Inter-Rater ReliabilityReliability is very important to consider in research studies. There are many different types of reliability and one type is called inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability studies are often conducted when you have more than one person who will be evaluating and scoring data. If inter-rater reliability is high, then different people are recording approximately the same values for the behavior they are evaluating.Many of you are familiar with Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment in 1961. Bandura was a proponent of the social learning theory. In his experiment, he attempted to determine if children would model aggressive behavior.Let's say you are planning to conduct a modern-day social learning study and plan to record and rate the aggressive interactions after children have watched acts of violence on television. The potential acts of aggression will be rated from video tapes of the children as they play with a life-sized, blow-up toy. Before you conduct your study, you must train your four research assistants to make sure that they are identifying the same behaviors and end up with the same scores.Create a report in a 3- to 4-page Microsoft Word document with a detailed description explaining how to train the assistants so that they have high inter-rater reliability. Search the South University Online Library to find some inter-rater reliability studies and see if you can get any ideas. Make sure you operationalize aggression before you start to explain your training plan. Be specific about what your research assistants should do to increase the similarity of their rating scores. Submit the reliability training plan for your research assistants.GENDER PSYCHOLOGY Debates on Stress CopingLazarus's cognitive approach suggests that the way you cope with stress is based on your mental process of how you interpret and appraise a stressful situation in which the level of appraisal determines the level of stress and the unique coping strategies used (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). According to Lazarus, there are specific events or stressors that influence an individual's cognitions of an event, known as appraisals, and your coping strategies refer to your cognitive and behavioral efforts to master the stressful event (Franken, 2007). The primary appraisal assesses whether the situation is threatening, and the secondary appraisal assesses how we should cope with the stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).Another most debated gender stress–coping study has been the topic of orientation regarding gender and stress. Stress theory is often used to explain the relationship between social disadvantage and health (Scheid & Horwitz, 1999). Stress theory provides a useful approach to understand the relationship between pervasive prejudice and discrimination and health outcomes, but the predictions based on the theory need to be carefully investigated (Aneshensel & Pearlin, 1987).Another debate on stress coping focuses on role overload. Balancing both work and family often causes a role overload (Barnette & Gareis, 2008). Others see role stress as significant because it explains why women experience more stressful events and strain than men. Poverty also presents a risk for mental disorders for women; statistics show that those who live in poverty are at least two and a half times more likely to receive a mental health diagnosis than those who are not poor (Mossakowski, 2008).Even if women as a group are not exposed to more stress than men, it is plausible that some subgroups of women—poor women, black women, and single mothers—are disadvantaged in significant ways (Acker, 2000).In a 2- to 3-page analysis paper in a Microsoft Word document, address the following:Do women and men have different coping styles for stress? Evidence with regard to stress and gender has been mixed for decades. Compare the coping styles for stress of both men and women. Support your reasoning with research.Some argue that female gender groups are more stressed than lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) persons as a group. Some are of the opinion that lesbian and bisexual women are exposed to greater stress than heterosexual women because of added disadvantaged sexual minority status and that lesbian and bisexual women are exposed to greater stress than gay and bisexual men because of their added disadvantaged gender status. On the basis of your readings, experiences, and research, what are your findings?

Please write a response in paragraph form (200-300 words) to the following prompt, making sure to elaborate on the arguments from the readings in your own words (lengthy quotes do not count toward the word count - instead, use your own words). Make sure to answer all the parts of the prompt fully, and to proofread your work before submitting it.After nearly a decade of the publication of Manufacturing Consent (1988), Herman revisited and updated his initial approach to the U.S. news media’s institutional behaviors and performance patterns. What is his view on the relevance and applicability of the propaganda model in the context of Internet and emerging communication technologies? Do you agree or disagree with Herman’s position? Why?In your opinion, how does Henry Giroux’s convictions of the relationship between the emergence of new media and public spheres, values and social responsibility, champion, challenge or undermine Herman’s propaganda model?link: All Governments Lie:https://gauchocast.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Page...Neoliberalism: the idea that swallowed the world: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/aug/18/neoli...Noam Chomsky: The mass media machine:https://www.aljazeera.com/program/media-theorised/...

Critical Thinking PaperThis week’s paper topic is student assessment (either K-12 assessment or higher education assessment). Write a clear thesis statement (e.g., you support a particular form of assessment over another to demonstrate SLOs) and include this in an introductory paragraph. Perform research for articles concerning studies conducted on student assessment (similar to the articles you read in the Readings folder but do not use these articles). Choose three articles/ studies (with data on student assessment) and write a 5-7 page paper with 6 references (3 studies plus 3 additional sources) supporting your position. This assignment will give you experience with performing a Literature Review (skills you will need for all classes especially the research courses at the end of the program).A proper Literature Review supports a thesis statement (the point or topic of your paper) by incorporating the findings of a study or article (along with details as necessary) into your paper (considered chapter 2 of a master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation); in other words, you clearly explain how and why the study relates to your topic -- in academic writing this is known as synthesizing the literature. A Literature Review is not written as an abstract (150 word overview that appears at the beginning of a thesis or dissertation), nor is it written as an Annotated Bibliography (a listing of the author, publication, etc. followed by a paragraph describing or reporting on the work – similar to a book report).The Lit Review demonstrates your ability to research a specific topic and relate the literature that is available on that topic in support of your thesis. You do not simply report what the studies/ articles say (that is undergraduate level)! In preparation for this assignment, review chapter 2 of several master’s theses and doctoral dissertations (found in ProQuest) to learn how a Lit Review is handled (see document on writing a proper Lit Review and example paper in the Readings folder).In your paper, make sure you state your thesis on student assessment and relate the research studies you chose by considering the following while researching and writing with respect to the studies you are selecting (do not use these as sub-heads):1. What is the purpose of the research?2. How did the researchers set up their study?3. What do the researcher’s findings (i.e., analysis of the data) contribute to your argument? 4. What important conclusions did the researchers report in the article?5. How do the findings in these studies/articles support your thesis statement on assessment?