Human Geography
Study Guide
Unit IV Chapter 4
1. This type of barrier allows part of the innovation wave to diffusion through but acts to weaken or
retard the continued spread of an innovation or idea.
2. In the process of relocation diffusion, cultural modification or change may result when one
cultural group or individual adopts traits of the dominant culture but keeps elements of their own
culture. This process in known as:
3. Diffusion that requires the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted an
innovation and who carry it to a new locale is known as:
4. This type of cultural barrier halts the spread of diffusion, allowing no further progress. It is
known as a(n):
5. An indirect promotion or experimentation because of a diffused innovation is?
6. A cultural landscape is:
7. Culture is:
8. What are some of the things we would considered to be components of culture?
9. In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of what kind of group?
10. Jeans provide a good example of material culture that is adopted by a number of different
societies. This refers to what type of material culture?
11. Folk cultures are spread primarily by what kind of diffusion?
12. What are some modern examples of folk cultures?
13. Who are the Amish and what is their story?
14. Folk songs are distinguished from popular songs because they
15. Popular customs most frequently originate in what kind of countries?
16. The current distribution of soccer demonstrates that
17. What kinds of things aid in the diffusion of popular culture?
18. The distribution of the subjects of art in the Himalayas shows how folk cultures
19. What are the criteria used to distinguish folk housing in the USA?
20. Pioneer farmers settling the grasslands of the American West often built houses of sod, while
early settlers of the eastern forest built wooden structures like log cabins. This suggests that
building materials
21. What are the important source areas for U.S. folk house types?
22. What is one factor that accounts for American’s choice for beverages and snacks?
23. The choice of clothing in Western countries is strongly influenced by
24. What are the significant impacts of popular culture?
25. What is placelessness
26. The Garifuna are often referred to as a "Colonial Tribe." Why is this the case?
27. In terms of popular culture, cities like Paris, New York, and Milan are referred to as:
28. Wearing a Kabala bracelet could possibly be an example of:
29. Cultural appropriation for purposes of profit (e.g., naming a beer for a Lakota chief) is referred to
as an example of:
30. Urban local cultures as in Brooklyn, New York and North End Boston, Massachusetts are seen as
positive examples of _____________, places of cultural persistence.
31. The fact that trends in popular culture (e.g. fashion) proceed from large global centers (Milan,
Paris, New York) through a series of progressively smaller cities is an example of what kind of
diffusion
Chapter 5 Study Guide
Elephants and dolphins have forms of sound communication, but only humans have developed ? that
change over time and space.
In technically advanced societies there is likely to be what kind of language?
Regional variations of a standard language are called:
Early in the twentieth century, a major effort was launched to create a world language called:
The lingua franca of East Africa is:
Countries in which more than one language is in use are called:
The systematic study of the origin and meaning of place names is called:
According to the video Before Babel (and in the notes), linguists theorize that the present languages of the
Indo-European family evolved from a lost language known as?
Linguist Joseph Greenberg proposed that there are only ? indigenous American language families
The oldest, largest, and most widely distributed of the indigenous American language families proposed
by Joseph Greenberg is:
What are the geographic and linguistic characteristics of the English Language?
What is the Langua Franca today for nearly all global activities?
English is the most important language in North America primarily because of
How do British and American English differ?
Be able to identify the family, branch, group, and subgroup of English.
An isogloss is
When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other
members of their group what usually happens?
The main difference between languages in the same family, branch, or group is how (think time)
A group of languages that share a common origin but have since evolved into individual languages is a
What are the most common Romance languages?
What are the most common Germanic languages?
The most widely spoken language in Brazil is
A creolized language is
The four most frequently spoken branches of Indo-European include
The two most important languages in South America are
Russian is part of what language branch?
Marija Gimbutas' theory points to the first speakers of the Indo-European language as the ancient
According to Colin Renfrew's Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe
how?
The two largest language families in the world are
When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the roots of the trees below the surface represent
Every European country is dominated by Indo-European speakers except
The Icelandic language has changed less than any other Germanic language because of
The language family encompassing the languages of the People's Republic of China is
The language spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world is
Chinese is written in the form of
The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from
The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is
Hebrew is an example of
The Flemings and Walloons speak languages belonging to different
A pidgin language
Basque is a good example of a(n)
Human Geography
Study Guide
Unit IV Chapter 6
1. Religion is a particularly good example of the tension between globalization and local diversity
because
2. An ethnic religion is
3. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a
4. A universalizing religion
5. The world's largest universalizing religion is
6. The world's largest ethnic religion is
7. what are the branches of Christianity
8. Which characteristic distinguishes religion in Latin America from North America?
9. Baptists are clustered in the ________ United States.
10. What are denominations and what are some examples in Christianity?
11. What are the branches of Islam? Which is dominant?
12. What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayan Buddhists?
13. Animists believe that
14. What is especially important in Confucianism?
15. The belief in the existence of only one god is
16. Christianity first diffused from its hearth through what kind of diffusion?
17. How is Buddhism different than other universalizing religions in terms of diffusion?
18. The agricultural calendar is important to which type of religions?
19. Beliefs concerning the origin of the universe are
20. What are the characteristics of hierarchical religions?
21. Worship in Hinduism is most likely to take place where?
22. Cremation is more important than burial in which religion?
23. Protestants in Ireland are found in dispersed settlements or clustered settlements?
24. Jerusalem's geography represents a particularly difficult religious conflict to resolve...why?
25. Which city in Southwest Asia contains the Dome of the Rock, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher,
and the Western Wall?
26. The pagoda is the style of building most often associated with:
27. The Hajj, one of the “pillars of Islam,” is
28. What is the difference between interfaith boundary and intrafaith boundary…what are some
examples?
29. The teachings of Lao-Tsu form the tenants of
30. Know the U.S. regional religious affiliations from the map in chapter 6?
31. Modern-day Shiah Islam dominates a region centered on what country?
32. The Yellow River is to Chinese Philosophies as the Indus River is to
.
33. The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, who came to be known as the Buddha
(enlightened one) was perhaps the first prominent Indian religious leader to speak out against
what Hindu social structure?
34. Sikhism is a small syncretic religion that arose from the confrontation between Hinduism and:
35. The rise of fundamentalism is a phenomenon that seems to afflict:
Chapter 7 Study Guide
What was apartheid?
An examination of the distribution of ethnicities in the U.S. reveals what in terms of where they live a
(local scale and regional scale)
What are the common elements of cultural diversity?
The largest Hispanic/Latino groups in the United States are from which two countries?
The largest proportion of Asian Americans are from
Native Americans and Alaska Natives together make up what percentage of the total United States
population?
Ethnic identity for descendants of European immigrants is primarily preserved through
How are ethnicity and race different?
What group does the US Census bureau not consider a race?
Neighborhood changes in ethnicity are sometimes caused by the illegal practice of (Think spatial effects
of racism)
Which pair of concepts or entities from South Africa and the United States would be similar?
Denmark is a good example of a nation-state because
What are examples of centripetal forces countries use to maintain a sense of "nationality?"
The former Soviet Union used which as the primary centripetal device?
Conflict in Africa is widespread because of
Traditionally the most important unit of African society was the
Sri Lanka has continuing ethnic conflict between
The Kurds are considered to be what kind of group today?
As Sudan's religion-based civil war was winding down, an ethnic war erupted in the region of
Balkanization refers to
The breakup of Yugoslavia during the 1990s was caused by
The process when a group forcibly removes another group is called
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular
Culture
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Roots and Meaning of Culture
•
Culture
•
the learned patterns of thought
and behavior characteristic of a
population or society
These learned traits form a way
of life held in common by a group
of people
•
•
Culture involves a communication
system of acquired beliefs,
perceptions, and attitudes that
serves to supplement and
channel instinctive behavior
•
Culture guides the ways in which
people create “place.”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• 1-Cultural landscape
• The sequential imprint of
cultures on the physical
environment
• These landscapes are
distinct
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1
• 2-Culture Hearths
• The sources of civilization, outward from which radiated the
ideas, innovations, and ideologies that would change the world
beyond
• These should be viewed in the context of time as well as space
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• 3-Cultural Diffusion
• Diffusion—the spatial spreading of some phenomenon
from one area to another
• Cultural Diffusion—the process of dissemination, the
spread of an idea or innovation from its source area to
other cultures
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5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
Source
• Expansion diffusion
• An innovation or idea
develops in a source
area and remains strong
while at the same time
expanding outward
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5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
•
•
•
1-Expansion diffusion
3 types
a-Contagious diffusion—a form
of expansion diffusion in which
nearly all adjacent individuals are
affected
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
•
•
1-Expansion diffusion
b-Hierarchical diffusion—
diffusion in which the main
channel of diffusion is some
segment of those who are
susceptible to (or adopting) what
is being diffused
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
•
•
•
•
•
1-Expansion diffusion
c-Stimulus diffusion—an indirect
promotion or experimentation
because of a diffused innovation
Not all societies can handle
innovations
These innovations may be to
vague or impractical
But the innovations although not
accepted in its original form may
impact the society
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• 2-Relocation diffusion
• This kind of diffusion
requires the actual
movement of
individuals who have
already adopted the
idea or innovation, and
who carry it to a new
locale
Chinatown San Francisco, CA
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• In the process of relocation
diffusion one culture
inevitably dominates the
other
• This process is called
acculturation
• Cultural modification or
change that results when
one cultural group or
individual adopts traits of a
dominant or host culture
• But keep elements of their
own culture
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• But often when individuals
relocate to a new locale
they assume all the local
customs
• Assimilation—a two-part
behavioral and structural
process by which a minority
population reduces or loses
completely its identifying
cultural characteristics and
blends into the host culture
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• Barriers
• Time-distance decay
• The further away from the source the new locale is
located the less likely the innovation will be adopted
• The longer it takes to reach the new locale the less
likely it will be that the innovation will be adopted
• Other barriers may factor into this equation
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• Absorbing barriers
• Halt the spread of diffusion, allowing no further progress
• Outside television programs not permitted in Cuba by
government
• Permeable barriers
• Allow part of the innovation wave to diffusion through but act
to weaken or slow the continued spread
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5 Traditions of Cultural Geography
• 4-Cultural Perceptions
• Perceived images of a
culture
• These intangible
elements help define a
culture
• 5- Cultural
Environments
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5
Culture
•
Cultural Geographers break the elements of culture into :
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Material Culture
• Two basic categories: folk and popular culture
(that are linked to scale)
– Folk culture
– Popular culture
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Material Culture
– Geographers are interested in two aspects
of culture:
• Where folk and popular cultures are
located in space
• How folk and popular cultures interact
with the environment
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
• Local or Folk Culture
• Transmitted interpersonally
• Stable, conservative,
traditionalist
• Based on idea of
community (shared
experience and mutual
obligations)
• Clear-cut social roles,
Male/female division of
labor
• Adapted to a particular
environment
• Popular Culture
• Transmitted by media such as
books & TV
• Constantly changing and
innovating
• Based on idea of society
(specialized roles and
interdependence, impersonal
coordination)
• Flexible and vague social roles
• Not adapted to any particular
environment
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Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Origin of folk and popular cultures
– Folk culture = hearth area;
originators are usually unknown
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Origin of folk and popular
cultures
– Popular culture = hearth area
comes from more developed
countries (MDCs)
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Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Origin of folk and popular
music as an example of
folk and popular culture
– Folk music characteristics
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Origin of folk and popular
music as an example of
folk and popular culture
– Popular music
characteristics
Figure 4-2—Popular Music Map
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Diffusion of folk and popular
culture
– Folk culture diffuses slowly,
primarily through migration,
and at a small scale
• Example: Diffusion of Amish
culture
– Relocation Diffusion
– Originated in Bern, Switzerland;
Alsace Region, France; Palatinate
Region, Germany
– Migrated to US in 1700s
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Key Issue 1: Where Do Cultures Originate and Diffuse?
• Diffusion of folk and popular culture
– Popular culture diffuses rapidly, via hierarchical
diffusion, and over a large scale
• Example: Sports
– Soccer—Began as folk sport in England and was globalized into a
popular cultural sport beginning in 1800s
– Today Each country has its own popular cultural sports
» Cricket in Britain and in former British colonies
» Lacrosse among the Iroquois Nations
» American Football and Baseball
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Folk culture = close connection to the
environment (but not environmental
determinism)
• Folk cultures are responsive to the
environment
– Because most folk cultures are
rural and agricultural
– Clothing is often tied to
environmental conditions in
which the culture thrives
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Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
• But folk cultures can ignore
environmental conditions
–So not all people who live in
arctic climates wear fur
lined shoes or all people
who live in wet temperate
climate s wear wooden
shoes
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Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Food preferences and the environment
• Food preferences are adapted to the
environment
Example: In Asia,
rice is grown in
milder, wetter
environments
whereas wheat is
grown in colder,
drier environments
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Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Food preferences and the environment
• Food taboos may be especially strong
– People avoid certain foods because of negative associations with that food
• Terroir = the sum effects of the local environment on a particular
food item
Swine Stock
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Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Folk housing and the environment
• Housing = a reflection of cultural heritage, current
fashion, function, and the physical environment
• Two most common building materials = wood and
brick
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Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Folk housing and the environment
• Minor differences in the environment can produce
very different house styles
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Influence of the physical environment
– Folk housing and the environment
• Minor differences in the environment can produce
very different house styles
Figure 4-9 House Types in Four
Western
Chinese Communities
Each house type represents a
different environment
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2: Why Is Folk Culture Clustered?
• Isolation promotes cultural diversity
– Examples:
– U.S. folk housing
» The Lower Chesapeake
4-12: Hearths of US House Types
» The Middle Atlantic
» New England
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• Urban Folk Cultures
• Folk cultures can exist in cities in
the form of
• Ethnic neighborhoods
• Set themselves apart and
practice their customs
• Restaurants, worship
centers, etc.
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The Garífuna, Colonial Tribe of the
Western Caribbean
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Historical Background
How did the Garífuna become the
Garífuna
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12
Colonial Tribe
• 17th century European Slave
Ship wrecks off the Coast of
St. Vincent Island in
Caribbean
St. Vincent
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• Carib Indians already on
the Island
• The new arrivals begin
to take Carib wives
creating an Afro-Centric
Culture
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Roatán Is., Honduras
April, 1797
St. Vincent
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13
Roatán Is., Honduras
Trujillo, Honduras
St. Vincent
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Roatán Is., Honduras
Trujillo, Honduras
St. Vincent
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
14
Beachfolk
• Of 54 villages only 4 are
not located along
beaches
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Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and
food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• So some popular cultural trait may develop one
place, within a particular society and environment
• But popular cultural traits diffuse quickly so
sometimes remembering where a trait originated is
difficult
• Popular culture flourishes in MDCs because people
in these places have the economic ability to acquire
tangible items and the leisure time to use them
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• Popular Food customs:
– consumption of large quantities of snack foods and alcohol
»
»
»
»
Bourbon in upper south…why?
Tequila in Southwest…why?
Canadian Whiskey in north along Canadian border…why?
Pork rinds in south…why?
Figure 4-14: Consumption of Canadian
Whiskey and Tequila
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• Popular Food customs:
– consumption of large quantities of snack foods and alcohol
» Wine?
Figure 4-15:
World Wine
Production
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and
food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• Rapid Diffusion of Clothing styles: reflect
occupation rather than environment
– Higher income
– Improved communications (TV Ads, Internet, Chain
Stores)
» Jeans
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
•
Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• Housing: reflects fashion trends since the 1940s in the United
States
• Modern House Styles (1945-1960s)
– Minimal traditional
– Ranch house
– Split-level
– Contemporary
– Shed
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
•
Diffusion of popular housing, clothing, and food
– Popular culture varies more in time than place
• Housing: reflects fashion trends since the 1940s in the United
States
• Neo-Eclectic (since 1960s)
– Mansard
– Neo-Tudor
– Neo-French
– Neo-Colonial
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Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Electronic diffusion of
popular culture
Figure 4-18—Diffusion of TV
– Diffusion of television
• Developed in US, UK, France,
Germany, Japan, and The
USSR simultaneously
• But US dominated
broadcasting in the beginning
• Diffusion from the United
States to the rest of the world
= 50 years
• The most popular leisure
activity in MDCs
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Key Issue 3: Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
• Electronic diffusion of
popular culture
Figure 4-19—Diffusion of the Internet
– The Internet
• Followed the pattern
established by TV
• Diffused more rapidly
– Diffusion from the
United States to the
rest of the world = 10
years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 4: Why Does the Globalization Popular Culture
Cause Problems?
• Threats to folk culture
– Loss of traditional values
• Commodification of Folk Cultures—Popular
culture taking some element of local culture
and turning it into a commodity
• Starting to see new local cultures
emerge
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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• How
Are Local Cultures
Sustained?
• Preservation of customs:
Practices that people routinely
follow
• Preserving boundaries to keep
other cultures out
• Avoiding cultural appropriation
• Importance of place
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Key Issue 4: Why Does the Globalization Popular Culture
Cause Problems?
• Environmental impact of popular
culture
– Modifying nature
• Example: Golf courses
– Uniform landscapes
• placelessness—
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 4: Why Does the Globalization Popular Culture
Cause Problems?
• Environmental impact of popular culture
– Negative impacts
• Increased demand for natural resources
• Pollution
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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