re-write Lab report 8 pages long in different words.

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re-write a lab report in different words, please keep the meaning of the sentences but change the words. Keep the results number and the calculation section but change the words. Please I don't want plagiarism in my paper. I will upload the file.

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Al-SHAMSI 1 PROJECT 2: QUALITY CONTROL, ANALYSIS OF EVERYDAY PRODUCTS Hamdan Alshamsi CHM2045L.039F16 TA: Ashleigh Bachman Al-SHAMSI 2 Background Quality in our daily experiences succeeds quantity, and it cannot be excluded from our daily lives because without quality we might use defective products that might lead to bodily or environmental harm. In chemistry, the ability to check the quality of a product deals with the description of groupings of elements that are present in the sample and that they meet the products stated terms. There are many techniques applied during qualitative analysis and they vary in complexity based on the sample’s nature. In several cases, one might be required to investigate the existence of an element of the group which will need specialized tests unique to the sample such as spot test or flame tests. Sometimes samples can be complex in nature, and systematic assessments must be carried out to identify all of the elements in the complex group. Analysis methods can be categorized as qualitative organic and qualitative organic analysis. For inorganic compounds, the standard procedures involve a hard test being carried out which can consist of heating the sample to eliminate elements such as water or carbon. The sample can also be introduced to a flame and its color when burning can be noted. Come elements can be identified through characteristic flames. After dry tests and preliminary studies the sample is usually dissolved in water to determine its anionic constituents and cationic constituents. The process is guided by the principle that the treating the solution with different reagent will help in identifying its constituent elements. The element groupings are successively treated with reagents, which divide its large groups to subgroups or single elements. After separation, the element is evaluated to confirm its presence and the amount present, which is better known as qualitative analysis. Parts of the material can be separately dissolved and different processes used for each part to determine the anionic and cationic Al-SHAMSI 3 components. However, this type of evaluation is usually challenging when dealing with anions that cations. The organic nature of compounds is usually shown by its behavior when subjected to heat where solids may melt, burn with non-smoky or smoky flames, and in some cases it can leave a black carbon residue. The elements found in such compounds are hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes halogens and some metals. When evaluating the quality of everyday product of this experiment a volumetric analysis will be conducted. This is an analytic process that determines the amount of substances through measurement of volumes and is combined together in known proportions. This process is usually referred to as titration. Jean Baptiste André Dumas, a French chemist created titration to determine the proportion in which nitrogen combines with other elements. Theory In qualitative analysis, titration described as the method where a substances quality is evaluated by the addition of measured solution samples to determine how components react in known correct proportions accurately. The titration process is usually conducted by the gradual addition of standard solutions, which is a solution of known concentration, of the titrating solution, generally referred to as the titrant using a burette. A burette can be described as long graduated tubes that are used to measure solution that is controlled using stopcocks. They also have delivery tubes the lower end. Once the equivalence point is reached addition of the titrant is stopped. When the equivalence point is reached during titration, an exactly equal amount of the titrant has been added to the sample. The point of completion for the experiment is known as the end point. By adding an indicator to the titrant, the end point can be noted by a change in color. Also, electrical devices a can be used to measure the end point of the reaction. There is usually a difference between a responses end point, and its equivalence point is found in the Al-SHAMSI 4 titration error. Preferably the difference should be minimized as much as possible by selecting a proper end point signal and method for detecting the end point. In many experiments it is possible to locate an appropriate color indicator, which can signal if the end point or equivalence point is being approached. These types of titrations that are classified based on the nature of the reactions taking place between the titrant and the analyst include; precipitation titrations, acid base titrations, redox titrations and complex formation titrations. For titrations involving acids and bases the indicator used can exist in 2 forms, a basic form and an acidic form that differ in color. For instance, litmus paper changes to blue when placed in an alkaline solution and then changes to red when added to an acidic solution. Phenolphthalein when added to an acidic solution is colorless and it turns red when placed in a basic solution. There are many acid-base indicators available that differ not only in color out put but also their sensitivity when placed in acids or bases. Titrations involving precipitations can be exemplified using the determination of the chloride content of a substance through titration with silver nitrate. The reaction will precipitate a chloride that will combine with silver to create silver chloride. An excess of the silver ion marks the endpoint of he reaction and a colored precipitate notes its presence. Another technique to note the end point is to add potassium chromate to the analyst. When potassium chromate is present combine with the silver ion to create a red-pigmented silver chromate that has a red pigmentation. Another method that can be used is an adsorption indicator, in which the action of the indicator results in the formation of a precipitate on the silver salt indicator layer, which is only created in the presence of excess silver ion. Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, EDTA and metal ions react to form complex ions and these this can be achieved through titration. In complex titration reactions dyes are usually used to create colored complexes upon reacting with the metal ions. While carrying out the titration process, reagents first react with the un-complexed metal ions followed by a Al-SHAMSI 5 reaction with the metal indicator complex signifying the endpoint. Color changes correspond to the changes in the metal-ion dye complex to a free dye. For redox titration experiments indicator behavior is analogous to other kinds of visual color titrations. Indicators experience reduction or oxidation when the reaction is approaching its end point, however this is determined by if the titrant is a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent. The indicator will have a distinct color in both its reduced and oxidized forms. Due to modern technology it is possible to detect the end point of a titration experiment using electrical measurements. Such kind of titrations can be categorized based on the electrical quantity, which is measured. Experiments that involve measurement of electrical resistance or conductance are known as conductometric titrations. Potentiometric titrations experiments involve the measuring the potential difference between electrodes in a cell. Aerometric titrations are experiments that involve the passing electrical current as the experiment is being conducted. Coulometric titrations are experiments that determine the total amount of electricity circulated during the experiment. Objective The objective of this project is to determine the quality of commercial products to determine if the packaging or product labels are accurate in their reporting of the products contents. This will be accomplished using a standardized NaOH solution and HCl to carry out a titration experiment with baking soda and vitamin C to determine the amount of acid or base in the household products. The experimental values will then be compared to the products values on the label to determine if the label accurately reports the products contents. Week 1 Objectives In the first week the goal was to create standardized solution of HCl and NaOH with known molarity were created standardized testing in week 2 Week 2 Objectives Al-SHAMSI 6 Using the results and calibration curves for each dye from week 1 the adsorption levels of the unknown commercial product were tested and the values compared to the curves to determine the concentration of the dyes in the product to identify the dye consistency. Materials The materials used for the experiment were: Erlenmeyer flask, burette, pH meter, ring stand and clamp, stirring plate, scale, plastic bottles, funnel, pH indicator, NaOH, HCl, KPH, Vitamin C and Baking Soda. Safety For safety the experimenters wore lab coats goggles and gloves. When using NaOH and HCl careful handing was necessary because it is hazardous when it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes, skin. Potassium hydrogen phthalate was also handled carefully as it can cause irritation to the eyes, skin and eyes. When handling the ascorbic acid tablets they were kept away from high temperatures. Procedure Method 1: Solutions of HCl and NaOH with known molarity were created standardized testing. Titration, NaOH and KHP and using stoichiometry relationships from the reactions accomplished this. When determining the molarity of the solution the base was titrated with the HCl. The standardized solutions were used in week 2. Method 2: 4.08g of KHP was measured and placed in the volumetric flask and water was added to the 100 mL mark to create a 0.2 M KHP solution. 10 mL of the solution was poured into a beaker and the beaker was placed on the ring stand and 4 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator was added. The burette was rinsed using tap water and 5 mL was added to the burette to coat it before titration. 16.66 mL of 3 M NaOH stock solution was obtained and placed in the Al-SHAMSI 7 volumetric flask. Water was added to the volumetric flask till the 250 mL mark forming a 0.2 M solution. The solution was then poured into a burette till the 0.0 mL mark ensuring that there were no air bubbles using the funnel. The initial volume of NaOH was recorded. NaOH was slowly released into the KHP beaker while continuously swirling the solution. After some solution was released, NaOH was released more slowly until a light pink color appeared in the solution. At this point the final volume of NaOH was recorded. The experiment was repeated two more times. Also the experiment was repeated wit a standardized solution of NaOH created and 0.2 M HCL solution. Results and Calculation Week one: Titration (1) [0.2 M NaOH (Burette) and 0.2 M KHP (Beaker) ] Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Initial NaOH 7.5 mL 17.2 mL 27.2 mL Initial KHP 10 mL 27 mL 7.4 mL Final Volume 17.2 mL Titration (2) [HCl and 10mL 4 drops of phenolphthalein] Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Initial NaOH 37.4 mL 32.4 mL 40.1 mL Final Volume 50 mL 44.1 mL 37 mL 50-40.1ML=9.9 37.2-35.5=1.7 1.7+9.9=11.6 Calculation: How much baking soda use to get approximately 0.3 solutions to make titration (with 0.2 Al-SHAMSI 8 HCl) M1V1=M2V2 (0.2M)(0.25L) =(3M)(𝑉! ) 𝑉! =0.0167L = 16.66mL of 3M HCl needed to make 0.2M HCl solution →16.66mL 3M HCl + water until 250 mL mark =0.2HCl !"#$ 0.2 baking soda !.!"! → 0.01mol baking soda X !".!!"!"#$%&!'()# !"#$%&'!()*+,& =0.84g 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂! (or baking soda) To dissolve in 50mL of water to use for titration. Week Two: Titration: vinegar and NaOH (0.2M) phenolphthalein indicator Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Initial volume 2.1 mL 10.5 mL 18.3 mL End point Volume 10.5 mL 18.3 mL 26.4 mL Final volume 8.4 mL 7.8 mL 8 mL (NaOH) Average Volume 8.1 mL of NaOH was used Titration: Baking soda with HCl Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Initial volume 11.3 mL 18.7 mL 26.7 mL End point Volume 18.7 mL 26.7 mL 34.4 mL Final volume (HCl) 7.4 mL 8.0 mL 7.7 mL Al-SHAMSI 9 Average Volume 7.6 mL of HCl used Discussion 1 In the first week the standardized solution of NaOH was created and it had a molarity of 0.2 and a standardized solution of HCl, which was used a titrant for the acid-base reaction and had a molarity of 0.2 M. From the data it can be inferred that the tested NaOH sample was uncontaminated. Discussion 2 It was observed that during the titration experiment turned pink indicating that the solution was successfully titrated with the right amount acid. In the second week the vinegar and baking soda quality tests the baking soda was mixed to create an aqueous solution and the amounts and volumes were recorded. Research Connection Quality in our daily lives supersedes quantity and it cannot be eliminated from our daily lives because without quality we might use defective products that might lead to bodily or environmental harm.( Yoder, Claude) Conclusion Sodium hydroxide is a powerful basic compound and when it is standardized and reacted with a weak acid such as KHP a weak base is formed. The result of the chemical reaction is as the following equation 𝐾𝐻𝑃 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝑁𝑎𝐾𝑃. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to create water and sodium chloride: 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻! 𝑂. Baking soda and hydrochloric acid react based on the following equation: 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂! + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻! 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂! . Finally, vinegar and NaOH react based on the following equation: 𝐶𝐻! 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻! 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻! 𝑂. The possible sources errors for the experiment were reading errors while reading the volumes from the burette. Another source of error would be impurities in the buret. Al-SHAMSI 10 Works Cited BBC. “GCSE Bitesize science - volumetric analysis: Revision.” BBC. 14 June 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. . Yoder, Claude. Volumetric analysis. 2016. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. . USF Laboratory Toolbox: http://chemistry.usf.edu/undergraduate/genchemlab/toolbox Titration: http://chemwiki.ucdavise.edu/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Quantitative_Analysis/Titration/Tr ation_Fun Standardization:< http://homepages.ius.edu/dspurloc/121/week11.htm.> Federal Trade Commission:http://www.ftc.gov/os/stautes/fplajump.shtm. Use food labels to know what you are eating? There's a 1 in 4 chance they are wrong: http://www.dailfinace.com/2009/09/22/use-food-labels-to-know-what-youre-eating
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Surname: PROJECT 2: QUALITY CONTROL, ANALYSIS OF EVERYDAY PRODUCTS

PROJECT 2: QUALITY CONTROL, ANALYSIS OF EVERYDAY PRODUCTS
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Background
Quality in our day to day experiences surpasses quantity, and it plays a crucial role in
daily lives. In the absence of quality, we may end up consuming substandard products which
consequently can result in causing harm to the body or the environment. In Chemistry, the
capacity to check the quality of any given product entails an illustration of the groupings of the
elements that exist in the sample and confirming that they meet the terms of the product stated.
In checking the quality of a productive otherwise recognized as qualitative exploration, various
methods that defer in complexity depending on the kind of sample that can be applied. In some
instances, one may be necessitated to validate the presence of an element of the cluster that may
require tests that are specialized in relation to the sample being tested. Examples of such tests
that are unique to the sample are flame tests and spot tests. In several cases, the complexity of the
samples requires systematic evaluations to establish all the elements existent in the complex
group. The methods of analyzing the quality of a product can be classified into two categories
which are the qualitative organic analysis and the qualitative inorganic analysis.
Inorganic compounds are complex in nature, and as such, they follow a standard
procedure which involves conducting a hard test consisting of exposing the sample to specific
degrees of heat aimed at eliminating some elements like carbon and water. By exposing to a
flame, the sample and observing the changes in the coloring of either the product or the flame it
can be noted and recorded somewhere. However, the quality of some elements can only be
established by using a characteristic flame. After the sample undergoes through the dry test and
initial studies, it is usually dissolved in a solvent usually water, so as to determine the anionic
and cationic elements. The method follows the principle that exposing the solution to several
reagents will assist in establishing the constituent elements present in the solution. The

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successive treatment of the constituent elements with reagents divides the large groups into
smaller subdivisions or single elements. After the element is separated, it undergoes qualitative
analysis which constitutes evaluating the element to establish whether it is present as well as the
amount present. Sections of the sample may be dissolved individually and several processes
conducted for each particular section to determine the cationic and anionic elements. However,
this method of evaluating the constituent elements of a sample is usually a bit difficult, especially
when dealing with anions and cations.
The nature of organic compounds is generally tested by exposing the compound to heat
whereby most of them react by either melting, producing smoky or non-smoky burning flames,
and in some instances, the flame can leave behind a carbon deposit which is black in color.
Elements that are found in organic compounds includes carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen and some compounds having some metals and halogens.
A volumetric analysis will be carried out when evaluating and...


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