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Assignment 5 1 Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with Visuals Paige Sowell Strayer University ENG215 Research and Writing Professor Saraswathi Lakshmanan August 31, 2015 Assignment 5 2 Challenges Facing Safety of Passengers and Motorcyclist in U. S Introduction Motorcyclist have for years become major means of transport in several states across the United States. Most people prefer them since they can move easily on deplorable road network within some States in U.S. Motorcyclist transport passengers to work, school, to health facilities during emergencies and also fulfilling a business trip. In some states in the U.S roads are not paved and thus become more appealing during rainy season While significant progress has taken place in minimizing fatalities among passenger vehicle occupant, motorcycle casualties have been on a steady rise since the year 1997 & currently do represent the country’s biggest highway traffic safety challenge. In the year 2006 motorcyclist went on with their 9th year increase, recording a five percent increment of 4,810 & going beyond the records of pedestrian casualties for the record first time from when the NHTSA implemented the collection of fatal motor vehicle accident data in the year 1975. The records of the year 2005 showed that the rate of fatality stood at 73 per 100,000 recorded or registered motorcycles (Law, Noland, & Evans, 2013). By comparing with passenger rate vehicle in the same year which stood at 14% This trend has been much manifested that fatalities as a result of motorcycle have for all practical reasons offset benefits in lives saved ensuing from higher usage of seat belt & enhanced passenger vehicle safety. Motorcycle operator fatalities now take up to 11% of the total fatalities & dramatically bears huge impact on the country overall highway casualty rate. This paper describes plans for the department of the states to enhance safety. Some of the initiatives I have proposed include: Assignment 5 3 Carrying out studies on the actual cause of motorcycle crash & its outcome; this will provide a comprehensive assessment of the factors that lead to the crash. Establishing national standards for rider training in the entry level that will form the baseline for beginner motorcycle operator training programs carried out in the U.S Repealing the FMVSS No. 218 about motorcycle helmets; this will tackle the fabrication of helmet facilitated by present requirements of labeling of motorcycle helmet standard. Issuing out roadway safety for all motorcycles; a pamphlet containing official guidelines on constructing, designing & maintaining roadways for increased safety of motorcycle to road engineers, planners & designers. Establishing training planned to educate traffic law enforcement authority on the safety of the motorcycle & particular enforcement efforts they can embark on to minimize motorcycle crashes. The Safety Issue The predominant usage of motorcycling for mostly private purpose is of great concern with no safety measures or limited. This issue has triggered debate among different sectors in the United States. Safety is merely concerned with use of appropriate safety gears by both the passenger and motorcyclist. The compliance and observation of traffic laws, adequate training, less passenger loading & proper maintenance of the motorcycle are other safety precaution measures that both passengers and motorcyclist needs to observe in reducing fatalities as a result of an accident. The main focus of safety is that pedestrian, passengers and motorcyclist are indeed safe if an accident is inevitable. The motorcyclist and passengers who has appreciated the worth of safety measures for is the rider who encounters fewer collisions. Thus a qualified and experienced motorcyclist understands all the parameters of safety and risk management. Several Assignment 5 4 studies have revealed that suitable use of safety helmet is an efficient and effective method of reducing fatality and severity among motorcyclist and passengers in case of a collision. Despite, the well knowledge about this safety gear by both passenger and motorcyclist most of them do not make use of them. They even ride at undue speed & exceed the passengers they are supposed to carry putting them at a greater risk. The police authorities in many states across the United States have recorded high rates of accidents involving motorcyclist and passengers. Many of them are as a result of non-compliance with safety regulations. According to authorities the number accidents that are not reported is more than the reported cases of accidents. The authorities have suggested that majority of these accidents can be avoided but unfortunate passenger and motorcyclist are not aware of safety regulations together with few traffic law enforcers in most of the states and also ignorance to road signs in some places could be the basis of contributing factors of accidents in many states across the United States. The law enforcers are not able to regulate & enforce these safety precaution measures due to lack of adequate logistic. Motorcyclist and passengers are frequently capitalizing on these police scarcities & ride motorcycles across many states without safety gears like helmets and violate traffic laws at will. Motorcyclist are getting involved in crimes like robbery, hijacking & some murder pedestrians on a hit & run with no liability. The number of injuries sustained by passengers, pedestrian and motorcyclist from motorcycle riding overwhelms the healthcare system. There is great challenge of service delivery to patients with few skilled healthcare providers & resources. The increasing population is facing the problem of substandard drugs & medicine stores are the actual source of healthcare delivery in some of the states in U.S Assignment 5 5 It is evident in various occasions that hospitals in some states are not well equipped to manage serious cases like fracture of bones in human body. Some hospitals have very few doctors and some even don’t have Orthopedists. Some of the doctors in these hospitals are contractors of private healthcare facilities and therefore majority of patients are left unattended. If passengers, pedestrian & motorcyclist get head injuries as a result of motorcycle accident, death sentence will be eminent. These hospitals regularly referred complicated & subcomplicated cases in few hospitals that are more developed and have adequate personnel and equipment to handle such cases. Policies of Addressing Motorcycle & Passenger Safety Helmet Usage among Motorcyclists & its Benefits In the year 2010, motorcyclist and passengers who were killed in motorcycle accidents were 4,502 which represented 14 percent of all death from roads, despite the fact that motorcycle only accounts for less than one percent of all miles travelled from vehicle. The usage of helmet consistently has been revealed to minimize motorcycle crash associated fatalities and injuries and thus the most appropriate plan to increase the usage of helmet is through enactment of universal helmet laws. This law obliges all passengers & motorcyclist to put on helmets whenever they are using a motorcycle. To scrutinize the link between the helmets law of state motorcycle & usage or non-usage amongst fatally injured passenger and motorcyclist there was an analysis of 20082010 NHTSA data from FARS, census about fatal traffic accidents in the U.S. In addition the data about the economic cost from the NHTSA were acquired to compare the amount saved due to helmet usage by the kind of motorcycle laws of state (Howard, 2013). The findings revealed that on average, 12 percent of deadly injured motorcyclist were not putting on their helmets in Assignment 5 6 those states with universal laws on helmets compared with 64 percent in states that had partial helmet laws & 79 percent in states that did not have any type of helmet laws. In addition in the year 2010, economic gains as a result of usage of helmet by societies in those states that had universal laws on helmet were on normal, $725 on every registered motorcycle. This was nearly 4 times greater than in those states that had no such laws. The benefits of Helmet usage The number of injuries and fatalities involving motorcyclist with helmet were then subtracted from the projected numbers of motorcycle accidents injuries & fatalities to approximate the numbers of motorcyclist minor & serious injuries prevented and live saved. Equivalent cost calculations from National Highway Transport Safety Authority were then applied on these approximates & the resulting costs were attuned to the year 2010 dollars. The costs saved were approximated to be $1,212,800 per every fatality, $171,753 per severe injury & $7,523 per small injury. The costs saved incorporated injury associated costs (e.g. emergence services & medical costs, loss of work productivity & household & excluded costs such as travel delay and property damage. The cost saved were regulated by each state by the motorcycles that are registered in that particular state in the year 2010 in order to establish the costs saved per motorcycle which is registered. Improving Exposure Data & its Benefits In order to accurately recognize & effectively tackle the ever growing problem of motorcycle deaths and injuries, the Transport department re-baselined its motorcycle casualty rate measure for the year 2008 to show change of focus from casualty per every 100 million vehicle miles covered to casualty per one hundred thousand registrations. Vehicle miles travelled Assignment 5 7 is normally considered the ideal measure for disclosure as it measures the actual miles covered and is also preferred technique for covering fatality rates. Nevertheless, state reporting of the motorcycle VMT to FHWA was not obligatory before this year. Even in those states that accounted for motorcycle VMT, it was just measured as average proportion of total VMT as opposed to being collected directly via roadside encounters or surveys. FHWA had no choice but to then approximate VMT for those states that did not report depending on data from states that did actually report. The exactness of these counts therefore was very exploratory (Dellinger & Sleet, 2011). Starting the year 2007, FHWA started asking states to gather & report data of motorcycle VMT Improving Motorcycle Safety Performance & the benefits Motorcycle safety issue is not like any other highway safety concern in that it calls for comprehensive effort, in tackling multiple factors associated to rider and motorcycle safety, to reverse the 10 year long trend of ever increasing fatalities. There are plans by the department for a comprehensive effort to involve advancement to the vehicle, data analysis and collection, roadway environment & behavioral program. Benefits of Improving Motorcycle Safety Performance Improvements to the breaking system of the motorcycle, together with the application of anti-lock braking technology, improvement to vehicle lighting to make riders & vehicles more visible to other motorcyclist and motorist as well plays a role to reducing these accidents. Increasing the usage of helmets meeting FMVSS 218, prohibiting riding after drinking & getting fresh riders to undergo complete class training & experienced riders to undergo refresher course, making sure all motorcyclist possess valid license endorsement, & increasing motorcyclist Assignment 5 8 knowledge and awareness about how to properly use and share the road with other motorcyclist are chief to minimizing motorcycle accidents. The recommendation is to attack the issue from different angles ranging from research on vehicle & infrastructure, behavioral, enforcement activities & education & addressing emergency responses to motorcycle accidents. Limitations of the Policies of Addressing Motorcycle & Passenger Safety Limitation of Helmet Usage The single most efficient and effective measure for minimizing fatalities & injuries in a motorcycle crash is the application of a seat belt & helmets. In many states in U.S there are compulsory helmet laws. However, this is not the case in the state of New Hampshire. Nevertheless, these laws only cover rear occupants in just twenty six states & the Columbian district. Additionally, basic laws are present in only thirty two out of the 50 states. Riders should not put on visors, tinted glasses or goggles when riding in the dusk, dark or condition of poor visibility as this usually distort their view. The usage of tints that are below the legal minimum standards of light transmittance also has effect on their visibility; do cause confusion from oncoming headlights from the car or bring sun glare. The noise level is an issue for motorcyclist. This damage the rider’s hearing & might prevent the motorcyclist from hearing perceptible signal like sirens, horns & traffic. The best way for riders to achieve minimal level of noise is to put on earplugs that are conventional to U.S standards. Important to knot that motorcyclist using these earplugs for the first time need to check their speed carefully as the earplugs reduces their feedback level from the road environment. Assignment 5 9 Limitation in Motorcycle Safety Performance Braking, particularly in an emergency situation is one of the complex tasks of riding a motorcycle. Occurrence of an error in braking easily leads to capsizing, skidding or the bike becoming unstable. Inaccurate application of motorcycle brakes is actually considered to be a factor in majority of motorcycle crashes. ABS types of brakes for motorcycles have always been commercially available since the year 1988, & are nowadays fitted to a variety of machines an idea which should be highly encouraged. Other kind of advances in motorcycle braking system are being developed, including CBS (Combined Braking System) that do operate both brakes & distribute the braking force to rear & front wheels to enhance stability when breaking. It’s vital that motorcyclist learn how these advanced braking system work & get training in their usage. The term motorcycle includes wide variety of vehicles, ranging from little low-powered mopes & Scooters to huge high-powered motorcycles of attaining speeds of 200 mph & more. In case of vehicles RoSpA does not think that there is any need for coming up with such powerful car that can very easily attain speeds of more than two times the maximum speed limit. Young motorcyclist tend to ride smaller type of machines i.e. 100-250cc & older motorcyclist tend to ride huge motorcycles i.e. 500cc and above & especially above 900cc. These riders of these more powerful machines are associated with higher chances of accidents & fatalities at night, on non-built up roads, while overtaking or on bends & accidents as a result of speeding or other poor kind of behavior. Assignment 5 10 Limitation of Exposure Data In order to accurately recognize & effectively tackle the ever growing problem of motorcycle deaths and injuries, the Transport department re-baselined its motorcycle casualty rate measure for the year 2008 to show change of focus from casualty per every 100 million vehicle miles covered to casualty per one hundred thousand registrations. Vehicle miles travelled is normally considered the ideal measure for disclosure as it measures the actual miles covered and is also preferred technique for covering fatality rates. Nevertheless, state reporting of the motorcycle VMT to FHWA was not obligatory before this year. Even in those states that accounted for motorcycle VMT, it was just measured as average proportion of total VMT as opposed to being collected directly via roadside encounters or surveys. FHWA had no choice but to then approximate VMT for those states that did not report depending on data from states that did actually report (Rys, Research., Engineering., & program, 2010). The exactness of these counts therefore was very exploratory. Starting the year 2007, FHWA started asking states to gather & report data of motorcycle VMT. Assignment 5 11 The figure below shows motorcycle riders’ causality rate by year. Motorcycle Riders Causality Rate by year 1% 6% 1 6% 2 15% 6% 3 12% 6% 6% 9% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 4 5 6 7 8 0% 3% 9 10 Conclusion The State’s department efforts to minimize motorcycle accidents & resulting fatalities and injuries will continue to pay attention on making enhancement to the vehicle, increasing helmet usage and other protective safety gears, getting many riders to complete neophyte & training course for experienced riders & become licensed properly, prohibiting riding after drinking & increasing other motorist understanding of motorcycle on the road. Through the Fatal Highway Administration MAC, this department is working to enhance roadway signs & maintenance to make roads exclusively safer for all motorcyclists. It has also taken new approach in educating motorcyclist about the dangers of riding after drinking, in addition to universal messaging about driving after drinking, reaching out to all motorcyclist particularly in rallies and shows and via motorcycle groups and clubs. Efforts to support the use Assignment 5 12 of helmet are expanding & involve information on the significance of using certified DOT helmet. Additionally, FMVSS 218 will be rationalized to address fabrication of helmet certification assisted by the non-specific classification requirements of the motorcycle helmet standard. These and the various other activities described in this plan will enable the department in invalidating the unacceptable trend in motorcycle fatalities in order to meet its goal of 1.0 overall highway casualties per 100 million VMT by 2011 (Newman, 2010). Assignment 5 13 References Dellinger, A., & Sleet, D. (2011). Preventing Traffic Injuries: Strategies That Work. Washington D.C: Sage Publications. Howard, B. M. (2013). Motorcycle crashes and state safety efforts. New York: Nova Publishers. Law, T. H., Noland, R. B., & Evans, A. W. (2013). Factors Associated with the Enactment of Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Laws. New York: Risk Analysis, v33 n7. Newman, J. A. (2010). Motorcycle helmets - their limits of performance. Michigan: International Motorcycle Safety Conference. Proceedings. Volume III. Linthicum, Motorcycle Safety Foundation. Rys, M. J., Research., K. D., Engineering., K. S., & program, K.-T. (. (2010). Promoting centerline rumble strips to increase... by Margaret J Rys . Kansas: Topeka, Kan. : Kansas Dept. of Transportation. Assignment 5 1 Title goes here………….. Paige Sowell Strayer University ENG215 Research and Writing Professor Saraswathi Lakshmanan August 31, 2015 Assignment 5 2 Challenges Facing Safety of Passengers and Motorcyclist in U. S Introduction Motorcyclist have for years become major means of transport in several states across the United States. Most people prefer them since they can move easily on deplorable road network within some States in U.S. Motorcyclist transport passengers to work, school, to health facilities during emergencies and also fulfilling a business trip. In some states in the U.S roads are not paved and thus become more appealing during rainy season While significant progress has taken place in minimizing fatalities among passenger vehicle occupant, motorcycle casualties have been on a steady rise since the year 1997 & currently do represent the country’s biggest highway traffic safety challenge. In the year 2006 motorcyclist went on with their 9th year increase, recording a five percent increment of 4,810 & going beyond the records of pedestrian casualties for the record first time from when the NHTSA implemented the collection of fatal motor vehicle accident data in the year 1975. The records of the year 2005 showed that the rate of fatality stood at 73 per 100,000 recorded or registered motorcycles (Law, Noland, & Evans, 2013). By comparing with passenger rate vehicle in the same year which stood at 14% This trend has been much manifested that fatalities as a result of motorcycle have for all practical reasons offset benefits in lives saved ensuing from higher usage of seat belt & enhanced passenger vehicle safety. Motorcycle operator fatalities now take up to 11% of the total fatalities & dramatically bears huge impact on the country overall highway casualty rate. This paper describes plans for the department of the states to enhance safety. Some of the initiatives I have proposed include: Assignment 5 3 Carrying out studies on the actual cause of motorcycle crash & its outcome; this will provide a comprehensive assessment of the factors that lead to the crash. Establishing national standards for rider training in the entry level that will form the baseline for beginner motorcycle operator training programs carried out in the U.S Repealing the FMVSS No. 218 about motorcycle helmets; this will tackle the fabrication of helmet facilitated by present requirements of labeling of motorcycle helmet standard. Issuing out roadway safety for all motorcycles; a pamphlet containing official guidelines on constructing, designing & maintaining roadways for increased safety of motorcycle to road engineers, planners & designers. Establishing training planned to educate traffic law enforcement authority on the safety of the motorcycle & particular enforcement efforts they can embark on to minimize motorcycle crashes. The Safety Issue The predominant usage of motorcycling for mostly private purpose is of great concern with no safety measures or limited. This issue has triggered debate among different sectors in the United States. Safety is merely concerned with use of appropriate safety gears by both the passenger and motorcyclist. The compliance and observation of traffic laws, adequate training, less passenger loading & proper maintenance of the motorcycle are other safety precaution measures that both passengers and motorcyclist needs to observe in reducing fatalities as a result of an accident. The main focus of safety is that pedestrian, passengers and motorcyclist are indeed safe if an accident is inevitable. The motorcyclist and passengers who has appreciated the worth of safety measures for is the rider who encounters fewer collisions. Thus a qualified and experienced motorcyclist understands all the parameters of safety and risk management. Several Assignment 5 4 studies have revealed that suitable use of safety helmet is an efficient and effective method of reducing fatality and severity among motorcyclist and passengers in case of a collision. Despite, the well knowledge about this safety gear by both passenger and motorcyclist most of them do not make use of them. They even ride at undue speed & exceed the passengers they are supposed to carry putting them at a greater risk. The police authorities in many states across the United States have recorded high rates of accidents involving motorcyclist and passengers. Many of them are as a result of non-compliance with safety regulations. According to authorities the number accidents that are not reported is more than the reported cases of accidents. The authorities have suggested that majority of these accidents can be avoided but unfortunate passenger and motorcyclist are not aware of safety regulations together with few traffic law enforcers in most of the states and also ignorance to road signs in some places could be the basis of contributing factors of accidents in many states across the United States. The law enforcers are not able to regulate & enforce these safety precaution measures due to lack of adequate logistic. Motorcyclist and passengers are frequently capitalizing on these police scarcities & ride motorcycles across many states without safety gears like helmets and violate traffic laws at will. Motorcyclist are getting involved in crimes like robbery, hijacking & some murder pedestrians on a hit & run with no liability. The number of injuries sustained by passengers, pedestrian and motorcyclist from motorcycle riding overwhelms the healthcare system. There is great challenge of service delivery to patients with few skilled healthcare providers & resources. The increasing population is facing the problem of substandard drugs & medicine stores are the actual source of healthcare delivery in some of the states in U.S Assignment 5 5 It is evident in various occasions that hospitals in some states are not well equipped to manage serious cases like fracture of bones in human body. Some hospitals have very few doctors and some even don’t have Orthopedists. Some of the doctors in these hospitals are contractors of private healthcare facilities and therefore majority of patients are left unattended. If passengers, pedestrian & motorcyclist get head injuries as a result of motorcycle accident, death sentence will be eminent. These hospitals regularly referred complicated & subcomplicated cases in few hospitals that are more developed and have adequate personnel and equipment to handle such cases. Policies of Addressing Motorcycle & Passenger Safety Helmet Usage among Motorcyclists & its Benefits In the year 2010, motorcyclist and passengers who were killed in motorcycle accidents were 4,502 which represented 14 percent of all death from roads, despite the fact that motorcycle only accounts for less than one percent of all miles travelled from vehicle. The usage of helmet consistently has been revealed to minimize motorcycle crash associated fatalities and injuries and thus the most appropriate plan to increase the usage of helmet is through enactment of universal helmet laws. This law obliges all passengers & motorcyclist to put on helmets whenever they are using a motorcycle. To scrutinize the link between the helmets law of state motorcycle & usage or non-usage amongst fatally injured passenger and motorcyclist there was an analysis of 20082010 NHTSA data from FARS, census about fatal traffic accidents in the U.S. In addition the data about the economic cost from the NHTSA were acquired to compare the amount saved due to helmet usage by the kind of motorcycle laws of state (Howard, 2013). The findings revealed that on average, 12 percent of deadly injured motorcyclist were not putting on their helmets in Assignment 5 6 those states with universal laws on helmets compared with 64 percent in states that had partial helmet laws & 79 percent in states that did not have any type of helmet laws. In addition in the year 2010, economic gains as a result of usage of helmet by societies in those states that had universal laws on helmet were on normal, $725 on every registered motorcycle. This was nearly 4 times greater than in those states that had no such laws. The benefits of Helmet usage The number of injuries and fatalities involving motorcyclist with helmet were then subtracted from the projected numbers of motorcycle accidents injuries & fatalities to approximate the numbers of motorcyclist minor & serious injuries prevented and live saved. Equivalent cost calculations from National Highway Transport Safety Authority were then applied on these approximates & the resulting costs were attuned to the year 2010 dollars. The costs saved were approximated to be $1,212,800 per every fatality, $171,753 per severe injury & $7,523 per small injury. The costs saved incorporated injury associated costs (e.g. emergence services & medical costs, loss of work productivity & household & excluded costs such as travel delay and property damage. The cost saved were regulated by each state by the motorcycles that are registered in that particular state in the year 2010 in order to establish the costs saved per motorcycle which is registered. Improving Exposure Data & its Benefits In order to accurately recognize & effectively tackle the ever growing problem of motorcycle deaths and injuries, the Transport department re-baselined its motorcycle casualty rate measure for the year 2008 to show change of focus from casualty per every 100 million vehicle miles covered to casualty per one hundred thousand registrations. Vehicle miles travelled Assignment 5 7 is normally considered the ideal measure for disclosure as it measures the actual miles covered and is also preferred technique for covering fatality rates. Nevertheless, state reporting of the motorcycle VMT to FHWA was not obligatory before this year. Even in those states that accounted for motorcycle VMT, it was just measured as average proportion of total VMT as opposed to being collected directly via roadside encounters or surveys. FHWA had no choice but to then approximate VMT for those states that did not report depending on data from states that did actually report. The exactness of these counts therefore was very exploratory (Dellinger & Sleet, 2011). Starting the year 2007, FHWA started asking states to gather & report data of motorcycle VMT Improving Motorcycle Safety Performance & the benefits Motorcycle safety issue is not like any other highway safety concern in that it calls for comprehensive effort, in tackling multiple factors associated to rider and motorcycle safety, to reverse the 10 year long trend of ever increasing fatalities. There are plans by the department for a comprehensive effort to involve advancement to the vehicle, data analysis and collection, roadway environment & behavioral program. Benefits of Improving Motorcycle Safety Performance Improvements to the breaking system of the motorcycle, together with the application of anti-lock braking technology, improvement to vehicle lighting to make riders & vehicles more visible to other motorcyclist and motorist as well plays a role to reducing these accidents. Increasing the usage of helmets meeting FMVSS 218, prohibiting riding after drinking & getting fresh riders to undergo complete class training & experienced riders to undergo refresher course, making sure all motorcyclist possess valid license endorsement, & increasing motorcyclist Assignment 5 8 knowledge and awareness about how to properly use and share the road with other motorcyclist are chief to minimizing motorcycle accidents. The recommendation is to attack the issue from different angles ranging from research on vehicle & infrastructure, behavioral, enforcement activities & education & addressing emergency responses to motorcycle accidents. Limitations of the Policies of Addressing Motorcycle & Passenger Safety Limitation of Helmet Usage The single most efficient and effective measure for minimizing fatalities & injuries in a motorcycle crash is the application of a seat belt & helmets. In many states in U.S there are compulsory helmet laws. However, this is not the case in the state of New Hampshire. Nevertheless, these laws only cover rear occupants in just twenty six states & the Columbian district. Additionally, basic laws are present in only thirty two out of the 50 states. Riders should not put on visors, tinted glasses or goggles when riding in the dusk, dark or condition of poor visibility as this usually distort their view. The usage of tints that are below the legal minimum standards of light transmittance also has effect on their visibility; do cause confusion from oncoming headlights from the car or bring sun glare. The noise level is an issue for motorcyclist. This damage the rider’s hearing & might prevent the motorcyclist from hearing perceptible signal like sirens, horns & traffic. The best way for riders to achieve minimal level of noise is to put on earplugs that are conventional to U.S standards. Important to knot that motorcyclist using these earplugs for the first time need to check their speed carefully as the earplugs reduces their feedback level from the road environment. Assignment 5 9 Limitation in Motorcycle Safety Performance Braking, particularly in an emergency situation is one of the complex tasks of riding a motorcycle. Occurrence of an error in braking easily leads to capsizing, skidding or the bike becoming unstable. Inaccurate application of motorcycle brakes is actually considered to be a factor in majority of motorcycle crashes. ABS types of brakes for motorcycles have always been commercially available since the year 1988, & are nowadays fitted to a variety of machines an idea which should be highly encouraged. Other kind of advances in motorcycle braking system are being developed, including CBS (Combined Braking System) that do operate both brakes & distribute the braking force to rear & front wheels to enhance stability when breaking. It’s vital that motorcyclist learn how these advanced braking system work & get training in their usage. The term motorcycle includes wide variety of vehicles, ranging from little low-powered mopes & Scooters to huge high-powered motorcycles of attaining speeds of 200 mph & more. In case of vehicles RoSpA does not think that there is any need for coming up with such powerful car that can very easily attain speeds of more than two times the maximum speed limit. Young motorcyclist tend to ride smaller type of machines i.e. 100-250cc & older motorcyclist tend to ride huge motorcycles i.e. 500cc and above & especially above 900cc. These riders of these more powerful machines are associated with higher chances of accidents & fatalities at night, on non-built up roads, while overtaking or on bends & accidents as a result of speeding or other poor kind of behavior. Assignment 5 10 Limitation of Exposure Data In order to accurately recognize & effectively tackle the ever growing problem of motorcycle deaths and injuries, the Transport department re-baselined its motorcycle casualty rate measure for the year 2008 to show change of focus from casualty per every 100 million vehicle miles covered to casualty per one hundred thousand registrations. Vehicle miles travelled is normally considered the ideal measure for disclosure as it measures the actual miles covered and is also preferred technique for covering fatality rates. Nevertheless, state reporting of the motorcycle VMT to FHWA was not obligatory before this year. Even in those states that accounted for motorcycle VMT, it was just measured as average proportion of total VMT as opposed to being collected directly via roadside encounters or surveys. FHWA had no choice but to then approximate VMT for those states that did not report depending on data from states that did actually report (Rys, Research., Engineering., & program, 2010). The exactness of these counts therefore was very exploratory. Starting the year 2007, FHWA started asking states to gather & report data of motorcycle VMT. Assignment 5 11 The figure below shows motorcycle riders’ causality rate by year. Motorcycle Riders Causality Rate by year 1% 6% 1 6% 2 15% 6% 3 12% 6% 6% 9% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 4 5 6 7 8 0% 3% 9 10 Conclusion The State’s department efforts to minimize motorcycle accidents & resulting fatalities and injuries will continue to pay attention on making enhancement to the vehicle, increasing helmet usage and other protective safety gears, getting many riders to complete neophyte & training course for experienced riders & become licensed properly, prohibiting riding after drinking & increasing other motorist understanding of motorcycle on the road. Through the Fatal Highway Administration MAC, this department is working to enhance roadway signs & maintenance to make roads exclusively safer for all motorcyclists. It has also taken new approach in educating motorcyclist about the dangers of riding after drinking, in addition to universal messaging about driving after drinking, reaching out to all motorcyclist particularly in rallies and shows and via motorcycle groups and clubs. Efforts to support the use Assignment 5 12 of helmet are expanding & involve information on the significance of using certified DOT helmet. Additionally, FMVSS 218 will be rationalized to address fabrication of helmet certification assisted by the non-specific classification requirements of the motorcycle helmet standard. These and the various other activities described in this plan will enable the department in invalidating the unacceptable trend in motorcycle fatalities in order to meet its goal of 1.0 overall highway casualties per 100 million VMT by 2011 (Newman, 2010). Assignment 5 13 References Dellinger, A., & Sleet, D. (2011). Preventing Traffic Injuries: Strategies That Work. Washington D.C: Sage Publications. Howard, B. M. (2013). Motorcycle crashes and state safety efforts. New York: Nova Publishers. Law, T. H., Noland, R. B., & Evans, A. W. (2013). Factors Associated with the Enactment of Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Laws. New York: Risk Analysis, v33 n7. Newman, J. A. (2010). Motorcycle helmets - their limits of performance. Michigan: International Motorcycle Safety Conference. Proceedings. Volume III. Linthicum, Motorcycle Safety Foundation. Rys, M. J., Research., K. D., Engineering., K. S., & program, K.-T. (. (2010). Promoting centerline rumble strips to increase... by Margaret J Rys . Kansas: Topeka, Kan. : Kansas Dept. of Transportation.
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