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African American Civil Rights Movement Alowais,Mohammad Prof. Andrew Diemer TSEM 102 Monday, November 23, 2015 Introduction Equality is an ethical issue in the American society which most people ranging from social and civil activists have been trying to achieve to ensure that the black man just like the white man is treated with respect and receives the same protection under the law. Today the African American people still fight for equality despite the mass civil war right movement, which fought for equal protection under the law. Even after civil war people of different color, beliefs, race and creed still fight for equality. The rights of the African American people have been abused from various cases of harassment by the police through unfair arrest and treatment and in serious cases the victim ends up being shot dead and they claim that he was in possession of a weapon and did not submit to the cops. African American during the reconstruction After the victory of the union back in the 19th century, more than four million slaves were freed from their masters and had their freedom and could enjoys their right as Americans. The reconstruction period or process which was dated around the year 1865 to 1877 saw many rules and regulations being put in place to ensure that the blacks were working on their own will, rather than the control which their masters had over them in the past (Cole, and Guy-Sheftall, 2009). In this era some of the black people started to have courage and from the knowledge they had they had a chance speak to the government officers which were in place at that time thereby expressing their views and how they felt towards slavery which was such a hot issue at that moment. The reconstruction period can be divided into various stages which will focus on the following: The first stage was the emancipation and the reconstruction stage where many black people marched across the south and with the help of Abraham Lincoln’s followers they were able to convince other leaders that emancipation just like any other issue was important and was to be addressed as soon as possible. From this move more than three million blacks were released from slavery and had the chance to enjoy their rights as free men and most of the black men were enrolled in the army whose number was approximately one hundred and eighty thousand soldiers (Rubio, 2010). Abraham Lincoln fought for the rights of the black people and he pushed harder to ensure that they were free and this led to his assassination when he claimed that they had the right to vote just like any other American. The reconstruction process was to be pushed harder by the successors of this man after his demise. The next stage in this period is the presidential reconstruction which was enacted by the then President Andrew Johnson through his public declaration and stand that he would pave way for reconstruction through which he would ensure that the states’ rights were observed and respected for all. In this period, the southerners were able to enact laws and regulations which were known as black codes which would be limiting the blacks from the activities which they were involved in as free men and once again they were to be available for labor and other services to the white man. There were disagreements with people from the northern side where they would not see each other eye to eye especially in the congress and in the year 1866 there were bills known as the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bills which were presented to the president for approval and both bills were good news to the black man where the first one was to ensure that all the blacks were assisted to get their freedom and the second one was to ensure that all the people who were born in American soil would enjoy the same rights regardless of their color or race (Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1993). Signing of the bills made some of the southerners angry and with time they had the president impeached and in the year 1868 the Civil Rights Act became the first bill to be enacted as a law. The next stage in this period was radical construction which began after the impeachment of president Johnson and in the previous period under his leadership the congress had passed the Reconstruction Act in the year 1967 and the law at this time had the southerners ensure that they respected the rights of the blacks by letting them enjoy their freedom as citizens of America. In this period around the year 1970 the blacks were awarded the rights to vote where the law required that all people could vote regardless of their race, color or their state in the past as slaves. This stage can be termed as the most successful in the fight against slavery and equality among the people regardless of their race and color and surprisingly the black men won the elections which were conducted and there were new services to be enjoyed by this people ranging from education, fair taxes, rules and protection laws which were against discrimination of any kind especially in public means of transport the blacks were now involved in various economic activities which were to steer development. After this stage some of the whites in the south were not pleased by these changes and violence erupted and in this movement there was development of various groups which were against reconstruction and examples of these groups include the Ku Klux Klan and white supremacist organizations which started targeting and assassinating leaders and others who were against the white man’s rule. There were federal actions against these clans although there were many cases of racism and the whites could not accept mingling with the blacks as free people. The reconstruction process came to an end in the year 1876 but that did not mark the end of the fight against slavery in the south and the fight continued and would be later experienced as the civil right s movement in the 20th century around the year 1960 where African Americans were in a revolution to ensure that they fought for equality in terms of economic, social and political benefits. Remembering the civil war during the civil rights movement The civil rights movement was dated around the year 1954 to the year 1968 and just like the reconstruction period which took place one century before that, the movement was all about equality and protection against discrimination which was so common in those days (Kimbrough, 2007). The movement was to commence and the various methods in which it took place can be described as follows: it was a non-violence movement, voter’s boycott; there was civil resistance and education to the society regarding various changes which were to be made. The movement took place in the United States especially in the south and from it most African Americans were able to enjoy the benefits which they received after the various acts which were enacted in this period. The main aim of this movement was to ensure that racial discrimination which prevailed in the American society was eliminated and the African American people could enjoy the same rights as the white man and their rights as citizens respected and observed under the law. Quite different from the reconstruction period, this movement was spearheaded by African American leaders with the help of various religious bodies and some of the white allies who supported this movement. This period saw many campaigns to ensure that equality was observed for all people regardless of their race and most people who supported this movement were involved in various acts which were not violent where they protested and were involved in various dialogues with the then government through their representatives mainly the black leaders. There were various boycotts and civil disobedience where the leaders always emphasized that these movements were free from violence and only ideas and views were to be expressed. This movement was successful through dialogue and it is in this period that some of the laws which are still used today were enacted. The first Act which was established in this period was the Civil Rights Act of the year 1964 through which the public was warned against any form of discrimination based on the color, race, gender, origin or religion that a given person belonged to. Employment opportunities were to be offered to all based on the qualifications and the Act saw many people get the chance to vote. Many black people now had the chance to access quality education just like any other white person. It is in this season that another Act was put in place and this is the Voting Rights Act in the year 1965 and this was mainly put in place to ensure that all citizens had the right to vote and be voted in government positions and various administrative offices. In the same year there was another Act which was put in place and this is the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 which made it possible for people of all races to move in to the united states as opposed to the past where only European were allowed into the nation (Sitkoff, 2008). There was another Act, Fair Housing Act, which was fought for and enacted in the year 1968 and it saw many people access rental housing without any form of discrimination provided you had the means to pay for your accommodation. By now most Africans had entered into politics and based on the education which they were getting most of them could stand on their own and ensure that their rights were respect and equality observed in all areas. The movement saw various amendments made which include the 13th Amendment in 1965 and it is through this the people were able to see the end of any form of slavery. The 14th Amendment which saw the African Americans were able to gain their citizenship and the last one was the 15th Amendment which saw the African American get the chance to vote as it was only the males who were allowed to vote at that period. The civil war saw the end of the Naturalization Act of 1790 which stated that only the white could become the citizens of the United States and by the year 1970 there were over four million black American citizens. It is through this movement that many African American people are able to express themselves today and have their rights respected as fellow citizens in the united states. How churches fought against slavery The church had started and implemented various strategies to end slave trade back in the 18th century and an example of this is the case in 1784 where Methodists were not to accept any member of the congregation who was involved in this trade. There was a case in Virginia where Baptist members washed their hands and were not be involved in any acts of slave trade and this was around the year 1789 and one of the Baptist Associations tried to abolish the trade but found it hard and with time they dropped the issue and around the year 1972 most Presbyterian in New York agreed that the inhuman act was to be abolished but their efforts were not successful. In the early 19th century the church declared that the trade was not in line with the Gospel which required all people to be treated fairly because they were all equal in the eyes of God. There were many organizations which were developed by the church with the aim of abolishing this trade and the movement by the church was concentrated around the 19th century when many associations against this trade were created. Various church leaders such as Theodore Dwight Weld and William Lloyd Garrison were on the fore front to fight this inhuman act (Kluger, 2004). The church emphasized and preached to the society that the act was against the teachings of God and by trading fellow human beings they were all sinning and God would eventually punish them for the evil deeds. Most traders were part of the church members and were influenced by these preaching and relevant lessons. The church also contributed to the movement in the south to see the end of slave trade. How African American leaders remember the civil war and their opinion Civil war was spearheaded by African American leaders such as Martin Luther King Malcolm X who fought for the rights of black Americans and the end of discrimination based on various elements such as color, race and origin. Although they may have had differences before where Luther King was against violence and emphasized on protests without violence, Malcolm at the beginning has a slogan which stated that freedom was to be achieved in any way possible and emphasized on violence but with time he was able to settle at nonviolent protests and dialogues. Despite their own views on how to achieve equality and end of discrimination the leaders had one common goal and this was to see the people of their race treated equally and respected as the other Americans. They used the power they had to influence the whites plus their people and with time they were able to succeed and that is why most African Americans can enjoy the rights and freedoms under the American constitution today. Civil rights movement was successful and brought changes in the lives of many people who were oppressed before and it was all because of such leaders who called out for equality. Conclusion It is true to say that up to date most African American people still have problems related to discrimination and as they are victims of various racist acts and more is still to be done so that the bullies and racists can understand all about the need for equality. This will make Americans and even the world at large able to live as brothers and sisters in one society without any form of disputes and discrimination based on color, race or origin because we are all equal in the eyes of God as the church leaders and members emphasized in the fight against slavery. References Cole, J. B., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2009). Gender talk: The struggle for women's equality in African American communities. New York: Random House Publishing Group. Rubio, P. F. (2010). There's always work at the post office: African American postal workers and the fight for jobs, justice, and equality. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. (1993). Beyond adversity: African Americans' struggle for equality in western Pennsylvania, 1750-1990. Pittsburgh, PA: Museum Programs Division, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. Kimbrough, N. (2007). Equality or discrimination: African Americans in the U.S. military during the Vietnam war. Lanham, Md. [u.a.: Univ. Press of America. Sitkoff, H. (2008). The struggle for Black equality. New York: Hill and Wang. Kluger, R. (2004). Simple justice: The history of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's struggle for equality. New York: Vintage Books.
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