Write a 4-5 page paper (double-spaced) on ONE of the following topics.(I will later on give you the sources for the prompt you choose) Papers will be graded onthe basis of clarity, insight, organization, and depth of argumentation.1) What is Longino’s main aim in her paper “Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues”? How does she argue in favor of that aim? Among things to think about are the following: Is Longino trying to show that the list of theoretical virtues that Kuhn gives are actually contextual (or pragmatic) virtues rather than (or, perhaps, in addition to) constitutive virtues? Is she trying to show that the list of virtues that feminists have given are actually constitutive (or cognitive) virtues rather than (or, perhaps, in addition to) contextual virtues? Is her main aim to show both of those? Or, rather, is she trying to show that it is unclear which virtues are constitutive and which are contextual? In short, what, exactly is she trying to show and how is she trying to show it?2) Van Fraassen raises doubts about whether an instrument like an optical microscope provides knowledge of the unobservable realm. How are those doubts raised? What do you take to be the best defense of the claim that optical microscopes do provide us with knowledge of things like amoebas? Spell out that defense in detail along with what part of van Fraassen’s considerations you take to be misguided.3) In “The Truth Doesn’t Explain Much,” Cartwright raises challenges for the covering-law model of explanation. What is the main challenge that she raises and how does she argue for it? Does it seem right that there are very few true generalizations that we might use to explain things? Does it seem right that we can and often do explain things anyway? If we do explain things anyway, is it right that we explain things using “ceteris paribus” laws?4) Explain how Bayesianism works as a theory of confirmation. In your view, in what ways does it represent an improvement over Popper’s view that science uses only deduction? What do you take to be its biggest problems? Why don’t those problems make you think that it is not promising?

TaskundefinedFirst, Read about Disease Processes in the Human Bodyundefinedhttp://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section9.html undefinedSecond, Read about the chain of infection https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html undefinedThird, Investigate the principles of vaccinationundefinedhttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/prinvac.html(also available as pdf in Important Documents)undefinedAssignment:undefinedDescribe the progression of the common cold, from infection to resolution, using a graphic to describe each step. undefinedLessonundefinedundefinedActivity 1: Herd Immunity Video and Discussion undefinedTogether watch the video, Vaccines – Calling the Shots – Herd Immunity http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nvvs-sci-herdimmune/herd-immunity/ undefinedDiscuss as a group, what is meant by Herd Immunity and what effect the level of vaccination can have.undefinedActivity 2: Simulated Herd Immunity (instruction on site)undefinedTogether with the instructor’s lead, simulate herd immunity where there is 90% vaccination rate.Then repeat for vaccination rates of 50, 75, 95%. undefinedDid the number of infected people change based on the vaccination rate?What does this mean for the health of a population? What are the risks of low vaccination rates?undefinedActivity 3: How to decrease spread of infection PosterundefinedTogether (or individually) based on what you know about the spread of infection, make a poster to quickly and graphically teach people how to decrease the spread of infection.