crisis intervention

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Part I – Short Answer

Please answer all of the following:

  1. List and explain three significant characteristics of a crisis

  1. Define psychological first aid. Explain the objective of psychological first aid. Explain five steps in the process of providing psychological first aid to a client in crisis.
  2. Explain the importance of a multicultural perspective in crisis intervention. Give two examples of crisis situations in which an understanding of another culture will enable you to more effectively respond.
  3. Define and explain the significance of the three domains evaluated in triage assessment.
  1. Explain the difference between open ended and closed ended questions. Explain how each of these can be important in crisis intervention. Then, give an example of each.
  2. Explain the seven steps in the Hybrid Model of crisis intervention.
  1. Explain the Memphis Model of Crisis Intervention Team. Explain three factors that make this an important improvement in crisis intervention by law enforcement officers.
  1. What are the advantages of face to face intervention, over telephone and online intervention? What are the advantages of telephone and online intervention? Explain which type of intervention best matches your skill set, and why?
  1. Explain the five conditions that must be exhibited for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.
  1. Explain five suicide risk factors. Define perturbation, and the three causes of perturbation.

Part II

Essay Please answer both of the following

  1. Use either the hybrid model of intervention, the strategies of crisis intervention discussed in Chapter Four of Crisis Intervention Strategies or the “Action Strategies for Crisis Workers” examined in Chapter Four to explain how you will try to help the client in the following situation. Use specific strategies, referrals, and recommendations, and do not simply repeat the steps in one of these processes.
  • Mildred is a 42-year-old white female who is recently divorced. She has two children in college but they are closer to her ex-husband. She is a high school music teacher and a former concert pianist. She has a few friends but they are in relationships and she feels like the odd person out. Her family lives far away and they are not that close. She is not doing well in her love life and comes to you to get some immediate help because she is depressed and thinking about suicide. She spends the first ten minutes weeping uncontrollably and has a hard time putting words together.
  • As you apply the intervention steps, also include at least three open ended questions and closed ended questions (for the entire response, not for each step). Explain why you will ask these questions
  1. Define and explain at least eight characteristics of effective crisis workers. Explain why each of these is important.
  • Compare your skills, training, and experience to these desired characteristics.
  • Which of these qualities do you possess? Explain your reasoning.
  • Which of these qualities do you lack? Explain your reasoning.
  • How can you acquire or improve the qualities that you lack? Explain and be specific.

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Explanation & Answer

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1. List and explain three significant characteristics of a crisis




Stressful situations – These are a combination of feelings like exhaustion,
disappointment or upsets with life events that lead to mounting tension as well as
stress. The life events or situations could be family, economic, community or natural.
Difficulty in coping – this is the ability of a person or a family to deal with a crisis. This
ability is influenced by beliefs and attitudes of the individual or the family.
Timing of intervention – A crisis will typically last four to six weeks and this is the
period where problem-solving is critical.

2. Define psychological first aid. Explain the objective of psychological first
aid. Explain five steps in the process of providing psychological first aid to a client in
crisis.
Definition: Psychological first aid is an action that aims at reducing anxiety especially by
listening as well as reassuring someone
Objective: the objective of psychological first aid is to enhance psychological, emotional
comfort as well as calm and orient the distraught survivors who are emotionally
overwhelmed.
Steps
i.
ii.

iii.
iv.
v.

Observation and Awareness- This involves noting whether there is a need for a
psychological first aid due to outward appearances
Make a connection – Making a connection differs from one situation to another
because it depends on the relationship you have with that particular person. There is
need to have a history of the person
Be kind, calm and compassionate – showing your mannerism, care, as well as
respect. This would help them feel comfortable and at ease.
Assist with basic Needs – provide a good way of staying connected with the system
by providing them with food, shelter and water.
Listen and give realistic reassurance – It would be wise to reassure them that
resilience will carry them through instead of telling them that everything will be fine.

3. Explain the importance of a multicultural perspective in crisis intervention. Give two
examples of crisis situations in which an understanding of another culture will enable you to
more effectively respond.
Importance
i.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Multicultural perspective involves a broader range of issues such as race, religion,
sexual orientation and disability. Therefore, multicultural perspective in crisis
intervention will help the people in the therapy to:
Sensitive to racism as well as ethnocentrism
Observe the victim’s cultural values
It will enable them to culturally sensitive communication and also help them avoid
potential triggering of terms of speech.
It will also enable them to have variation in communication styles depending on
culture preferences of the people I crisis during the therapy session.

vi.

Therapists will also observe different approaches to therapy within different cultures.

Examples
i.

ii.

The first example would be to avoid providing food made of beef during the step in
the process of providing psychological first aid to victims of floods in Kolkata India.
Indian culture does not allow them to eat beef.
Another example would be to avoid taking Muslim women and children to go
shopping for their family in crisis. This is because their culture does not allow them to
go shopping and driving a car. Therefore, the two examples are crisis situations that
understanding one’s culture will enable you to respond more effectively.

4. Define and explain the significance of the three domains evaluated in triage assessment.
Cognitive – this domain involves the knowledge and also the intellectual skills
This domain includes the recognition of specific facts, concepts, procedural patterns as well
as all the concepts that make up the intelectual abilities and skills. It has sub categories like
knowledge, comprehension, synthesis, application, analysis, and evaluation.
Affective – This domain of learning includes manner in which people deal with things
emotionally, such as enthusiasm, feelings, values, motivations and attitudes. This domain
has five major categories that are the receiving phenomena, responding phenomena,
valuing, organization as well as internalizing of values.
Psychomotor – this is a learning domain that involves the physical movement, coordination
as well as the use of moto skills. The development of such skills would require practice as it
will be measured in terms of speed, procedures, precision, or the techniques used in
execution.
1. Explain the difference between open ended and closed ended questions. Explain how each
of these can be important in crisis intervention. Then, give an example of each.
Closed-ended questions- These are questions that can be answered by short answers like
yes or no, while the Open-ended questions are those that require more thought as well as
more than a simple one-word answer.
Importance
Open ended questions require lengthier and deep response that will be important in crisis
intervention because they will be helpful in finding out more about a person or a situation in
crisis.
Closed-ended question will need one word response with specific piece of information. they
are important in crisis intervention especially in ending a conversation.
Examples
Open-ended questions in Crisis intervention- How exactly did the fight between the two of
you start?

Closed-ended question in crisis intervention – Are you feeling better today?
2. Explain the seven steps in the Hybrid Model of crisis intervention.
1. Planning and conducting a biopsychological and imminent danger assessment –
This involves conducting swift but thorough assessment on biopsychosocial by a
crisis worker and it covers the client’s environmental stressors and supports, current
drug use and medical needs.
2. Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship – This
step involves rapidly establishing rapport where this rapport is facilitated by the
counselor-offered conditions like respect, genuineness, and acceptance of the client.
3. Identify the main problems that include crisis precipitants – The crisis worker interest
is to elucidate just what in the client’s lives has led them to require help at that
present time.
4. Explore feelings and emotions – This stage involves the client worker allowing the
client to express his/her feelings, to vent and heal as well as expressing his/her
current situation.
5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies – this is the stage that
offers a hard time in accomplishing the crisis intervention. The clinician and the client
have the opportunity to table the various options like a brief hospitalization or a nosuicide contract.
6. Implement an action plan to restore functioning – This stage involves integrating the
strategies into an empowering treatment plan. The action plan may include future
linkage, decrease isolation, hospitalization among others.
7. Plan follow-up and booster sessions – The crisis workers are supposed to plan for a
follow up contact with their clients to ensure that the crisis is on its way to being
resolved. The workers also evaluate the post-crisis status of the clients.

1. Explain the Memphis Model of Crisis Intervention Team. Explain three factors that make
this an important improvement in crisis intervention by law enforcement officers.
The Memphis model intervention team is a program or a plan that aims at providing safety
for the officers, safety for the family members and more so to the consumers of mental
health services. This team is a community program and not a law enforcement program. The
program has three main partners who are the law enforcement, local mental health service
providers and the advocacy.
Factors
Special Training- Special training is offered to officers to respond immediately to crisis call
and this officer will act as a leader in that crisis to ensure he/she prevents tragic situation and
also finds “win-win” solutions for all the individuals concerned.
Free training to the CIT officers – This is done at the City of Memphis and it will eliminate
the traditional police methods that are misinformed, that cause frustration and fear to the
consumers and their families because they are insensitive.
The Establishment of Partnership – The Partnership is between police, National Alliance
of Mental Illness Memphis, mental health consumers and mental health care providers.
Through this partnership, there has been a decreased rate of arrests for the mentally ill and
the rate has gone up for the diversion into the health care system

1. What are the advantages of face to face intervention, over telephone and online
intervention? What are the advantages of telephone and online intervention? Explain which
type of intervention best matches your skill set, and why?
Advantages of Face to face Intervention
i.
ii.
iii.

Face-to face intervention provides immediate feedback
It maintains confidentiality and security over online and telephone interventi...


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