Department of Civil Engineering
Contractual Procedures and Estimating
CIVL 0026
Individual Assignment
(Case Study)
Student Name:Hamza Ali ALsabti
ID
: 14F12762
Applied Course: BS (Hons)- QSCM (COV)
Semester
: Spring 2015
Date of Submission:6/1/2016
Guided by:
Adams Joe
Civil Engineering Department
Table of contents
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF FIGURE.............................................................................................................. iii
ChHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Estimating: ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Type of Estimating: ................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1.1 Unit rate method: ............................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.2 Cube method: ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1.3 Superficial or floor area method: ..................................................................... 2
1.1.1.4 Detailed Estimate:............................................................................................ 3
1.2 Cost: .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Budget: ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Bill of quantity: ......................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Objective: .................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2:METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 6
2.1 SMM7: ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2Drawing: ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Take off ..................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3:DATA AND RESULT ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Tables ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Cost analyeis: .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Block work: ...................................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Concrete P.C.C: ................................................................................................ 12
3.2.3 Concrete roof & floor: ...................................................................................... 13
3.2.4 Earth work: ....................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Bill of quantity .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
ChHAPTER 3:CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 18
REFRENCES .................................................................................................................... 19
i
List of Table
Table-1: Multipliers for difficulty of machine excavation due to nature of
ground.............................................................................................................,,............11
Table 2: weight of materials…………………,,,……………………………,…,.……11
Table 3: BS5328 Mass of dry aggregate to be used with 100 kg of
cement……………………………………………………………………….…,…….11
Table 4: BS5328 percentage by mass of fine aggregate total
aggregate…………………………………………………………………………,….12
Table 5: cost of labour, materials……………………………………………,………12
ii
List of Figure
Figure 1: Elevation…………………………………………..…….………...…….7
Figure 3: Foundation…………………………………………..…….…………….7
Figure 3: Plan…………………………………………..…….………..………….7
iii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Estimating:
Estimated b0ught analytical bill t0 create the particular task as well as expense prices as
well as ailments fr0m the agreement plus the prices inv0lving comp0nents as well as get
w0rried how the expectati0n inv0lving the cost of m0st operate functi0ns involving
devel0pment pri0r to the beginning of the j0b has been in fact carried. Gary the gadget guy
estimate determined quantities may als0 be various items to use, as well as operate should
be carried out as well as expenses that is to be received. Furthermore estimate can be the
main sensible areas of devel0pment supervision. Wherever an individual desire to work as
well as vocation ought to shell out particular care about accomplishing this involving
learning fr0m the estimate. It can be uncomplicated as well as somewhat clear to see the
niche, nevertheless with n0 care about the particular setup inv0lving care, the item struggles
t0 efficiently use technol0gies t0 treatments as well as strategies of operate techniques.
1.1.1 Type of Estimating
1.1.1.1 Unit rate method:
This technique depends ab0ut the girl or b0y graph and or chart using this type of there is
usually several near. Your j0int venture concerning the price with the project-building
together with numerous focus on the helpful gadgets. Aspects during which helpful gadgets
usually are the individuals help tactics supp0sed to manufacture a greater than other items
from the visual appeal. Publishing Approach throughout circumstances practical paying
attenti0n thr0ughout devel0ping buyer calls for c0ncerning earlier rates by simply fairly
much m0re c0mpared to regular gadgets connected with details trip overnight
acc0mm0dation. The main suggests usually are accepted as inaccuracies along with the
difficulty of pr0ducing percentage for a c0mplete array of comp0nents in relati0n to size and
shape of creating building pr0cedures t0gether with c0ncluding equipment t0gether with
1
elements, since it is generally not very accurate sufficient through0ut the m0st typical
c0nnected with goal. We. test0ster0ne levels, on the other hand a small am0unt of brain such
as business of th0r0ugh plan technique or perhaps target from the rates in relation to
determining simply how much the financial commitment. And more0ver with regards to
buyer shits paying attenti0n or perhaps c0mplicated br0kers we've very good understanding
c0ncerning in the field of building c0mbined with price inv0lving ass0ciated qualities, which
include nursing homes, educati0nal facilities together with houses. Additi0nally bel0w m0st
of these circumstances, within the path pertaining to the usage of generating tactics because
of the greatest capability together with attenti0n t0gether with c0mprehensive gratitude fr0m
the requirements came acr0ss.
1.1.1.2 Cube method:
The particular Cube pr0cedure estimating is usually particular with regard to building tasks
in additi0n to goals in order to triumph over the present criticism towards b0tt0m l0cati0n
pr0cedure that does not bear in mind d0able different versi0ns of the storey top. furthermore
p0ssibly be obtained on the cubic articles of the building with the regulations arranged
inside the Royal Start inv0lving English Architects, which supplies tw0 times the length,
size in additi0n to top (external dimensi0ns) per area of the building. The degree indicated
in cubic yards. Way for deciding top may differ using the type of exteri0r in additi0n to
whether or not the surface entertained or perhaps n0t. Usage of an 0rganic and natural
analgesic which has a roof structure pitched uninhabited, in additi0n t0 had taken t0p
dimensi0ns on the the surface of the c0ncrete b0tt0m with regard to in halfway place relating
to the peak of the roof structure and the intersecti0n of the wall space in additi0n to thresh0ld
(half ceiling) high. Sh0uld the roof structure area is usually to be entertained then
calculating the t0p is usually taken several gr0ups involving that the m0untain roof structure,
and with the Bish0p of the crawl space it's routine in order to evaluate each of the material
of the dice.
2
1.1.1.3 Superficial or floor area method:
Like this it is assessed gross flooring section of the building 0n many floor surfaces between
the inside experience inv0lving exteri0r wall space, with0ut having price cut and also
internal wall space and als0 wall space and als0 stairs t0wards the clinching, and als0 elevate
shafts and also c0rridors. It is after that determined the machine c0st each sq . meter
inv0lving likely flooring regi0n along with the entire flooring regi0n determined fr0m the
device c0st. Certainly where an huge building and also design distinct appr0aches or maybe
the caliber of the finish, and also s0me 0ther part of the particular building, and it als0 may
just be advisable to part ways regi0ns of the gr0und allow distinct device rates being given
to separate pieces. This sh0uld also c0nsider the distinct degrees of floor surfaces and als0
assess the expense of units so when extracti0n prices inv0lving charge examines.
1.1.1.4 Detailed Estimate:
Detailed estimates are prepared in acc0rdance with a full range of c0ntract d0cuments.
C0ntract0rs prepare a detailed estimate before bidding for the p0ject through a
c0mprehensive review of the c0ntract d0cuments. Pr0ject site visit by members of the
C0ntractor may be required to determine the criteria that may affect the c0st of the pr0ject,
acc0rding to the estimates can be adjusted. Detailed estimates and c0nfirm the c0st of
providing an imp0rtant project for b0th the 0wner and the c0ntractor price, and the price
represents the am0unt the c0ntractor gets from the owner to c0mplete the pr0ject in
accordance with the c0ntract d0cuments. It also describes the different types of costs that
have been prepared during the various stages of the project estimates.
1.2 Cost:
The c0nstruction c0st is an alternative way to estimate the value of the assets, where the
c0sts incurred to build assets and make them work at full capacity and that have been
identified. In the framework of this appr0ach is that it uses the t0tal lab0r hours and material
c0sts of the estimates to assess the value.
Expenses incurred by the c0ntractor for the w0rk, materials and equipment, finance, public
services and utilities, etc., in additi0n to the expenses and profits Contract0r. The c0sts of
3
these territories, as well as c0nsultants' fees and architectural design and engineer not
c0nstruction c0sts.
Find a c0st analysis of the work of the bl0c. I find the c0st of Girls, the c0st of lab0r and pr0fit
for the mass acti0n. As I find the analysis of the cost of c0ncrete PCC's 40 MM and the
c0ncrete floor and roof of the 20 MM. As I find the cost of materials (cement, aggregates,
sand and aggregate, of c0urse). Then I find a c0st analysis to w0rk the land using the machine
according to the gr0und level.
1.3 Budget:
A budget is a quantitative expression of the plan for a specified period of time. It can
include the size of its planned sales and revenue, and the quantities of resources, costs and
expenses, assets, cash fl0ws and liabilities. It expresses its strategic plans for the business
units and activities, organizati0ns and events in a measurable form.
Estimate of inc0me and expenses over a specified future period of time. The budget can be
pr0vided to a person or a family or a group of people, business, and the country, and the
g0vernment, multinati0nal or anything else that makes organizing and spending m0ney. The
budget is the c0ncept of partial barter ec0n0my that appears when one foot is good for the
exchange of an0ther.
1.4 Bill of quantity:
BOQ (quantities) tables is a d0cument used in bidding in the c0nstruction industry in
materials and spare parts, and work (and costs) are detailed. Also (ideally) the details of
the terms and conditions of the contract or the rest0rati0n and c0nstructi0n of the separati0n
of w0rk to enable the c0ntractor that the w0rk he or she is the bid price.
The bill of quantities ('BOQ') is a d0cument by the Chancellor that offer specific pr0jects
calculated c0st items identified by the drawings and specificati0ns in the tender d0cuments
of the am0unt of w0rk that preparation. The am0unts can be measured in terms of number,
length, area, v0lume, weight or time. BOQ preparati0n prepared requires full design
specificati0ns.
4
Table quantities exp0rted to bidders f0r them to prepare a price for the implementati0n of
the business. Table quantities help bidders in the tender for the c0nstruction of its own c0sts
acc0unt, and, it means that all c0ntract0rs bidding are priced the same quantities (instead of
taking off quantities from drawings and specificati0ns itself), the exhibiti0n also pr0vides
an accurate system for bidding.
I find the amount of work the block, PCC c0ncrete and concrete roof and floor, and also I
find the amount of work the land using the device.
1.5 Objective:
The main objective to find the quantity and c0st estimate for the w0rk of the gr0und, and
work c0ncrete bl0ck. Study the issues of building to build a room and bathroom. My
Pr0ject of the three schemes of the plan, elevati0n, and the f0undati0n. My pr0ject plan size
is6100 tenth the size of the room 5400 and 4000 X 5000 and the size of the store room is
1500 X 5000. The fee is the sec0nd rise in a high percentage of this fee is 3100 mm and
900 MM barricade. As I prepare the basis of the draw al0ng 600MM, and the view of the
c0ncrete is 200MM and depth 1300mm.After that was preparing for takeoff. I find the
cost of each element (Action Block and PCC c0ncrete and c0ncrete f0r the roof and floor
for, and also to w0rk the land cost).
5
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 SMM7standers:
SMM7 standing is the meth0d of measurement pr0vides a unif0rm basis to calculate the
w0rk of the Assembly embodies the basics of good practice. Exp0sure draws a number of
bills fully and accurately reflect the number and quality of the w0rk that needs to be grasped
by. It sh0uld have been given additi0nal data methodology more than what is required to
arrange after vital in 0rder to ascertain the nature of the value required to w0rk.
The way they are used in the draft is a detailed estimate. The first 0ne, and the preparati0n
of CAD drawing (plan, elevati0n, and the f0undation drawing), and after that was getting
ready to take off and I measured the dirt excavation, c0ncrete w0rk and external acti0n and
internal bl0ck for external and internal. I also doors and wind0ws acc0unt settlement. Then
prepare cost analysis to find the c0st for: the first act bl0ck one. In the w0rk of Block I
calculate the mass scale with m0rtar, bl0ck 0F-c0st, labor and c0st the squad for the
c0nstructi0n of 1000 st0ne, mortar at 52 riyals / M3 at 0.53 M3 / 1000 and the rate for 1 M2
area. Sec0nd: C0ncrete for PCC, I acc0unt for the required 100 kg of cement 510 kg of the
t0tal (cement, fine aggregate and of c0urse aggregate), mix for 1 ton size (1T = 100KG)
also (cement, aggregates, sand and of c0urse aggregate), and the c0st of materials and the
rate of 1M3 concrete PCC I also c0ncrete floors and windows acc0unt. Finally figured Earth
work in draft, I use a machine to level the gr0und because the machine faster than pe0ple.
It also provides time and m0ney. And flexible financial solutions. Also impr0ve expenditure
planning. Also, I bill quantity of preparati0n to find, and the am0unt of, and to find the t0tal
c0st of the pr0ject.
6
2.2Drawing:
7
2.3 Take off
EarthworkExcavation
Length
6400
Breadth 5100
2/11500
23000
Less 4/0.5/2/200
800
22200
Excavation Earthwork
22.20
0.60
1.50
Add depth blow G.L
Add depth of P.C.C
200
19.98
1300
1500
Earth work Excavation, for footing maximum
depth< 1.00m and distance between, opposing face
>2.00m
Internal Wall
Less 2/200
4.600
0.60
1.50
22.20
0.20
0.60
4.60
0.20
0.60
5000
400
4600
4.14
Earth work Excavation, for footing maximum
depth< 1.00m and distance between , opposing face
>2.00m
24.12
Total Earth work Excavation, for footing maximum
depth< 1.00m and distance between, opposing face
>2.00m
Concrete work (P.C.C)
2.66
0.55
In situ concrete in P.C.C.1:3:6, 400mm thick with A142 mesh
Internal concrete work
5000
Less 2/200 400
4600
In situ concrete in P.C.C.1:3:6, 400mm thick, with
A-142 mesh
8
3.21
Total In situ concrete in P.C.C.1:3:6, 400mm thick
with A-142 mesh
Roof concrete
6.10
5.40
0.20
6.59
In-situ concrete slab 1:2:4/1 9aggregate thickness≤
200mm reinforced.
1.50
5.00
0.20
Floor concrete
1.50
Flooring concrete 200mm thick [1:2:4](Room)
4.00
5.00
0.20
4.00
Ditto(Store room)
12.09
TotalIn-situ concrete, slab 1:2:4/1 9aggregate
thickness≤ 200mm reinforced.
Block work
External
22.20
4.70
Wall 3100
Add parapet wall 900
Add G.l.to F.F
900
4900
Less slab thickness 200
4700
104.34 External block work thickness, 200 in common block
laid stretcher, bond in cement mortar(1:4)
Internal Wall
5.00
3.80
19.00
Adddepth 3100
Add G.l.to F.F
900
4000
Less slab thickness 200
3800
Internal block work thickness, 200 in common block
laid stretcher bond in cement mortar(1:4)
9
123.34 Totalexternal & internal block work thickness, 200
in common block laid stretcher, bond in cement
mortar(1:4)
Adjustments of Doors &Windows
2/
1.00
2.10
2.10
Ddt for door opening D
0.80
2.10
1.68
Ddt for door opening D1
1.20
1.50
3.60
Ddt for window opening W
0.50
0.80
0.40
Ddt for widow opening W1
7.78
Total
Deduction
Total block work 123.34
Ddttotal door & window 7.78
131.12
10
3.1 Cost analysis:
3.1.1 Block work:
Number of block required, per m2 area. The size of block is 205 x140 x100. The thickness
of mortar, is 10 mm.
Size of block with mortar:
L = 205 + 10
= 215
B = 100 + 10
= 110
No of Block = 1000 x1000= 42.28
215 x 110
Say 43 block no’s/m2
Rate for construction of masonry, wall with English bond, one block thick in CM 1:3. Size
of block 205 x140 x100.Mortar thick 10 mm.
Cost of Blocks:
Block size 205 x140 x100 delivered to site / 1000 nos
Waste 5% 220 x 5
100
Cost of Laborer;
Required 2TradesmenOR 1.2
= 220.00 OR
= 11
= 231.00 OR
2 x 1.2
Required 1Laborer OR 0.8
=OR 3.2
Squad cost for constructing 1000 Block:
= OR 2.4
= OR 0.8
Output/ tradesmen 24 Block/ hours 2 tradesmen:
3.2 𝑥 1000
Cost/ labor=(
2 𝑥 24
)
= 𝑂𝑅 66.67
11
Mortar at 52 Rails/m3 at0.53 m3 / 1000 blocks
52 x 0.53 = 27.56
Cost for 1000 nos Block
Squad cost = OR 258.56
=OR 231.00
Rate for 1m2 area:
No of block/ m2
= 43 block
For one block thick = 2 x 43
= 86 nos
86
Cost/ m2= 258.56 x 1000= OR 22.24
20
Profit 20% = 22.24 x
= OR 4.45
100
=26.69Rails/m3
The rate for 1m3 of Block work = 26.69 Rails
3.1.2 Concrete P.C.C:
The material cost for 1m3 concrete of C25p grade concrete 20 mm aggregate, with medium
workability. Consider shrinking limit as 20%".
For 100 kg cement requires 510 kg of aggregate.
1 cement required.= 100 kg.
40
Fine aggregate =
100
𝑥 510
= 204𝑘𝑔
Course aggregate = 510 – 204 = 306 kg
Volume of mix for 1 ton (1T = 100 kg)
Cement =
1
= 0.78
1.28
Fine aggregate =
2.04
= 1.36
1.5
Course aggregate =
3.06
1.6
=1.91
= 4.05 m3
Cost of materials:
Cost of cement = 1 x 45 = OR 45
Cost of fine aggregate = 2.04 x 8 = OR 16.32
12
Cost of course aggregate = 3.06 x 13 =OR 39.78
OR 101.1
Transfer it cement – lab0ur
=OR 101.9
=OR 0.8
20
Add shrinkage limit 20% 100 x 101.9 = 20.38
OR 122.28
Materials, cost for 4.63 m3= OR 4.05
÷
The material, cost for 1m3 = 30.19Rials
The rate for 1m3 of concrete P.C.C = 30.19Rials
3.1.3 Concrete roof & floor:
The material, cost for 1m3 concrete of C25p grade concrete 40 mm aggregate, with medium
workability. Consider shrinking limit as 25%".
For 100 kg cement requires 560 kg of aggregate.
1 cement required = 100 kg.
Fine aggregate= 35/100 x 560
=196 kg
Course aggregate = 560 – 196
= 364 kg
Volume of mix for 1 ton (1T = 100 kg)
Cement = 1/1.28
=0.78
Fine aggregate = 1.96/1.5
=1.31
Course aggregate = 3.64/1.6
= 2.27
= 4.36 m3
Cost of materials:
Cost of cement = 1 x 45
= OR 45
Cost of fine aggregate = 1.96 x 8
= OR 15.68
Cost of course aggregate = 3.64 x 13 =OR 47.32
=OR 108.00
13
Transfer it cement – labour
= OR 0.8
= OR 108.80
Add shrinkage, limit 25%= 25/100 x 108.80
= 27.20
OR 136.00
Materials, cost for 4.36 m3
= OR 4.36
÷
The material, cost for 1m3
= 31.19 Rails
The rate for 1m3 of concrete, floor & roof = 31.19Rials
3.2.4 Earth work:
Earth work by using machine starting ground, level not exceeding 1.5 m depth. Consider
ordinary soil.
Assume the length & breadth of E.W Excavation as 1 m.
For through of 1.5 m depth.
Therefore volume of excavation= 1 x 1 x 1.5 = 1.50 m3
Volume of
excavation
1.50
Multiplier
factor
1.0
Hours
0.09
Rate for 1.5m3
Machine
rate/hr.
5.5
= 0.74
Rate for 1m3= 0.49
20
Add profit 20%100 𝑥 0.49
= 0.098
Rate/ m3= 0.588Rails
The rate for 1m3 of excavation, by using machine = 0.588Rials
14
cost
0.74
3.2 Bill of quantity:
Description
Earth work Excavation, for footing
maximum, depth< 1.00m and
distance between opposing face
>2.00m
External & Internal block work,
thickness 200 in common block, laid
stretcher bond in cement mortar(1:4)
In situ concrete in P.C.C.1:3:6,
200mm thick with A-142 mesh
In-situ concrete, roof & floor1:2:4/1
9aggregate thickness≤ 200mm
reinforced.
Qt
Rate
Amount
24.12
0.588
14.183
123.34
26.69
3291.945
3.21
28.98
93.026
12.09
30.19
364.99
Total
O.R3764.144
15
Appendix
3.3Tables
Table-1: Multipliers for difficulty of machine excavation due to nature
of ground.
Soil type
Multiplier ( x output per hour
/m3)
Vegetable soil, ordinary soil
Heavy soil
Soft rock
Hard rock
Table 2: weight of materials.
1.00
1.33
2.00
5.00
Average weight per cubic meter of various materials
SN
Tonnes/m3
Materials
1
Cement in bulk
1.28 to 1.44
2
Fine aggregate
1.5
3
Course aggregate
1.6
Table 3: BS5328 Mass of dry aggregate to be used with 100 kg of cement.
Grade
of
concret
e
C7.5P
C10P
C15P
C20P
C25P
C30P
Nominal
Maximu
m size of
aggregat
e (mm)
Workabil
ity
Total
aggregat
e
40
Medium
1080
900
790
660
560
510
20
Hig
h
920
800
690
600
510
460
Mediu
m
900
770
680
600
510
460
16
14
Hig
h
780
690
580
530
460
400
Mediu
m
N/A
N/A
N/A
560
490
410
10
Hig
h
N/A
N/A
N/A
470
410
360
Mediu
m
N/A
N/A
N/A
510
450
380
Hig
h
N/A
N/A
N/A
420
370
320
Table 4: BS5328 percentage by mass of fine aggregate total aggregate.
Grade
of
concret
e
C7.5P
C10P
C15P
C20P
C25P
C30P
Nominal 40
Maximum
size of
aggregate
(mm)
Workabilit Mediu Hig
y
m
h
30-45
Grading
zone 1
Grading
zone 2
Grading
zone 3
Grading
zone 4
20
14
10
Mediu Hig
m
h
35-50
Mediu Hig
m
h
N/A
Mediu Hig
m
h
N/A
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
45
30
30
30
35
35
40
40
45
25
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
Table 5: cost of labour, materials.
SN
1
2
3
4
"Nature of Lab our"
"Tradesmen"
"Laborer"
"Blocks"
Mortar
5
6
7
8
9
Output of Tradesmen
Cost of cement
Cost of F.A
Cost of C.A
Cost/hour
OR 1.2
OR 0.8
OR 220/1000 no’s
52 Rails/m3 at 0.53 m3 per
1000 blocks
24 Blocks/hr.
OR 45
OR 8
O R 13
Machine rate per hour
OR 5.5
17
Chapter 3
CONCLUSION
In this report I have benefited from countless, things and additionally I comprehend how
to work on the project. I've additionally learned how to design, develop and assess the
project. Additionally strip and how to compute numbers, and the arranging of the
guesstimate and benefit prices denote to the undertaking, and this will aid me a lot in
upcoming projects. This undertaking will additionally aid me to buy vision and to
maintainer associate the finished subject that I have in preceding studies that examined the
units. It has made me extra confident in grasping out such undertakings and provided me
extra experience. In my undertaking I comprehend concerning approximating and kind of
approximating like : ( C0nstituent worth rate, cube method, Shallow or floor span meth0d
and Methodical Estimate). Additionally I design the price , budget and bill of quantity. In
bill of number. I design the finished number for: ( block work , concrete for P.C.C and
concrete, for floor and rooftop and earth work) . additionally I find the price for( block
work , concrete for P.C.C and concrete for floor and rooftop and earth work) and number
of them. The number of earth work is 24.12 and the price is RO 0.588 and the number of
earth work excavation is R.O 14.183. I utilized contraption commencing, earth level not
exceeding 1.5 m depth .Also I discovered the number of block work is 123.34 , the price is
RO 26.69 and the number is RO 3291.945. And number of concrete P.C.C for 40m is 3.21,
the price is RO 28.98 and the number is R.O 93.026. Additionally the number of concrete
for rooftop & floor is 12.09, the price is RO 30.19 and the number for 20 m is
R.O364.99.The consequence was for this functional report for the undertaking, and has
been selected the correct finished number is 3764.144 Rails. This price is suitable for craft
room and store room.
18
REFRENCES
1. Addison.
2008. Estimating.
[ONLINE]
Available
at:
http://constructionestimatinginfo.blogspot.com/2010/09/construction-estimatinginformation.html. [Accessed 15 May 15].
2. Adrian.
2004. Definition
of
Budget.
[ONLINE]
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