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Lynn University Completing Truth Tables & Logical Connectives Worksheet
Truth tables are used to assess deductive arguments as valid or invalid by showing the "inner workings" of an argument. Th ...
Lynn University Completing Truth Tables & Logical Connectives Worksheet
Truth tables are used to assess deductive arguments as valid or invalid by showing the "inner workings" of an argument. This worksheet will help you complete and evaluate truth tables.Complete numbers 1 to 6 and submit your work as a Word document. Before starting, review the Lecture Video - Logical Connectives, Lecture Video - Truth Tables, and related handouts.Note that different students have different arguments to use for this worksheet. Use the arguments that appear for you below. ComprehensionWhat are the four logical connectives? How can they be used to translate sentences into symbolic form and evaluate complex propositions as true or false? Answer in 6-8 sentences with two direct quotes from the text by Van Cleave. Quotes go in quotation marks with the in-text citation (Van Cleave, 2016, p. ___). (15 points)What pattern of T’s and F’s in a truth table shows that an argument is invalid? (This is what I call the “toxic pattern” in my video.) Why is it impossible for an argument to have this pattern and still be valid? (15 points)Translating ArgumentsTranslate the following arguments into symbolic form. Use the Handout - Meaning of the Logical Connectives for help.If Honda releases a new truck, then both Honda and Nissan will release a new truck. Honda or Nissan will release a new truck. So, we can conclude that Nissan will release a new truck. (15 points)The pig ate apples or corn. If the pig ate corn, then it did not eat apples. Hence, it is not the case that the pig ate apples. (15 points)Handout - Meaning of the Logical ConnectivesBasic meaning of the logical connectivesNameSymbolMeaningExampleTranslationNegationTilde (~)Not~AApples are not red.ConjunctionDot (⋅)AndA ⋅ BApples are red and bananas are yellow.DisjunctionWedge (v)OrA v BApples are red or bananas are yellow.ConditionalHorseshoe (⊃)If... thenA ⊃ BIf apples are red, then bananas are yellow.Therefore (∴)Therefore[Placed before the conclusion of an argument]Some connectives also have additional meanings not given in the table. For example, conjunction can also be translated as "but." These additional meanings are explained in the course text.The conditional connective is covered in the next lesson (Truth Tables), but I include it here so that all four logical connectives are together.Completing Truth TablesUse the Handout - Completing a Truth Table for help in creating your own truth tables and an example of what to do. This task can be challenging, so look over the lecture video and practice exercises in the lesson for further review. You will also need the Handout - Truth Tables for the Logical Connectives for reference as you complete your truth tables.Create a truth table for the argument in question 3. Then, use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid. (20 points)Create a truth table for the argument in question 4. Then, use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid. (20 points)Handout - Completing a Truth TableThere are five steps for completing a truth table:Symbolize the argument. If you receive an argument in English, translate it into symbolic form using variables and logical connectives.Create the first row of the truth table. Moving from left to right, the first row should include one column for each variable in the argument, one column for each premise of the argument, and finally a column for the conclusion of the argument.Complete the first two columns. For an argument with two variables, the same pattern of T's and F's always goes in the first two columns. Under the first variable, put T T F F. Then under the second variable, put T F T F.Complete the remaining columns. This is the hardest part. Each time a variable appears in the premise or conclusion columns, put the same pattern of four T's and F's under it as found in its variable column on the left. Then, use the truth tables for each logical connective to compute the final value of each truth table box. Parentheses can guide you through which parts of a box to solve first. Put the final value for each box in bold.Assess for validity. Once the truth table is complete, use the final bold value in each premise and conclusion box to check for validity. Look for the toxic pattern of a row with all true premises and a false conclusion, which can never occur in a valid argument. If this pattern occurs, the argument is invalid. If it does not occur in any row, then the argument is valid.Example Truth TableHere is an example argument to illustrate the five steps.If Adele performs in New York, then she will perform in New York and Boston. Adele will perform in Boston. So, she will also perform in New York.Symbolize the argument.N ⊃ (N ⋅B)B∴ NCreate the first row of the truth table.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNComplete the first two columns.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTTFFTFFComplete the remaining columns.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTT T T T TTTTFT F T F FFTFTF T F F TTFFFF T F F FFFAssess for validity.The argument is invalid.In the second row from the bottom, we see the toxic pattern of T T F where both premises are true and the conclusion is false. Since that pattern appears in at least one row, the argument is invalid.Handout - Truth Tables for the Logical ConnectivesThe left columns of each table show the input for p and q. Then the right column shows the truth value of the expression as a whole.For example, consider the statement: "Dolphins can swim and whales can fly." The connective used is conjunction (and), so we use the truth table for conjunction. The first part about dolphins is true (that is p) and the second part about whales is false (that is q). Accordingly, we use the row of the truth table for conjunction that has T under p and F under q. The value in the right column of that row is F, so the expression as a whole is false.Truth table for negationp~pTFFTTruth table for conjunctionpqp ⋅ qTTTTFFFTFFFFTruth table for disjunctionpqp v qTTTTFTFTTFFFTruth table for conditionalpqp ⊃ qTTTTFFFTTFFTExample SolutionHere is an example solution to illustrate the kind of work you will be doing.If Adele performs in New York, then she will perform in New York and Boston. Adele will perform in Boston. So, she will also perform in New York.Translate the argument into symbolic form.N ⊃ (N ⋅B)B∴ NCreate a truth table for the argument and use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid.
NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTT T T T TTTTFT F T F FFTFTF T F F TTFFFF T F F FFFThe argument is invalid. In the second row from the bottom, we see the toxic pattern of T T F which makes the argument invalid.
5 pages
Historical And Scientific Perspective Of Homosexuality
Ahuja, K. K. (2017). Development of Attitudes toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians Homosexuality attitudes differ across ...
Historical And Scientific Perspective Of Homosexuality
Ahuja, K. K. (2017). Development of Attitudes toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians Homosexuality attitudes differ across nations, with the lawful ...
5 pages
Gender Roles Within Families
Many Americans have a fixed image of the different gender roles within a family. Men are expected to be the breadwinners o ...
Gender Roles Within Families
Many Americans have a fixed image of the different gender roles within a family. Men are expected to be the breadwinners of the family whose role is ...
6 pages
Assessments In Counseling
What kinds of interest inventories might be useful in a counseling practice? Why? 250-300 The kinds of interest inventorie ...
Assessments In Counseling
What kinds of interest inventories might be useful in a counseling practice? Why? 250-300 The kinds of interest inventories that are used in the ...
American University Arguments Against Abortion Paper
book: "Great philosophical arguments" By: lewis vaughn
articles: 25 & 26 in the book (chapter 7)
I will be getting the ...
American University Arguments Against Abortion Paper
book: "Great philosophical arguments" By: lewis vaughn
articles: 25 & 26 in the book (chapter 7)
I will be getting the book in a couple days. if you can't find the book online for some reason I can send you pictures as soon as I get it.
INSTRUCTIONS:
4 pages total
you could give a broad and shallow account of the reading as a whole;
or you could give a deep and narrow analysis of a particular pass
Below are some details and tips on how to provide an exegesis:
This should be where you show that you understand the arguments of the philosophers that are covered in a particular topic.
You DO NOT need to explain everything in complete detail, but you should justify how and why you are narrowing your focus.
Florida Gulf Coast University Module 14 Tear Down This Wall Discussion
Module 14 Discussion: Tear Down This Wall!In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan arguably delivered his most memorable spee ...
Florida Gulf Coast University Module 14 Tear Down This Wall Discussion
Module 14 Discussion: Tear Down This Wall!In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan arguably delivered his most memorable speech at the Brandenburg Gate in West Germany, which symbolized the sociopolitical division between East and West Germany. The Brandenburg Gate was located near the Berlin Wall, the structure that physically separated Germany’s capital city, which also represented the disunion between the democratic West and the communist East. During his speech, Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party and leader of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Berlin Wall. People on both sides of the wall – those living freely in democratic West Germany and those living under the yoke of an oppressive communist regime in East Germany – could hear, and cheered on the U.S. President. https://youtu.be/WjWDrTXMgF8QUESTIONS: 1. Watch the excerpt from President Reagan's famous speech below. What did Reagan mean by, “As long as the [Brandenburg] gate is closed, as long as this scar of a wall is permitted to stand, it is not the German question alone that remains open, but the question of freedom for all mankind"? 2. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, people in Central and Eastern Europe used civil disobedience to demand an end to communism during a series of rebellions called the Revolutions of 1989. Why do you think citizens living in communist nations, from the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Germany to Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and many other nations, including China, wanted to overthrow communist rule?3. What role did the U.S. play in the fall of communist regimes during the Revolutions of 1989?4. What do the Revolutions of 1989 convey about the philosophy and viability of communist governments versus veritable democratic republics, such as the United States?
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Lynn University Completing Truth Tables & Logical Connectives Worksheet
Truth tables are used to assess deductive arguments as valid or invalid by showing the "inner workings" of an argument. Th ...
Lynn University Completing Truth Tables & Logical Connectives Worksheet
Truth tables are used to assess deductive arguments as valid or invalid by showing the "inner workings" of an argument. This worksheet will help you complete and evaluate truth tables.Complete numbers 1 to 6 and submit your work as a Word document. Before starting, review the Lecture Video - Logical Connectives, Lecture Video - Truth Tables, and related handouts.Note that different students have different arguments to use for this worksheet. Use the arguments that appear for you below. ComprehensionWhat are the four logical connectives? How can they be used to translate sentences into symbolic form and evaluate complex propositions as true or false? Answer in 6-8 sentences with two direct quotes from the text by Van Cleave. Quotes go in quotation marks with the in-text citation (Van Cleave, 2016, p. ___). (15 points)What pattern of T’s and F’s in a truth table shows that an argument is invalid? (This is what I call the “toxic pattern” in my video.) Why is it impossible for an argument to have this pattern and still be valid? (15 points)Translating ArgumentsTranslate the following arguments into symbolic form. Use the Handout - Meaning of the Logical Connectives for help.If Honda releases a new truck, then both Honda and Nissan will release a new truck. Honda or Nissan will release a new truck. So, we can conclude that Nissan will release a new truck. (15 points)The pig ate apples or corn. If the pig ate corn, then it did not eat apples. Hence, it is not the case that the pig ate apples. (15 points)Handout - Meaning of the Logical ConnectivesBasic meaning of the logical connectivesNameSymbolMeaningExampleTranslationNegationTilde (~)Not~AApples are not red.ConjunctionDot (⋅)AndA ⋅ BApples are red and bananas are yellow.DisjunctionWedge (v)OrA v BApples are red or bananas are yellow.ConditionalHorseshoe (⊃)If... thenA ⊃ BIf apples are red, then bananas are yellow.Therefore (∴)Therefore[Placed before the conclusion of an argument]Some connectives also have additional meanings not given in the table. For example, conjunction can also be translated as "but." These additional meanings are explained in the course text.The conditional connective is covered in the next lesson (Truth Tables), but I include it here so that all four logical connectives are together.Completing Truth TablesUse the Handout - Completing a Truth Table for help in creating your own truth tables and an example of what to do. This task can be challenging, so look over the lecture video and practice exercises in the lesson for further review. You will also need the Handout - Truth Tables for the Logical Connectives for reference as you complete your truth tables.Create a truth table for the argument in question 3. Then, use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid. (20 points)Create a truth table for the argument in question 4. Then, use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid. (20 points)Handout - Completing a Truth TableThere are five steps for completing a truth table:Symbolize the argument. If you receive an argument in English, translate it into symbolic form using variables and logical connectives.Create the first row of the truth table. Moving from left to right, the first row should include one column for each variable in the argument, one column for each premise of the argument, and finally a column for the conclusion of the argument.Complete the first two columns. For an argument with two variables, the same pattern of T's and F's always goes in the first two columns. Under the first variable, put T T F F. Then under the second variable, put T F T F.Complete the remaining columns. This is the hardest part. Each time a variable appears in the premise or conclusion columns, put the same pattern of four T's and F's under it as found in its variable column on the left. Then, use the truth tables for each logical connective to compute the final value of each truth table box. Parentheses can guide you through which parts of a box to solve first. Put the final value for each box in bold.Assess for validity. Once the truth table is complete, use the final bold value in each premise and conclusion box to check for validity. Look for the toxic pattern of a row with all true premises and a false conclusion, which can never occur in a valid argument. If this pattern occurs, the argument is invalid. If it does not occur in any row, then the argument is valid.Example Truth TableHere is an example argument to illustrate the five steps.If Adele performs in New York, then she will perform in New York and Boston. Adele will perform in Boston. So, she will also perform in New York.Symbolize the argument.N ⊃ (N ⋅B)B∴ NCreate the first row of the truth table.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNComplete the first two columns.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTTFFTFFComplete the remaining columns.NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTT T T T TTTTFT F T F FFTFTF T F F TTFFFF T F F FFFAssess for validity.The argument is invalid.In the second row from the bottom, we see the toxic pattern of T T F where both premises are true and the conclusion is false. Since that pattern appears in at least one row, the argument is invalid.Handout - Truth Tables for the Logical ConnectivesThe left columns of each table show the input for p and q. Then the right column shows the truth value of the expression as a whole.For example, consider the statement: "Dolphins can swim and whales can fly." The connective used is conjunction (and), so we use the truth table for conjunction. The first part about dolphins is true (that is p) and the second part about whales is false (that is q). Accordingly, we use the row of the truth table for conjunction that has T under p and F under q. The value in the right column of that row is F, so the expression as a whole is false.Truth table for negationp~pTFFTTruth table for conjunctionpqp ⋅ qTTTTFFFTFFFFTruth table for disjunctionpqp v qTTTTFTFTTFFFTruth table for conditionalpqp ⊃ qTTTTFFFTTFFTExample SolutionHere is an example solution to illustrate the kind of work you will be doing.If Adele performs in New York, then she will perform in New York and Boston. Adele will perform in Boston. So, she will also perform in New York.Translate the argument into symbolic form.N ⊃ (N ⋅B)B∴ NCreate a truth table for the argument and use the truth table to assess the argument as valid or invalid.
NBN ⊃ (N ⋅ B)BNTTT T T T TTTTFT F T F FFTFTF T F F TTFFFF T F F FFFThe argument is invalid. In the second row from the bottom, we see the toxic pattern of T T F which makes the argument invalid.
5 pages
Historical And Scientific Perspective Of Homosexuality
Ahuja, K. K. (2017). Development of Attitudes toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians Homosexuality attitudes differ across ...
Historical And Scientific Perspective Of Homosexuality
Ahuja, K. K. (2017). Development of Attitudes toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians Homosexuality attitudes differ across nations, with the lawful ...
5 pages
Gender Roles Within Families
Many Americans have a fixed image of the different gender roles within a family. Men are expected to be the breadwinners o ...
Gender Roles Within Families
Many Americans have a fixed image of the different gender roles within a family. Men are expected to be the breadwinners of the family whose role is ...
6 pages
Assessments In Counseling
What kinds of interest inventories might be useful in a counseling practice? Why? 250-300 The kinds of interest inventorie ...
Assessments In Counseling
What kinds of interest inventories might be useful in a counseling practice? Why? 250-300 The kinds of interest inventories that are used in the ...
American University Arguments Against Abortion Paper
book: "Great philosophical arguments" By: lewis vaughn
articles: 25 & 26 in the book (chapter 7)
I will be getting the ...
American University Arguments Against Abortion Paper
book: "Great philosophical arguments" By: lewis vaughn
articles: 25 & 26 in the book (chapter 7)
I will be getting the book in a couple days. if you can't find the book online for some reason I can send you pictures as soon as I get it.
INSTRUCTIONS:
4 pages total
you could give a broad and shallow account of the reading as a whole;
or you could give a deep and narrow analysis of a particular pass
Below are some details and tips on how to provide an exegesis:
This should be where you show that you understand the arguments of the philosophers that are covered in a particular topic.
You DO NOT need to explain everything in complete detail, but you should justify how and why you are narrowing your focus.
Florida Gulf Coast University Module 14 Tear Down This Wall Discussion
Module 14 Discussion: Tear Down This Wall!In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan arguably delivered his most memorable spee ...
Florida Gulf Coast University Module 14 Tear Down This Wall Discussion
Module 14 Discussion: Tear Down This Wall!In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan arguably delivered his most memorable speech at the Brandenburg Gate in West Germany, which symbolized the sociopolitical division between East and West Germany. The Brandenburg Gate was located near the Berlin Wall, the structure that physically separated Germany’s capital city, which also represented the disunion between the democratic West and the communist East. During his speech, Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party and leader of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Berlin Wall. People on both sides of the wall – those living freely in democratic West Germany and those living under the yoke of an oppressive communist regime in East Germany – could hear, and cheered on the U.S. President. https://youtu.be/WjWDrTXMgF8QUESTIONS: 1. Watch the excerpt from President Reagan's famous speech below. What did Reagan mean by, “As long as the [Brandenburg] gate is closed, as long as this scar of a wall is permitted to stand, it is not the German question alone that remains open, but the question of freedom for all mankind"? 2. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, people in Central and Eastern Europe used civil disobedience to demand an end to communism during a series of rebellions called the Revolutions of 1989. Why do you think citizens living in communist nations, from the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Germany to Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and many other nations, including China, wanted to overthrow communist rule?3. What role did the U.S. play in the fall of communist regimes during the Revolutions of 1989?4. What do the Revolutions of 1989 convey about the philosophy and viability of communist governments versus veritable democratic republics, such as the United States?
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