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Walden University Social Work Administrator Skills Discussion Paper
For this Discussion, you focus on the Social Work Supervision Trauma Within Agencies case study.
By Day 3
Post an explana ...
Walden University Social Work Administrator Skills Discussion Paper
For this Discussion, you focus on the Social Work Supervision Trauma Within Agencies case study.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the types of skills the social work administrator demonstrated as she addressed the problem of Carla’s absence at work and the trauma-related events that followed. Be sure to include an analysis of the administrator’s use of conflict resolution skills. Finally, identify one aspect of the case study that would be most challenging to you if you were the administrator, and explain why.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].
“Social Work Supervision: Trauma Within Agencies” (pp. 7–9)
West Coast University The Power of Critical Thinking Discussion and Responses
discussion promptThis week we're exploring causation and correlation.Why is it a fallacy to confuse causation and correlat ...
West Coast University The Power of Critical Thinking Discussion and Responses
discussion promptThis week we're exploring causation and correlation.Why is it a fallacy to confuse causation and correlation?Provide an example of a statement that confuses causation with correlation.In addition to your main response, you must also post substantive responses to at least two of your classmates’ posts in this thread.comment 1Correlation does not necessarily implicit causation. It is a phrase in statistics and science that emphasizes that a correlation between two variables does not directly imply that one causes the other. Those two are confused frequently. The human brain likes to see things similar and likes to find patterns. Causations directly applies to cases that action A is what causes the outcome of action B. This meaning, that a variable is the direct cause of the other variable . Just like a cause and an effect. Where as correlation is just a relationship. For example, action A relates to action B, however one things does not automatically cause the other event to happen.
"The primary reason as to what causes confusion between causation and correlation is when the confounding variable is ignored. For instance, one might assume that the reduction of the bees has taken place at the same time as the reduction of the coal demand. Therefore, one might assume that using less coal has led to the poor health of beehives and the reduction of bees.This is how a correlation is confused with causation. However, the confounding variable here is the increase in pollution. It is the increase in pollution that has caused the bee population to decrease in the last few decades. Furthermore, during the last few decades, it was coal use and mining that was one of the top causes of pollution. Therefore, the confounding variable is the air pollution which is related to both bee population and coal use."comment 2Causation is the action of causing something. Correlation is the process of two things showing how strongly related they are to one another. It is said that correlation doesn’t prove causation. It is considered a fallacy to confuse the said two because he or she is assuming that the “fact that one event came after another establishes that it was caused by the other” (Moore, et. al., 2020). The fallacy that confuses causation and correlation is the fallacy of weak induction known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc which means, after this, therefore because of this. “[It] assumes that the timing of two variables relative to each other, in and of itself, is sufficient to establish that one is the cause and the other is the effect however, it is incorrect” (Moore, et. al., 2020). In short, it is fallacious to conclude that one occurrence causes the other because there may be another cause that explains the outcome. It may be that there is a common cause for both of the events or it may be that there is a different cause all together, or maybe it was just a coincidence. One example that many people might’ve heard of is Autism and the MMR vaccine. Autism can first be seen or noticed between 18 months and 6 years of age. The first dose of MMR vaccine is usually given to babies around 12 to 15 months and the second dose is then given around 4-6 years. The initial signs of Autism are seen after MMR vaccine. Therefore, MMR vaccine causes Autism. This is a really high correlation that many people connect to imply the causation. In order to test this hypotheses to see of it actually works, is by doing a controlled experiment on the children where one group gets the MMR vaccine and the other group does not. As for the children jumping when the clock strikes twelve on New Years, one way to test this is by actually doing the test. This can be done so by starting a randomized controlled experiment— “one in which subjects are randomly assigned either to an “experimental group” (E) or a “control” (C), which differ from one another in only one respect: subjects in the E group are subjected to the suspected cause…” (Moore, et. al., 2020). It might be a long test, in terms of years, because their height will have to be checked every so often. However, one thing that has to be considered is their DNA— maybe the parents are tall? Maybe not? I would collect two random groups each with 50 children of age 6. Every year Group 1 will jump when the clock strikes midnight on New Years and Group 2 will not jump. Their height will be measured before the jump and then after they jump and every year as the jumps continue. Reference:Moore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2020). Critical thinking. New Yo4k, NY, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education
San Antonio College Le Jeune Homme et la Mort Ballet Analysis Paper
Instructions: To prepare for the In-Depth Study Formal Analysis Discussion please follow the steps below:STEP 1: View the ...
San Antonio College Le Jeune Homme et la Mort Ballet Analysis Paper
Instructions: To prepare for the In-Depth Study Formal Analysis Discussion please follow the steps below:STEP 1: View the following two versions of the Ballet: Le Jeune Homme et la Mort (The Young Man and Death) Le Jeune Homme et la Mort was an original ballet by Roland Petit, choreographed in 1946 to the music of Bach's Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 582, by Jean Cocteau with set designs by Georges Wakevitch. STEP 2: Utilize all the information learned within the complete module to answers to the following questions:Formal Analysis of the Ballet: Le Jeune Homme et la Mort (The Young Man and Death)What are some of the main elements of the ballet's plotline, such as the Exposition, the Inciting Incident or Conflict, the Climax, and the Resolution? What are some of elements of dance, such as Space, Time, Dynamics, Action, and Rhythm that are demonstrated in the the ballet's choreography? Explain with examples from the ballet. How did the choreographer use some dance and choreography techniques, such as Formalized Movement, Line, Form, Repetition, Rhythm, Mime and Pantomime, and the Musical Score to tell the storyline of the ballet? Explain with examples from the ballet. How did the choreographer use elements from the Mise En Scene to tell the storyline of the ballet? Explain with examples from the ballet.Compare and contrast some of the ballet's choreography techniques with the ballet, The Rite of Spring. How are the tow ballet's choreography techniques similar and how are they different in creating drama for the viewer? Explain why with specific examples within the ballets. -------------Personal Perspective Questions (Required):Which main elements of the play's plotline made an impression on you as a viewer? Explain why with specific examples within the ballet? What did you learn about this specific work of ballet in general from this Formal Analysis?Did this Formal Analysis change the way you think about dance? What else do you want to know or learn about dance? Extra Info from Module info for understanding of what is being covered this round:Review the following questions to prepare for the Understanding Dance Quiz:Understand the basic characteristics of different forms of dance such Ballet, Folk, Jazz, and Modern. Identify the various elements of dance.Discern how Elements of Dance are used to convey various emotions within a dance performance.Explain the various innovations and techniques used by a Dance Choreographer such as Formalized Movement, Line, Form, Repetition, Rhythm, Divertissement, Mime and Pantomime, Theme, Image, Story Line, and Music. Explain what are some of the mise-en scene of a dance presentation within a theatrical stage or film performance. What is a Pirouette and a Chasse Dance?Understand the historical development and artistic influence of Classical Ballet and Jazz Dance.
Alzheimers
no more than 200-250 words Read the following article and/or watch the TedTalk, and then respond to the questions below.Ar ...
Alzheimers
no more than 200-250 words Read the following article and/or watch the TedTalk, and then respond to the questions below.Article: On Origami, Alzheimer's, and Kindness: Global Health Expert Alanna Shaikh Rethinks Preparing for Dementia TedTalk: How I'm Preparing to Get Alzheimer'sHow are Alanna’s plans beneficial to biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial growth in adulthood and late adulthood How are they related to Alzheimer’s prevention/preparation? Would you consider making similar plans if you were at risk of developing Alzheimer’s or NCD and if so, what would your plans include? Why/why not? Use your textbook to support your answer.
Need history help for Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?
The Estrangement of Labour, page 1 of 3We shall start out from an actual economic fact. The worker becomes poorer the more ...
Need history help for Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?
The Estrangement of Labour, page 1 of 3We shall start out from an actual economic fact. The worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extent. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he produces. The devaluation of the human world grows in direct proportion to the increase in value of the world of things. Labour not only produces commodities; it also produces itself and the workers as a commodity and it does so in the same proportion in which it produces commodities in general.This fact simply means that the object that labour produces, its product, stands opposed to it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer …. The realization of labour is its objectification. In the sphere of political economy, this realization of labour appears as a loss of reality for the worker, objectification as loss of and bondage to the object, and appropriation as estrangement, as alienation.So much does the realization of labour appear as loss of reality that the worker loses his reality to the point of dying of starvation. So much does objectification appear as loss of the object that the worker is robbed of the objects he needs most not only for life but also for work. Work itself becomes an object which he can only obtain through an enormous effort and with spasmodic interruptions. So much does the appropriation of the object appear as estrangement that the more objects the worker produces the fewer can he possess and the more he falls under the domination of his product, of capital ….The Estrangement of Labour, page 2 of 3Up to now, we have considered the estrangement, the alienation of the worker, only from one aspect—i.e., the worker's relationship to the products of his labour. But estrangement manifests itself not only in the result, but also in the act of production, within the activity of production itself. After all, the product is simply the resume of the activity, of the production. So if the product of labour is alienation, production itself must be active alienation, the alienation of activity, the activity of alienation. The estrangement of the object of labour merely summarizes the estrangement, the alienation in the activity of labour itself.What constitutes the alienation of labour?Firstly, the fact that labour is external to the worker—i.e., does not belong to his essential being; that he, therefore, does not confirm himself in his work, but denies himself, feels miserable and not happy, does not develop free mental and physical energy, but mortifies his flesh and ruins his mind. Hence, the worker feels himself only when he is not working; when he is working, he does not feel himself. His labour is, therefore, not voluntary but forced, it is forced labour. It is, therefore, not the satisfaction of a need but a mere means to satisfy needs outside itself. Its alien character is clearly demonstrated by the fact that as soon as no physical or other compulsion exists, it is shunned like the plague. External labour, labour in which man alienates himself, is a labour of self-sacrifice, of mortification. Finally, the external character of labour for the worker is demonstrated by the fact that it belongs not to him but to another, and that in it he belongs not to himself but to another ….The result is that man (the worker) feels that he is acting freely only in his animal functions—eating, drinking, and procreating, or at most in his dwelling and adornment—while in his human functions, he is nothing more than animal ….The Estrangement of Labour, page 3 of 3The animal is immediately one with its life activity. It is not distinct from that activity; it is that activity. Man makes his life activity itself an object of his will and consciousness. Conscious life activity directly distinguishes man from animal life activity. Only because of that is he a species-being. Or, rather, he is a conscious being …. Only because of that is his activity free activity. Estranged labour reverses the relationship so that man, just because he is a conscious being, makes his life activity, his essential being, a mere means for his existence.The practical creation of an objective world, the fashioning of inorganic nature, is proof that man is a conscious species-being …. It is true that animals also produce. They build nests and dwelling, like the bee, the beaver, the ant, etc. But they produce only their own immediate needs or those of their young; they produce only when immediate physical need compels them to do so, while man produces even when he is free from physical need and truly produces only in freedom from such need ….It is, therefore, in his fashioning of the objective that man really proves himself to be a species-being. The object of labour is, therefore, the objectification of the species-life of man: for man produces himself not only intellectually, in his consciousness, but actively and actually, and he can therefore contemplate himself in a world he himself has created. In tearing away the object of his production from man, estranged labour therefore tears away from him his species-life, his true species-objectivity, and transforms his advantage over animals into the disadvantage that his inorganic body, nature, is taken from him.In the same way as estranged labour reduces spontaneous and free activity to a means, it makes man's species-life a means of his physical existence. Consciousness, which man has from his species, is transformed through estrangement so that species-life becomes a means for him.Estranged labour, therefore, turns man's species-being—both nature and his intellectual species-power—into a being alien to him and a means of his individual existence. It estranges man from his own body, from nature as it exists outside him, from his spiritual essence, his human existence.Explaining EstrangementEven though Marx wrote the passage more than 150 years ago, his topic remains relevant to many people today.You have learned that the law of supply and demand applies to wages because labor is a commodity that gets bought and sold in the labor market. Marx examines how this affects the labor process. Clearly it has significant effects on wages, but Marx wanted to point out the effect on workers as well.The main effect he examines is the estrangement produced by paying wages in exchange for work. Because of this arrangement, the goods and services that the worker creates become "something alien" and "a power independent of the producer." Why? Because the things workers create don't belong to the workers; they belong to the producer who pays the wages. Workers get wages in return for their time and effort, while the things that they create are taken from them in exchange for these wages.Marx tries to point out how bad this is for workers by indicating that the products of their labor are part of their "essential being." That is why he uses the termspecies-being, to indicate that humans are laboring beings who naturally connect with the products of their labor. But, according to Marx, workers paid wages in exchange for the products of their labor have a different, unnatural relationship to labor. Instead of their labor being fundamental to their existence, it is just a means to an end. Wages drive a wedge between workers and the products of their labor, so wage-labor ends up alienating workers.Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?(4 points)1. What was Marx's purpose in writing this essay? Does he succeed in getting his point across?(4 points)2. What does Marx mean to convey by the term species-being? Does this concept help you to understand estrangement and alienation more clearly? (4 points)3. Do Marx's claims about estrangement and alienation still hold true today? Explain.(4 points)4. Are there some jobs that don't fit Marx's claims? If so, what are they, and why don't they lead to estrangement and alienation? If not, why are estrangement and alienation part of all forms of labor? (4 points)5. Does Marx's essay help illuminate any of your own work experiences? Can you relate to his discussion? Why or why not?
7 pages
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Walden University Social Work Administrator Skills Discussion Paper
For this Discussion, you focus on the Social Work Supervision Trauma Within Agencies case study.
By Day 3
Post an explana ...
Walden University Social Work Administrator Skills Discussion Paper
For this Discussion, you focus on the Social Work Supervision Trauma Within Agencies case study.
By Day 3
Post an explanation of the types of skills the social work administrator demonstrated as she addressed the problem of Carla’s absence at work and the trauma-related events that followed. Be sure to include an analysis of the administrator’s use of conflict resolution skills. Finally, identify one aspect of the case study that would be most challenging to you if you were the administrator, and explain why.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].
“Social Work Supervision: Trauma Within Agencies” (pp. 7–9)
West Coast University The Power of Critical Thinking Discussion and Responses
discussion promptThis week we're exploring causation and correlation.Why is it a fallacy to confuse causation and correlat ...
West Coast University The Power of Critical Thinking Discussion and Responses
discussion promptThis week we're exploring causation and correlation.Why is it a fallacy to confuse causation and correlation?Provide an example of a statement that confuses causation with correlation.In addition to your main response, you must also post substantive responses to at least two of your classmates’ posts in this thread.comment 1Correlation does not necessarily implicit causation. It is a phrase in statistics and science that emphasizes that a correlation between two variables does not directly imply that one causes the other. Those two are confused frequently. The human brain likes to see things similar and likes to find patterns. Causations directly applies to cases that action A is what causes the outcome of action B. This meaning, that a variable is the direct cause of the other variable . Just like a cause and an effect. Where as correlation is just a relationship. For example, action A relates to action B, however one things does not automatically cause the other event to happen.
"The primary reason as to what causes confusion between causation and correlation is when the confounding variable is ignored. For instance, one might assume that the reduction of the bees has taken place at the same time as the reduction of the coal demand. Therefore, one might assume that using less coal has led to the poor health of beehives and the reduction of bees.This is how a correlation is confused with causation. However, the confounding variable here is the increase in pollution. It is the increase in pollution that has caused the bee population to decrease in the last few decades. Furthermore, during the last few decades, it was coal use and mining that was one of the top causes of pollution. Therefore, the confounding variable is the air pollution which is related to both bee population and coal use."comment 2Causation is the action of causing something. Correlation is the process of two things showing how strongly related they are to one another. It is said that correlation doesn’t prove causation. It is considered a fallacy to confuse the said two because he or she is assuming that the “fact that one event came after another establishes that it was caused by the other” (Moore, et. al., 2020). The fallacy that confuses causation and correlation is the fallacy of weak induction known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc which means, after this, therefore because of this. “[It] assumes that the timing of two variables relative to each other, in and of itself, is sufficient to establish that one is the cause and the other is the effect however, it is incorrect” (Moore, et. al., 2020). In short, it is fallacious to conclude that one occurrence causes the other because there may be another cause that explains the outcome. It may be that there is a common cause for both of the events or it may be that there is a different cause all together, or maybe it was just a coincidence. One example that many people might’ve heard of is Autism and the MMR vaccine. Autism can first be seen or noticed between 18 months and 6 years of age. The first dose of MMR vaccine is usually given to babies around 12 to 15 months and the second dose is then given around 4-6 years. The initial signs of Autism are seen after MMR vaccine. Therefore, MMR vaccine causes Autism. This is a really high correlation that many people connect to imply the causation. In order to test this hypotheses to see of it actually works, is by doing a controlled experiment on the children where one group gets the MMR vaccine and the other group does not. As for the children jumping when the clock strikes twelve on New Years, one way to test this is by actually doing the test. This can be done so by starting a randomized controlled experiment— “one in which subjects are randomly assigned either to an “experimental group” (E) or a “control” (C), which differ from one another in only one respect: subjects in the E group are subjected to the suspected cause…” (Moore, et. al., 2020). It might be a long test, in terms of years, because their height will have to be checked every so often. However, one thing that has to be considered is their DNA— maybe the parents are tall? Maybe not? I would collect two random groups each with 50 children of age 6. Every year Group 1 will jump when the clock strikes midnight on New Years and Group 2 will not jump. Their height will be measured before the jump and then after they jump and every year as the jumps continue. Reference:Moore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2020). Critical thinking. New Yo4k, NY, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education
San Antonio College Le Jeune Homme et la Mort Ballet Analysis Paper
Instructions: To prepare for the In-Depth Study Formal Analysis Discussion please follow the steps below:STEP 1: View the ...
San Antonio College Le Jeune Homme et la Mort Ballet Analysis Paper
Instructions: To prepare for the In-Depth Study Formal Analysis Discussion please follow the steps below:STEP 1: View the following two versions of the Ballet: Le Jeune Homme et la Mort (The Young Man and Death) Le Jeune Homme et la Mort was an original ballet by Roland Petit, choreographed in 1946 to the music of Bach's Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 582, by Jean Cocteau with set designs by Georges Wakevitch. STEP 2: Utilize all the information learned within the complete module to answers to the following questions:Formal Analysis of the Ballet: Le Jeune Homme et la Mort (The Young Man and Death)What are some of the main elements of the ballet's plotline, such as the Exposition, the Inciting Incident or Conflict, the Climax, and the Resolution? What are some of elements of dance, such as Space, Time, Dynamics, Action, and Rhythm that are demonstrated in the the ballet's choreography? Explain with examples from the ballet. How did the choreographer use some dance and choreography techniques, such as Formalized Movement, Line, Form, Repetition, Rhythm, Mime and Pantomime, and the Musical Score to tell the storyline of the ballet? Explain with examples from the ballet. How did the choreographer use elements from the Mise En Scene to tell the storyline of the ballet? Explain with examples from the ballet.Compare and contrast some of the ballet's choreography techniques with the ballet, The Rite of Spring. How are the tow ballet's choreography techniques similar and how are they different in creating drama for the viewer? Explain why with specific examples within the ballets. -------------Personal Perspective Questions (Required):Which main elements of the play's plotline made an impression on you as a viewer? Explain why with specific examples within the ballet? What did you learn about this specific work of ballet in general from this Formal Analysis?Did this Formal Analysis change the way you think about dance? What else do you want to know or learn about dance? Extra Info from Module info for understanding of what is being covered this round:Review the following questions to prepare for the Understanding Dance Quiz:Understand the basic characteristics of different forms of dance such Ballet, Folk, Jazz, and Modern. Identify the various elements of dance.Discern how Elements of Dance are used to convey various emotions within a dance performance.Explain the various innovations and techniques used by a Dance Choreographer such as Formalized Movement, Line, Form, Repetition, Rhythm, Divertissement, Mime and Pantomime, Theme, Image, Story Line, and Music. Explain what are some of the mise-en scene of a dance presentation within a theatrical stage or film performance. What is a Pirouette and a Chasse Dance?Understand the historical development and artistic influence of Classical Ballet and Jazz Dance.
Alzheimers
no more than 200-250 words Read the following article and/or watch the TedTalk, and then respond to the questions below.Ar ...
Alzheimers
no more than 200-250 words Read the following article and/or watch the TedTalk, and then respond to the questions below.Article: On Origami, Alzheimer's, and Kindness: Global Health Expert Alanna Shaikh Rethinks Preparing for Dementia TedTalk: How I'm Preparing to Get Alzheimer'sHow are Alanna’s plans beneficial to biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial growth in adulthood and late adulthood How are they related to Alzheimer’s prevention/preparation? Would you consider making similar plans if you were at risk of developing Alzheimer’s or NCD and if so, what would your plans include? Why/why not? Use your textbook to support your answer.
Need history help for Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?
The Estrangement of Labour, page 1 of 3We shall start out from an actual economic fact. The worker becomes poorer the more ...
Need history help for Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?
The Estrangement of Labour, page 1 of 3We shall start out from an actual economic fact. The worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extent. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he produces. The devaluation of the human world grows in direct proportion to the increase in value of the world of things. Labour not only produces commodities; it also produces itself and the workers as a commodity and it does so in the same proportion in which it produces commodities in general.This fact simply means that the object that labour produces, its product, stands opposed to it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer …. The realization of labour is its objectification. In the sphere of political economy, this realization of labour appears as a loss of reality for the worker, objectification as loss of and bondage to the object, and appropriation as estrangement, as alienation.So much does the realization of labour appear as loss of reality that the worker loses his reality to the point of dying of starvation. So much does objectification appear as loss of the object that the worker is robbed of the objects he needs most not only for life but also for work. Work itself becomes an object which he can only obtain through an enormous effort and with spasmodic interruptions. So much does the appropriation of the object appear as estrangement that the more objects the worker produces the fewer can he possess and the more he falls under the domination of his product, of capital ….The Estrangement of Labour, page 2 of 3Up to now, we have considered the estrangement, the alienation of the worker, only from one aspect—i.e., the worker's relationship to the products of his labour. But estrangement manifests itself not only in the result, but also in the act of production, within the activity of production itself. After all, the product is simply the resume of the activity, of the production. So if the product of labour is alienation, production itself must be active alienation, the alienation of activity, the activity of alienation. The estrangement of the object of labour merely summarizes the estrangement, the alienation in the activity of labour itself.What constitutes the alienation of labour?Firstly, the fact that labour is external to the worker—i.e., does not belong to his essential being; that he, therefore, does not confirm himself in his work, but denies himself, feels miserable and not happy, does not develop free mental and physical energy, but mortifies his flesh and ruins his mind. Hence, the worker feels himself only when he is not working; when he is working, he does not feel himself. His labour is, therefore, not voluntary but forced, it is forced labour. It is, therefore, not the satisfaction of a need but a mere means to satisfy needs outside itself. Its alien character is clearly demonstrated by the fact that as soon as no physical or other compulsion exists, it is shunned like the plague. External labour, labour in which man alienates himself, is a labour of self-sacrifice, of mortification. Finally, the external character of labour for the worker is demonstrated by the fact that it belongs not to him but to another, and that in it he belongs not to himself but to another ….The result is that man (the worker) feels that he is acting freely only in his animal functions—eating, drinking, and procreating, or at most in his dwelling and adornment—while in his human functions, he is nothing more than animal ….The Estrangement of Labour, page 3 of 3The animal is immediately one with its life activity. It is not distinct from that activity; it is that activity. Man makes his life activity itself an object of his will and consciousness. Conscious life activity directly distinguishes man from animal life activity. Only because of that is he a species-being. Or, rather, he is a conscious being …. Only because of that is his activity free activity. Estranged labour reverses the relationship so that man, just because he is a conscious being, makes his life activity, his essential being, a mere means for his existence.The practical creation of an objective world, the fashioning of inorganic nature, is proof that man is a conscious species-being …. It is true that animals also produce. They build nests and dwelling, like the bee, the beaver, the ant, etc. But they produce only their own immediate needs or those of their young; they produce only when immediate physical need compels them to do so, while man produces even when he is free from physical need and truly produces only in freedom from such need ….It is, therefore, in his fashioning of the objective that man really proves himself to be a species-being. The object of labour is, therefore, the objectification of the species-life of man: for man produces himself not only intellectually, in his consciousness, but actively and actually, and he can therefore contemplate himself in a world he himself has created. In tearing away the object of his production from man, estranged labour therefore tears away from him his species-life, his true species-objectivity, and transforms his advantage over animals into the disadvantage that his inorganic body, nature, is taken from him.In the same way as estranged labour reduces spontaneous and free activity to a means, it makes man's species-life a means of his physical existence. Consciousness, which man has from his species, is transformed through estrangement so that species-life becomes a means for him.Estranged labour, therefore, turns man's species-being—both nature and his intellectual species-power—into a being alien to him and a means of his individual existence. It estranges man from his own body, from nature as it exists outside him, from his spiritual essence, his human existence.Explaining EstrangementEven though Marx wrote the passage more than 150 years ago, his topic remains relevant to many people today.You have learned that the law of supply and demand applies to wages because labor is a commodity that gets bought and sold in the labor market. Marx examines how this affects the labor process. Clearly it has significant effects on wages, but Marx wanted to point out the effect on workers as well.The main effect he examines is the estrangement produced by paying wages in exchange for work. Because of this arrangement, the goods and services that the worker creates become "something alien" and "a power independent of the producer." Why? Because the things workers create don't belong to the workers; they belong to the producer who pays the wages. Workers get wages in return for their time and effort, while the things that they create are taken from them in exchange for these wages.Marx tries to point out how bad this is for workers by indicating that the products of their labor are part of their "essential being." That is why he uses the termspecies-being, to indicate that humans are laboring beings who naturally connect with the products of their labor. But, according to Marx, workers paid wages in exchange for the products of their labor have a different, unnatural relationship to labor. Instead of their labor being fundamental to their existence, it is just a means to an end. Wages drive a wedge between workers and the products of their labor, so wage-labor ends up alienating workers.Reading Guide: What's So Special About Alienation?(4 points)1. What was Marx's purpose in writing this essay? Does he succeed in getting his point across?(4 points)2. What does Marx mean to convey by the term species-being? Does this concept help you to understand estrangement and alienation more clearly? (4 points)3. Do Marx's claims about estrangement and alienation still hold true today? Explain.(4 points)4. Are there some jobs that don't fit Marx's claims? If so, what are they, and why don't they lead to estrangement and alienation? If not, why are estrangement and alienation part of all forms of labor? (4 points)5. Does Marx's essay help illuminate any of your own work experiences? Can you relate to his discussion? Why or why not?
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