation (Figure 5). What are the shortcomings of the data in making conclusions about these factors?How does the distribution of methods used in the suicide attempts compare with the distribution of methods described for the completed suicides (Figure 6)?How do health care professionals judge how dangerous different methods of suicide are (Figures 6 and 7)?Please refer to Figure 8 showing patient disposition by attempt status. List the factors that are important in determining the appropriate follow-up of an adolescent presenting to an emergency department following a suicide attempt. How would you determine whether a patient should be hospitalized? The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that evidence was insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening of children or adolescents for depression. They noted that up to 2 percent of children and 4.5 percent of adolescents in primary care settings suffer from depression and that clinicians should be alert for possible signs of depression in younger children. Research involving children and adolescents that is currently in progress at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) will hopefully add to this evidence base. 2Schaffer and Craft of Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute have reported on using systematic screening with a self-administered unit for predictors of suicide in a high school population in New York City. 3Screening for mood changes, depression, suicide ideation, and substance abuse may be an important tool to identify adolescents at risk for suicide. A self-administered screening test addressing questions of mood (feeling unhappy or sad), anger, temper, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse can be employed. Students who have a positive score on this test are referred for a formal diagnostic interview by a trained mental health professional (e.g. clinical psychologist or psychiatrist) who then makes the diagnostic and risk determination as well as the decision to refer the student for treatment. In this situation, the screening test is the self-administered tool to the high-school population while the diagnostic test ("gold standard") is formal interview by the mental health professional. In the following hypothetical example, 1000 students are screened with a self-administered instrument in urban high schools in Syracuse. Students who screen positive (mood disturbances, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, etc…) are referred to a mental health professional who then establishes the diagnosis. The results are as follows: Condition* Present Absent*as established by the diagnostic interviewQuestions:Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of this screening test.Sensitivity: ________ Specificity: ________Positive Predictive Value: ________Negative Predictive Value: ________List the possible problems associated with this type of screening procedure in the school setting. Are there methods to overcome these limitations?The current cost of this screening procedure is $20 per student screened (Step 1). For students who have a positive screening test, an additional cost of approximately $75 per student is incurred for the diagnostic interview with a mental health professional (Step 2). Refer to the information below for the number of middle and high schools in Onondaga County and their respective enrollment.SCHOOL AND STUDENT POPULATION INFORMATION*Onondaga County, New York, 2000–2001 Academic YearTotal number of High Schools: 20Total High School Population (Grades 9-12): 24,982Range of school size: 292- 2,900 studentsTotal number of Middle Schools 24Total Middle School Population: 19,946Range of school size: 58- 1,690 students:*Data Source: Onondaga County Madison (OCM) Boces, NYS Department of EducationWill you advise the local school board to adopt this screening method as a preventive intervention to reduce adolescent suicide in the entire middle and high school population in Onondaga County? (List the considerations in making this decision.)Do you advise applying this screening procedure in pilot or demonstration schools? An important component in developing a sustainable screening program is determining the effectiveness of the program. An effective screening program should significantly reduce adverse outcomes such as morbidity and mortality in the at-risk population. How would you proceed to evaluate the effectiveness of this suicide screening method? With whom would you collaborate?Describe the study intervention that you would test (specifics of screening program).What outcomes would you select to measure?What types of study designs are most commonly used to determine the effectiveness of screening interventions?Frequent concerns facing researchers in the process of designing a study include statistical power and selection bias. How would you address these in your study?Taking all of the above factors into account, what study design would you select to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly adopted screening method to decrease the risk of adolescent suicide in your middle and high school population?References:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999.Screening for Depression. Recommendations and Rationale. May 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/depression/de... Shaffer D, Craft L. Methods of Adolescent Suicide Prevention. J Clin Psych; 1999: 60:70-74.Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Figure 4: Emergency Department Visits for Suicide Attempts or Suicidal Ideation, by Gender 12/98- 12/99 (n=266)Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Figure 5: Reported Visits for Suicide Attempts and Ideation by Drug and Alcohol Use, 12/1/98 - 12/31/99 Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NYData Source for both figures TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NYData Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, N Y
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Copy Of 8.08 Lenses Virtual Lab
Computer, Internet connection, and ruler (with cm & mm markings) ● To demonstrate the formation of images from convex an ...
Copy Of 8.08 Lenses Virtual Lab
Computer, Internet connection, and ruler (with cm & mm markings) ● To demonstrate the formation of images from convex and concave lenses.
Preventing AIDS A drug called money
Based on the Introduction section and Discussion section of the journal article, write a one paragraph concise overview - ...
Preventing AIDS A drug called money
Based on the Introduction section and Discussion section of the journal article, write a one paragraph concise overview - in your own words - of what "cash transfer" means and what the study showed. Insert the text directly in the text toolbar section of the assignment (not comments to professor/instructor section).Preventing AIDS A drug called moneyCash payments to schoolgirls cut HIV infection rateFeb 15th 2012by G.C.HALFWAY between marriage and prostitution lies the sugar daddy. Not quite a husband, not quite a John, he looks after his girl and expects her to be loyal to him—a loyalty that is frequently unreciprocated. But if you are a poor African teenager, having a sugar daddy is not such a bad deal. Eventually, Mr Right may come along and in the meantime life is, as the term suggests, a lot sweeter than it might otherwise be. Except for one thing. In many parts of Africa, relationships between older men and younger women are one of the main transmitters of HIV.With that in mind, it has often been hypothesised that if teenage girls were given an alternative income—one that might, for instance, allow them to stay on at school—they would be less likely to get infected. It is a plausible hypothesis but one that has not, until now, actually been tested.That lack has just been remedied by Berk Özler, of the World Bank, and his colleagues. In a paper just published by the Lancet, they describe how they conducted a randomised clinical trial of the idea that money, and money alone, can stop the spread of HIV.They carried out their experiment in the Zomba district of Malawi, recruiting nearly 1,300 never-married women between the ages of 13 and 22. They divided Zomba into 176 areas, and each participant in a given area was treated in the same way. That area-wide treatment was, however, decided at random by a computer. In some areas, which acted as controls, the women were simply monitored. In some they and their parents were given small amounts of money each month (between $1 and $5 for the women, and between $4 and $10 for the parents), again decided at random by the computer. In a third set of areas money was doled out in a similar way, but only in exchange for a promise by the woman to attend school. If she failed to do so, no money was forthcoming.When the results were in, the team found that the unpaid women had suffered more than twice the HIV infection rate experienced by the paid women over the course of the 18 months of the experiment, and four times the infection rate of genital herpes. Intriguingly, there was no difference between the infection rate suffered by those required to go to school and those who received the money unconditionally. Whether the actual amount of money mattered was not clear. For that to emerge a larger sample would be needed.What is abundantly clear, however, was that the money did make women behave differently. They had younger boyfriends than those in the control group, and had sex less frequently. Liberated from the need to find a sugar daddy, they could behave in a safer way. Those attempting to stop the spread of AIDS have, in the past, tried many ways of getting people to change their behaviour in order to reduce the risk of infection. They have extolled, exhorted and even threatened, all to little avail. They have not, though, previously, resorted to bribery. But it seems to work.
Quantum Mechanics Research Paper
CompetencyOutline the major features of quantum mechanics and how they are applied to various fields.InstructionsIn
a tw ...
Quantum Mechanics Research Paper
CompetencyOutline the major features of quantum mechanics and how they are applied to various fields.InstructionsIn
a two-page paper, research three examples of technologies that use
quantum mechanics. Explain, in your own words, how these applications
impact society. If you or someone you know has ever had an MRI scan for a
medical diagnosis, you have experienced the result of quantum physics
for measuring bodily structures. Finally, provide another specific
example from your own life that could be influenced by these
applications.
worksheet
Module 02 – Kepler’s Laws Lab / Understanding Planetary MotionJohannes Kepler, a 17th Century astronomer and mathemati ...
worksheet
Module 02 – Kepler’s Laws Lab / Understanding Planetary MotionJohannes Kepler, a 17th Century astronomer and mathematician, published three laws of planetary motion that improved upon Copernicus’s heliocentric model. These laws were made possible by years of accurate planetary measurement collected by Kepler’s predecessor, Tycho Brahe. Kepler’s laws were a radical change from previous astronomical models for the Solar System which maintained the ancient Greek idea of perfect circular motion. With the Stellarium planetarium software, we are able observe the orbit of the planets and test some of his ideas.Background Question – Describe Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.Object: Explain the purpose of this laboratory assignment in your own words. What do you think you will accomplish or learn from this exercise?Hypothesis: Write a simple hypothesis connected to Kepler’s laws of motion that you will be able to test using the Stellarium software (for example, if Kepler’s laws are correct, Mercury should move fastest in its orbit when it is closest to the Sun).Procedure • Open the Stellarium software. Open the location window (F6) and change the planet to Solar System Observer. This will change our observing location to a position outside our Solar System. • Open the Sky and Viewing options window (F4). Under the “Sky” tab, uncheck the Atmosphere, Stars, and Dynamic eye adaption. Check “Show planet markers” and “Show planet orbits”. • Select the Landscape tab and uncheck “Show ground”. • Open the Search window (F3) and enter in the Sun. The view should shift such that the Sun is in the center of the screen. • With the mouse wheel, zoom in toward the Sun and you should be about to see the orbits and position of each of the planets. If you left click on one of the planets, then only that particular planet’s orbit will be displayed. With the time control at the bottom right, accelerate the flow of time until you see the planets moving in their orbits.Q1. List the visible planets in order of increasing distance from Sun.Q2. Are the planets moving at the same speed? If not, which planet is the fastest and what planet is the slowest • Zoom down until you see Mercury orbit. Left click on Mercury so you only see Mercury’s orbit and information on the left. Q3. Is Mercury orbit perfectly circular or is it slightly egg shaped?Q4. Is the Sun at the exact center of Mercury orbit? • Click somewhere off a planet so all the planets’ orbits are displayed. Zoom out until you see the orbit of Mars. Open the Search window and type in 2P/Encke. Stellarium will center on a comet that has a very elliptical orbit. Increase the flow of time enough so you can see Comet Encke move in orbit around the SunQ5. When does Encke move the fastest? Is this in agreement with Kepler’s second law? • When you click on a planet, a display of information is show on the upper left. This include the planet’s distance from Sun and its sidereal period. According to Kepler’s third law, the square of a planet’s sidereal period is equal to the cube of planet’s average distance from the Sun. We can test this law with information from Stellarium. • Select three planets. Click on each planet and record their sidereal period in years (this will be the second value displayed with the unit “a” meaning Earth years. • The average distance of each planet from the Sun is not directly displayed, only its current distance from the Sun. The average distance can be calculate by adding the perihelion (closest distance a planet gets to the Sun) and aphelion (furthest distance a planet get from the Sun) and dividing by two. To obtain the perihelion and aphelion, you will need to select your chosen planet and advance time until you get the smallest and largest distances (in units of AU) from the Sun values listed in the information display. Remember you can always pause the flow of time with the play/pause button in the software time controls. • Record your period and distance data in the table belowaverage distance (a)PlanetPeriod (p)= (perihelion + aphelion) / 2 p2a3Q6. Does your data support Kepler’s third law (p2 = a3) • Continue using Stellarium to test your individual hypothesis. If you need further direction, please ask your instructor.Conclusion: In 1-2 paragraphs, explain if your observations and data support or conflict with your hypothesis and if you have met your assignment objective. Was there any portion of the assignment that was particularly interesting or difficult?
Rasmussen College Food Labels Essay
Reading and understanding food labels can often feel like having to understand an entirely new language. However, it is im ...
Rasmussen College Food Labels Essay
Reading and understanding food labels can often feel like having to understand an entirely new language. However, it is important that consumers are able to read and interpret the nutrient content in the foods they consume.For this assignment, you will need to compare the nutrition labels (provided) for two types of crackers, and then answer a series of questions. Use the Food Label Worksheet below.File: Food Label WorksheetGenetic information has become part of our culture and it is difficult to tell the difference between unmodified and genetically modified food sources such as plant and animals. After reading this module’s material regarding vectors in biotechnology, consider the potential for nanotechnology and scientific advancement. Research nanotechnology and its potential use in biotechnology. In one or two paragraphs, explain the potential advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology in health care, agriculture, or industry and discuss whether you would or would not support further research.
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Epidemiology case study
Please use sources provided to complete this case study. Also please use proper citations and list all sources.Case Study- ...
Epidemiology case study
Please use sources provided to complete this case study. Also please use proper citations and list all sources.Case Study-Teen SuicideThis case study is from the Cases in Population-Oriented Prevention (C-POP) series authored by Lloyd F. Novick, MD, MPH, Don Cibular, PhD, and Sally M. Sutphen, MSc, MPH.Part of the case study is below. You may access the entire PDF document entitled, Adolescent Suicide Prevention, in Google Scholar.ADOLESCENT SUICIDE:In the United States, mental disorders collectively account for more than 15 percent of the burden of disease for all causes that is slightly more than the burden associated with all forms of cancer. In children and adolescents, the most frequently diagnosed mood disorders are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder. The incidence of suicide attempts reaches a peak during the mid-adolescent years (14-17 years of age). Mortality from suicide increases steadily throughout the teenage years and is the third leading cause of death for that age. In 1996, 82 billion dollars were spent on treatment of mental health services. 1Between April 1998 and April 2002, five people died after falling or jumping at a large shopping mall in Syracuse, New York. Three of the individuals were adolescents or young adults (17-20 years old). The mall consists of seven levels with a large open atrium. Each of the levels has a railing approximately four feet high that functions as a barrier to prevent an individual from jumping or falling to the bottom of the main atrium. Of the five individuals noted above, three jumped from the third level (Cinema Floor); one fell or jumped from the second level; and one fell off an escalator railing. Details of the circumstances in each of these cases are given in Table 1.Table 1. Case histories for five individuals who jumped or fell to their death at a mall in Syracuse adapted from records from the Onondaga County Health Department, 1998-2002CaseSceneCause of DeathPast History45 yo femaleJumped from 3rdfloorMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of psychiatric problems including bipolar disorder and prior suicide attempts, was under treatment at the time of deathMarital problems17 yo maleJumped from 3rdfloorWas impaired by drugs at time of deathLanded on a table on the basement level where a 10-12 yo boy was eating. The impact shattered the table and injured the patron.Multiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of over-the-counter drug abuse including cold preparations and anti-motion sickness medicationsApprehended on the day of death for shopliftingRecent tension with mother about drug useNo prior history of depression or suicidal ideation49 yo femaleJumped from 3rdfloor after asking about access to higher floorsWitness screamed “No” but case jumped without speakingMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of depression and suicidal ideationRecent loss of step-mother, financial concerns and stress at work19 yo maleLost balance on escalator railing, falling 28 feetAppeared intoxicated prior to deathMultiple injuries due to fall from heightNo data available20 yo femaleLeaned over backwards on 2ndfloor, fell off.Brain matter was widely scatteredThere were numerous witnesses, several of whom were referred for mental health counselingMultiple injuries due to fall from heightHistory of major psychotic illness, discharged from local hospital the day prior to deathQuestions:For each death, indicate if the death should be classified as a suicide.What criteria (major and minor) were used in your determination of the above?Is this situation (suicide at a public mall) a public health matter?Would you consider preventive interventions for this situation? If so, what methods would you employ?Are deaths from suicides preventable?Please review Table 2 below on completed adolescent suicides in Onondaga County residents from January 1993-Present, and then answer the following questions.Table 2: Completed Adolescent Suicides in Onondaga County,January 1993-Jan 2004Data Source: Medical Examiner’s Office, Onondaga County Health Department, 2004Questions:Identify biases in the reporting data in completed suicides.Comment on age, gender, time, and method of these suicides.What are possible explanations for the gender difference?Define “risk factor” for a health condition or disease.What risk factors have been identified for adolescent suicide? In 1999, the Onondaga County Health Department (OCHD) performed a study of adolescent suicide attempts. The objective of this study was to obtain information on all children and adolescents (up to 19 years of age) presenting to hospital emergency departments with suicide attempt or ideation. All four Syracuse hospital emergency departments, one of which has a specific mission to respond to mental health emergencies (the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program), participated in the study.For each visit meeting the inclusion criteria requirement (see Table 3 below), a health care provider at the emergency department collected information using a uniform instrument. Information was obtained about the patient, time and place of the attempt, method used, perceived threat to life, and patient’s disposition.During the one-year period, 266 visits were investigated. Of these, 156 were described as suicide attempts and 110 were described as suicidal ideation. The results of this study are provided in Figures 1-8 (There is no Figure 3). For the following questions, please refer to these figures.Table 3: Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project: Inclusion Criteria for any adolescent (<19 yo ) who presents to the Emergency Department with:*Could be suspected by another person (family member, friend, teacher, etc.) or by health care provider’s intuitionData Source: Onondaga County Health Department Questions:Provide an operational definition of “suicide attempt” and “suicidal ideation.”Using the raw numbers (in brackets), comment on age distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 1). Are younger children in this study more likely to have only suicidal ideation (versus actual attempts?) Does this surprise you?List possible explanations for the peak of suicide reports in August through October 1999 (Figure 2).Comment on the gender distribution of attempted suicide/suicide ideation cases (Figure 4). How does this distribution differ from that described for the completed suicides?Describe the relationship between drug/alcohol abuse and suicide attempts/suicidal ideation (Figure 5). What are the shortcomings of the data in making conclusions about these factors?How does the distribution of methods used in the suicide attempts compare with the distribution of methods described for the completed suicides (Figure 6)?How do health care professionals judge how dangerous different methods of suicide are (Figures 6 and 7)?Please refer to Figure 8 showing patient disposition by attempt status. List the factors that are important in determining the appropriate follow-up of an adolescent presenting to an emergency department following a suicide attempt. How would you determine whether a patient should be hospitalized? The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that evidence was insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening of children or adolescents for depression. They noted that up to 2 percent of children and 4.5 percent of adolescents in primary care settings suffer from depression and that clinicians should be alert for possible signs of depression in younger children. Research involving children and adolescents that is currently in progress at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) will hopefully add to this evidence base. 2Schaffer and Craft of Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute have reported on using systematic screening with a self-administered unit for predictors of suicide in a high school population in New York City. 3Screening for mood changes, depression, suicide ideation, and substance abuse may be an important tool to identify adolescents at risk for suicide. A self-administered screening test addressing questions of mood (feeling unhappy or sad), anger, temper, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse can be employed. Students who have a positive score on this test are referred for a formal diagnostic interview by a trained mental health professional (e.g. clinical psychologist or psychiatrist) who then makes the diagnostic and risk determination as well as the decision to refer the student for treatment. In this situation, the screening test is the self-administered tool to the high-school population while the diagnostic test ("gold standard") is formal interview by the mental health professional. In the following hypothetical example, 1000 students are screened with a self-administered instrument in urban high schools in Syracuse. Students who screen positive (mood disturbances, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, etc…) are referred to a mental health professional who then establishes the diagnosis. The results are as follows: Condition* Present Absent*as established by the diagnostic interviewQuestions:Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of this screening test.Sensitivity: ________ Specificity: ________Positive Predictive Value: ________Negative Predictive Value: ________List the possible problems associated with this type of screening procedure in the school setting. Are there methods to overcome these limitations?The current cost of this screening procedure is $20 per student screened (Step 1). For students who have a positive screening test, an additional cost of approximately $75 per student is incurred for the diagnostic interview with a mental health professional (Step 2). Refer to the information below for the number of middle and high schools in Onondaga County and their respective enrollment.SCHOOL AND STUDENT POPULATION INFORMATION*Onondaga County, New York, 2000–2001 Academic YearTotal number of High Schools: 20Total High School Population (Grades 9-12): 24,982Range of school size: 292- 2,900 studentsTotal number of Middle Schools 24Total Middle School Population: 19,946Range of school size: 58- 1,690 students:*Data Source: Onondaga County Madison (OCM) Boces, NYS Department of EducationWill you advise the local school board to adopt this screening method as a preventive intervention to reduce adolescent suicide in the entire middle and high school population in Onondaga County? (List the considerations in making this decision.)Do you advise applying this screening procedure in pilot or demonstration schools? An important component in developing a sustainable screening program is determining the effectiveness of the program. An effective screening program should significantly reduce adverse outcomes such as morbidity and mortality in the at-risk population. How would you proceed to evaluate the effectiveness of this suicide screening method? With whom would you collaborate?Describe the study intervention that you would test (specifics of screening program).What outcomes would you select to measure?What types of study designs are most commonly used to determine the effectiveness of screening interventions?Frequent concerns facing researchers in the process of designing a study include statistical power and selection bias. How would you address these in your study?Taking all of the above factors into account, what study design would you select to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly adopted screening method to decrease the risk of adolescent suicide in your middle and high school population?References:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999.Screening for Depression. Recommendations and Rationale. May 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/depression/de... Shaffer D, Craft L. Methods of Adolescent Suicide Prevention. J Clin Psych; 1999: 60:70-74.Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Figure 4: Emergency Department Visits for Suicide Attempts or Suicidal Ideation, by Gender 12/98- 12/99 (n=266)Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Figure 5: Reported Visits for Suicide Attempts and Ideation by Drug and Alcohol Use, 12/1/98 - 12/31/99 Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NYData Source for both figures TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NYData Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, NY Data Source: TeenWatch, the Adolescent Suicide Surveillance Project in Onondaga Co, N Y
7 pages
Copy Of 8.08 Lenses Virtual Lab
Computer, Internet connection, and ruler (with cm & mm markings) ● To demonstrate the formation of images from convex an ...
Copy Of 8.08 Lenses Virtual Lab
Computer, Internet connection, and ruler (with cm & mm markings) ● To demonstrate the formation of images from convex and concave lenses.
Preventing AIDS A drug called money
Based on the Introduction section and Discussion section of the journal article, write a one paragraph concise overview - ...
Preventing AIDS A drug called money
Based on the Introduction section and Discussion section of the journal article, write a one paragraph concise overview - in your own words - of what "cash transfer" means and what the study showed. Insert the text directly in the text toolbar section of the assignment (not comments to professor/instructor section).Preventing AIDS A drug called moneyCash payments to schoolgirls cut HIV infection rateFeb 15th 2012by G.C.HALFWAY between marriage and prostitution lies the sugar daddy. Not quite a husband, not quite a John, he looks after his girl and expects her to be loyal to him—a loyalty that is frequently unreciprocated. But if you are a poor African teenager, having a sugar daddy is not such a bad deal. Eventually, Mr Right may come along and in the meantime life is, as the term suggests, a lot sweeter than it might otherwise be. Except for one thing. In many parts of Africa, relationships between older men and younger women are one of the main transmitters of HIV.With that in mind, it has often been hypothesised that if teenage girls were given an alternative income—one that might, for instance, allow them to stay on at school—they would be less likely to get infected. It is a plausible hypothesis but one that has not, until now, actually been tested.That lack has just been remedied by Berk Özler, of the World Bank, and his colleagues. In a paper just published by the Lancet, they describe how they conducted a randomised clinical trial of the idea that money, and money alone, can stop the spread of HIV.They carried out their experiment in the Zomba district of Malawi, recruiting nearly 1,300 never-married women between the ages of 13 and 22. They divided Zomba into 176 areas, and each participant in a given area was treated in the same way. That area-wide treatment was, however, decided at random by a computer. In some areas, which acted as controls, the women were simply monitored. In some they and their parents were given small amounts of money each month (between $1 and $5 for the women, and between $4 and $10 for the parents), again decided at random by the computer. In a third set of areas money was doled out in a similar way, but only in exchange for a promise by the woman to attend school. If she failed to do so, no money was forthcoming.When the results were in, the team found that the unpaid women had suffered more than twice the HIV infection rate experienced by the paid women over the course of the 18 months of the experiment, and four times the infection rate of genital herpes. Intriguingly, there was no difference between the infection rate suffered by those required to go to school and those who received the money unconditionally. Whether the actual amount of money mattered was not clear. For that to emerge a larger sample would be needed.What is abundantly clear, however, was that the money did make women behave differently. They had younger boyfriends than those in the control group, and had sex less frequently. Liberated from the need to find a sugar daddy, they could behave in a safer way. Those attempting to stop the spread of AIDS have, in the past, tried many ways of getting people to change their behaviour in order to reduce the risk of infection. They have extolled, exhorted and even threatened, all to little avail. They have not, though, previously, resorted to bribery. But it seems to work.
Quantum Mechanics Research Paper
CompetencyOutline the major features of quantum mechanics and how they are applied to various fields.InstructionsIn
a tw ...
Quantum Mechanics Research Paper
CompetencyOutline the major features of quantum mechanics and how they are applied to various fields.InstructionsIn
a two-page paper, research three examples of technologies that use
quantum mechanics. Explain, in your own words, how these applications
impact society. If you or someone you know has ever had an MRI scan for a
medical diagnosis, you have experienced the result of quantum physics
for measuring bodily structures. Finally, provide another specific
example from your own life that could be influenced by these
applications.
worksheet
Module 02 – Kepler’s Laws Lab / Understanding Planetary MotionJohannes Kepler, a 17th Century astronomer and mathemati ...
worksheet
Module 02 – Kepler’s Laws Lab / Understanding Planetary MotionJohannes Kepler, a 17th Century astronomer and mathematician, published three laws of planetary motion that improved upon Copernicus’s heliocentric model. These laws were made possible by years of accurate planetary measurement collected by Kepler’s predecessor, Tycho Brahe. Kepler’s laws were a radical change from previous astronomical models for the Solar System which maintained the ancient Greek idea of perfect circular motion. With the Stellarium planetarium software, we are able observe the orbit of the planets and test some of his ideas.Background Question – Describe Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion.Object: Explain the purpose of this laboratory assignment in your own words. What do you think you will accomplish or learn from this exercise?Hypothesis: Write a simple hypothesis connected to Kepler’s laws of motion that you will be able to test using the Stellarium software (for example, if Kepler’s laws are correct, Mercury should move fastest in its orbit when it is closest to the Sun).Procedure • Open the Stellarium software. Open the location window (F6) and change the planet to Solar System Observer. This will change our observing location to a position outside our Solar System. • Open the Sky and Viewing options window (F4). Under the “Sky” tab, uncheck the Atmosphere, Stars, and Dynamic eye adaption. Check “Show planet markers” and “Show planet orbits”. • Select the Landscape tab and uncheck “Show ground”. • Open the Search window (F3) and enter in the Sun. The view should shift such that the Sun is in the center of the screen. • With the mouse wheel, zoom in toward the Sun and you should be about to see the orbits and position of each of the planets. If you left click on one of the planets, then only that particular planet’s orbit will be displayed. With the time control at the bottom right, accelerate the flow of time until you see the planets moving in their orbits.Q1. List the visible planets in order of increasing distance from Sun.Q2. Are the planets moving at the same speed? If not, which planet is the fastest and what planet is the slowest • Zoom down until you see Mercury orbit. Left click on Mercury so you only see Mercury’s orbit and information on the left. Q3. Is Mercury orbit perfectly circular or is it slightly egg shaped?Q4. Is the Sun at the exact center of Mercury orbit? • Click somewhere off a planet so all the planets’ orbits are displayed. Zoom out until you see the orbit of Mars. Open the Search window and type in 2P/Encke. Stellarium will center on a comet that has a very elliptical orbit. Increase the flow of time enough so you can see Comet Encke move in orbit around the SunQ5. When does Encke move the fastest? Is this in agreement with Kepler’s second law? • When you click on a planet, a display of information is show on the upper left. This include the planet’s distance from Sun and its sidereal period. According to Kepler’s third law, the square of a planet’s sidereal period is equal to the cube of planet’s average distance from the Sun. We can test this law with information from Stellarium. • Select three planets. Click on each planet and record their sidereal period in years (this will be the second value displayed with the unit “a” meaning Earth years. • The average distance of each planet from the Sun is not directly displayed, only its current distance from the Sun. The average distance can be calculate by adding the perihelion (closest distance a planet gets to the Sun) and aphelion (furthest distance a planet get from the Sun) and dividing by two. To obtain the perihelion and aphelion, you will need to select your chosen planet and advance time until you get the smallest and largest distances (in units of AU) from the Sun values listed in the information display. Remember you can always pause the flow of time with the play/pause button in the software time controls. • Record your period and distance data in the table belowaverage distance (a)PlanetPeriod (p)= (perihelion + aphelion) / 2 p2a3Q6. Does your data support Kepler’s third law (p2 = a3) • Continue using Stellarium to test your individual hypothesis. If you need further direction, please ask your instructor.Conclusion: In 1-2 paragraphs, explain if your observations and data support or conflict with your hypothesis and if you have met your assignment objective. Was there any portion of the assignment that was particularly interesting or difficult?
Rasmussen College Food Labels Essay
Reading and understanding food labels can often feel like having to understand an entirely new language. However, it is im ...
Rasmussen College Food Labels Essay
Reading and understanding food labels can often feel like having to understand an entirely new language. However, it is important that consumers are able to read and interpret the nutrient content in the foods they consume.For this assignment, you will need to compare the nutrition labels (provided) for two types of crackers, and then answer a series of questions. Use the Food Label Worksheet below.File: Food Label WorksheetGenetic information has become part of our culture and it is difficult to tell the difference between unmodified and genetically modified food sources such as plant and animals. After reading this module’s material regarding vectors in biotechnology, consider the potential for nanotechnology and scientific advancement. Research nanotechnology and its potential use in biotechnology. In one or two paragraphs, explain the potential advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology in health care, agriculture, or industry and discuss whether you would or would not support further research.
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