LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT WRITING STYLE
Lessons Learned about Writing Style
name
Liberty University
Author’s Note
Sharon Jamison, Liberty University
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sharon Jamison, Liberty
University, Holly Hill, SC 29059
Contact: jamison9591@gmail.com
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT WRITING STYLE
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Questions and Answers
What are the APA Publication Manual’s Guidelines for Formatting a Printed Book?
The guidelines and examples for formatting a printed book are found on page 203 of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The formatting includes the
author, date of publication, title of work, location and publisher. The author is written last name
first, then initials and is followed with the publication date in parenthesis and a period. The title
follows the date along with the location of publication and publisher. Information pertaining to
editions, volume numbers and page numbers are placed in parenthesis following the title
followed by a period. The Books should be alphabetizes using the author or editors last name. If
no author or editor is present, the first significant word of the title should be used. An example of
the formatting is included below.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Why are Different Levels of Headings Used and When are they Used?
The American Psychological Association (APA) allows for five different levels of
headings. The headings serve as an outline of the topics discussed throughout the paper. Each
major section of a paper starts with the highest level of heading and subheadings are used to
divide the content of the section (American Psychological Association, 2010). For example, the
title uses a level one heading and the discussion topics use level two headings. Headings that fall
under the discussion topics use level three headings.
What is a DOI and Why is it Important?
The acronym DOI stands for digital object identifiers. The DOI is a unique alphanumeric
code assigned by a registration agency for the purpose of identifying content and providing a link
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT WRITING STYLE
to its Internet location (American Psychological Association, 2010). The use of a DOI is
important for the management of content by publishers and for referencing content. The DOI is
important to researchers because it shows where to find the content.
What Types of Resources are Available from the Jerry Falwell Library?
The Jerry Falwell Library makes several resources available for research. The resources
provided are books and media, articles, journal titles and databases where information can be
found.
Where can Resources be Found that are not Available in the Jerry Falwell Library?
Resources not available in the Jerry Falwell Library can be found at local libraries, via
the Internet, and through personal communication.
Where can Information be Found on Properly Formatting the Following References?
Proper formatting and in-text citations for each of the references can be found in the
Publication Manual.
Introduction to Research textbook
The information on how to format the Information to Research textbook is located on
pages 202-203. Information for proper in-text formatting is found on pages 174-177.
The APA Publication Manual
The information on how to format the APA Publication Manual is located on
pages 202-203. Information for proper in-text formatting is found on pages 174-177.
Scholarly journal article with a DOI
The information on how to format a scholarly journal article with DOI is located on
pages 198-199. Information for proper in-text formatting is found on pages 174-177.
Personal conversation
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT WRITING STYLE
Personal communication is only cited in the text as noted on page 174. Information for
proper in-text formatting is found on pages 179.
An edited book
The information on how to format an edited book is located on pages 202-205.
Information for proper in-text formatting is found on pages 174-177.
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT WRITING STYLE
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Crawford, R. (2016). Introduction to Research: Less Fright More Insight. Dubuqua, IA:
Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.
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Running head: CASE STUDY
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Case Study: A Method for Conducting Research
name
Liberty University
Author’s Note
Sharon Jamison, Liberty University
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sharon Jamison, Liberty
University, Holly Hill, SC 29059
Contact: jamison9591@gmail.com
CASE STUDY
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Case Study: A Method for Conducting Research
Case Study Defined
The term, case study, is defined several different ways. It is a research method that is
applied in an extensive scope of disciplines including the field of Psychology. Many of the well
known case studies carried out in psychology were conducted by Sigmund Freud and it is still
used as one of the main methods for investigation in abnormal psychology and psychiatry
(McLoad, 2008). Crawford defines case study as a method of research that involves thorough
observation of an animal, event, individual or treatment method (Crawford, 2016). In The Art of
Case Study Research, Stake defines case study as “the process of learning and the case and the
product of our learning” (Crowe, Cresswell, Robertson, Huby, Avery & Sheikh, 2011). The
method of case study is most often used when the event is usual and rare, but it can also be used
for practical applications such as how individuals react to certain medications.
Logic for Use of Case Study Approach
There are as many reasons for using the case study approach as there are definitions. One
reason why researchers use the case study method is because of the valuable and reliable
information that can be discovered. Yin claims that case studies should be used because they
describe, explain, and explore what is being studied in the daily context that they happen in.
They also offer supplementary insights into any existing gaps in its delivery (Crowe, Cresswell,
Robertson, Huby, Avery & Sheikh, 2011). Another reason would be that with a case study,
researchers focus solely on the subject at hand. The approach also allows for very private
information and personal insight to be obtained through techniques such as interviews and
personal correspondence.
Pros and Cons of Case Study Approach
CASE STUDY
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Advantages
According to Crawford (2016), a major advantage to the case study approach is that rare
events are able to be studied that would be unethical to study in any other way. McLoad (2008)
adds to this claiming that case studies also provide detailed information that is rich in quality and
provides insight for more in-depth research. The approach also allows for data collected being
analyzed using different theories such as grounded theory or interpretative phenomenological
analysis.
Disadvantages
A major criticism of the case study approach is that it cannot generalize the results to the
wider population because the unusual events may not affect everyone the same way. Another is
that it is often difficult to replicate the study so that the data can be verified. The data collected
may be influenced by researcher bias and there is no way to verify if this has happened. The case
study approach may also be time consuming because the event could happen over a short period
of time or over the subjects lifetime (McLoad, 2008). Another disadvantage is that the cause of
the behavior or incident is not always known (Crawford, 2016).
Sources of Information Available for Use
In order to get a complete understanding of the case, multiple sources of evidence are
used. A range of quantitative and qualitative techniques are used to increase the internal validity
of a study (Crowe, Cresswell, Robertson, Huby, Avery & Sheikh, 2011). Researchers can gather
information through observation of daily activities, unstructured interviews with participants,
personal writing of subject and official documents such as medical records and school reports
CASE STUDY
(McLeod, 2008). Additional information can be collected from individuals that have also
observed the phenomenon or event through interviews and questionnaires.
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CASE STUDY
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References
Crawford, R. (2016). Introduction to Research: Less Fright More Insight. Dubuqua, IA:
Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.
Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The
case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(100).
doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
McLeod, S. (2008). Case Study Method in Psychology | Simply Psychology. Retrieved
from http://www.simplypsychology.org/case-study.html
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