intro to phil 150

anwena94
timer Asked: Nov 28th, 2016

Question Description

To successfully complete this assignment read carefully each text in the textbook mentioned in the questions of the test as well as the introductions to each of those texts and to revise class notes. Having done that follow the steps below:

_____________________________________________

1. please provide the answers from the book

2. Indicate the page number for the chosen answer.

3. Using the other blank side of the page explain the meaning of the terms in the correct answer.

4. Explain why the chosen answer is correct.

Let me know if you have any questions.

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1 PHIL 150 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Part I. Questions on the Mind-Body Problem. 1. Descartes on the Mind-Body Problem. We know that for Descartes “the mind is not part of the physical world at all.” Did Descartes allow for any linkage between the immaterial mind and the material body? In the Introduction to Part IV, “Minds, Bodies, and Persons” the editors explain that “Descartes theory is … … … .” (Finish the sentence) 2. Bertrand Russell on the Problem of Other Minds. In his text “The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds” Russell suggests a solution to the problem of other minds. He claims that the existence of other minds can be inferred on the basis of the principle of analogy used in scientific reasoning. He came up with a postulate (a proposition) that defines “the assumption of probability”. His postulate at the very end of the above text begins with these words: “If whenever we can observe whether A and B are present or absent, we find that … … … … .” (Finish the sentence) QUESTIONS ON ALTERNATIVES TO DESCARTES Most twentieth century philosophers reject Cartesian notion of an immaterial mind and insist that minds should be viewed as “parts or aspects of the physical world.” They “claim that talk about beliefs and desires and pains only seems to be talk about a nonphysical realm, but is actually just a complicated way of talking about bodies, brains, and behavior.” (p. 307). The alternative theories are advanced by G. Ryle, D.M. Armstrong and P. Churchland. 3. THEORY #1. Ryle’s Theory of Logical Behaviorism. Ryle believed that mental states are not real at all and that the “immaterial mind” does not exist—because the mind is the brain. He criticized Descartes dualistic explanation as “the myth” of the “Ghost in the machine.” One of the illustration which he used to demonstrate the absurdity of the “official doctrine” was the illustration about a child observing the march-past of a division. In section 2 of his text “Descartes’ Myth” he says “The 2 same mistake would be made by a child … … … … … .” (Finish the 1st two and the last sentence in the paragraph only!) 4. THEORY #2. Armstrong’s Identity Theory. Armstrong recognized that mental states are real, but, in difference to Descartes, mental states are quite literally identical with physical states of the brain. That is why Armstrong’s theory is called the Identity Theory. At the end of his text “The Nature of Mind” Armstrong concludes: “But if we are convinced, on general scientific grounds, that a purely physical account of man is likely to be the true one, then … … … … .” (Complete the paragraph) 5. THEORY #3. PAUL CHURCHLAND’S THEORY OF ELIMINATION OF FOLK PSYCHOLOGY IN FAVOR OF NEUROSCIENTIFIC THEORY. Name, and provide one sentence comment on the four examples of historical mistakes and false notions provided by Churchland which he uses to demonstrate that our folk psychological concepts of mind, feeling, fear, pain, etc. need to be replaced by neuroscientific concepts. (On the basis of the section “Historical parallels”). First example 3 Second example Third example Fourth example DAVID M. ARMSTRONG ON CONSCIOUSNESS IN HIS TEXT “THE NATURE OF MIND” 6. We know from Armstrong’s text “The Nature of Mind” that he understood consciousness as an “inner eye” of the brain that scans other parts of our nervous system. At the end of his text Armstrong concludes: “And so consciousness of our own mental state becomes simply … … … … .” (Finish the sentence by explaning Armstrong’s understanding of consciousness) 7. What illustration does Armstrong use to demonstrate that our consciousness is “nothing, but perception or awareness of the state of our own mind” ? And that there are times when we have an awareness of the state of our mind and there are other times when we do not. Describe Armstrong’s illustration about driving a vehicle. What does it help us to understand? Part II Questions on Kantian, Utilitarian and Aristotelian Ethics. QUESTIONS ON KANTIAN ETHICS 8. What is the major difference between Kant’s understanding of the rightness of action and utilitarian understanding? 4 9. Describe Kant’s understanding of “good will”. (On the basis of Kant’s text “Groundwork of the Mataphysic of Morals”.) 10. (WORTH ONLY 5 POINTS). What is the difference between the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative in Kant’s ethics? 11. Provide 3 illustrations of wrong actions of the person who was asked to return the borrowed funds. (On the basis of your recollection of class lecture and the Revision Handout.) What three bad options did he have and what three wrong and abominable universal rules can be deduced from his actions? If those rules would be applied universally, what would become of human race? How does this illustration explain Kant’s “Formula of Universal Law” (which was just another way Kant used to explain the essence of his “categorical imperative”)? a. First illustration b. Second illustration c. Third illustration QUESTIONS ON ARISTOTELIAN ETHICS 12. (WORTH ONLY 5 POINTS). What is the meaning of eudaimonia in Aristotle? 5 13. (WORTH ONLY 5 POINTS). What does Aristotle understand by ergon? 14. (WORTH ONLY 5 POINTS). What is the meaning of arête in Aristotle’s ethics? 15. Explain Aristotle’s understanding of virtues? How does he relate virtues to happiness? (On the basis of your recollection the text Nicomachean Ethics). Provide a list of virtues according to Aristotle (Name at least four). 16. Which 2 virtues did Aristotle understand to be the greatest? What is the meaning of contemplation? (On the basis of your recollection of the material in the Revision Handout) 17. What did Aristotle understand by the Doctrine of the Mean? (On the basis of your recollection of the material in the Revision Handout)
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