Object Analysis Paper, writing homework help

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Choose one object currently on view at either the Brooklyn Museum or the Metropolitan Museum of Art (or elsewhere in New York, with my approval) and write a 3-5 page object analysis based on the object itself. The object may come from any period or culture.

View the object as it is currently displayed and take pictures of the object. While you are in the museum/gallery, take notes on how the object is displayed, what information the museum/gallery provides on the object, and how the object is situated in relation to other objects.

Then, choose two scholarly peer-reviewed pieces of writing that either directly address the object chosen or the artist/culture that made it.

Write a 3–5 page essay engaging your formal and contextual analysis and the views taken by the authors that you have read.

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THE EFFECT OF IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING ON EFFECTIVE ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MINISTRY OF LAND, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA. TIMOTHY MUTISYA MAILU A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF COMMERCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF COMMERCE, MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY OF KENYA. APRIL, 2016 i DECLARATION I, Timothy Mutisya Mailu, declare that this proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university or for any other award. MAILU TIMOTHY BUS-241-055/2013 ………………………………… …………………………………. Signature Date Declaration by the supervisor I confirm that the work reported in this proposal was carried out by the candidate under my supervision and has been submitted with my approval as a university supervisor. DR. CHRISPUS WAWIRE MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY OF KENYA …………………………………. …………………………………. Signature Date. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge my supervisor, Dr.Wawire for patiently guiding me through the development of this proposal. I would also like to thank my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Mailu for being there for me all through the development of the proposal. Not forgetting the Lord Almighty for His Grace and faithfulness throughout this time. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………...………………………………………………..…iii TABLE OF CONTENTS..…………………………………………………………………….iv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………...…………………………………………vi LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………...vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS….………………………………..…………………………...viii ABSTRACT…………………..………………………………………………………………viii iv CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 INTRODUCTION………….……………..………………………………………………..1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………….…………4 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY……………………………………………..…………..5 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………………………………………….……….…...5 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………….….…….6 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………….……..6 1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………….…….…....6 1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY…………………………………………….……….6 CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………………………….……7 2.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..……..7 2.2 INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON BUDGETS...………………………………….8 2.3 RESOURCE DEPENDENCE PERSPECTIVE ON BUDGETS………………………..9 2.4 EMPIRICAL REVIEW………………………………...………………………………...10 2.5 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW.………..…………………………………...16 2.6 RESEARCH GAPS………………………………………………………………………..17 CHAPTER 3...…………………………………………………………………………………..19 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………………………………….19 3.2 STUDY AREA……………………………………………………………………………..19 3.3 TARGET POPULATION...………………………………………………………………19 3.4 SAMPLING DESIGN……………………………………………………………………..19 3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS…………………………………………………………...20 v 3.6 VALIDITY…………………………………………………………………………………20 3.7 RELIABILITY……………………………………………………………………………..20 3.8 DATA COLLECTION……………………………………………………………………21 3.9 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION……………………………………………21 3.10 LOGISTICAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION………………………………………..…22 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….22 APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………….24 APPENDIX II: RESEARCH SCHEDULE……………………………………………...……24 APPENDIX III: RESEARCH BUDGET…………………………………………………..…29 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK………………………………………………..16 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE……………………………………………24 APPENDIX II: RESEARCH SCHEDULE…………………………………………………...24 APPENDIX III: RESEARCH BUDGET ……………………………………………………..29 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIS Accounting Information System ICT Information Communication Technology IFMIS Integrated Financial Management Information System IMF International Monetary Fund IT Information Technology NYS National Youth Service PEM Public Expenditure Management PEOU Perceived Ease of Use PFM Public Financial Management PU Perceived Usefulness RDP Resource Dependence Perspective TAM Technology Acceptance Model TPB Theory of Planned Behaviour vii ABSTRACT The Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) is a computerized budgeting, accounting and reporting system used by the Kenyan Government to plan and use its financial resources more efficiently and effectively. The main purpose of this study is to establish the effect of IFMIS Re-engineering on effective accountability in ministries. The study will be carried out in the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development in Nairobi, Kenya. The study will employ simple random sampling as its sampling technique and will have 30 respondents from the various departments in the ministry. The data will be collected by use of a structured questionnaire. Eventually, the data will be analyzed through descriptive analysis. viii CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter gives the background of the study. It also covers these other sub-topics: statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of study, and scope of study and limitations of the study. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY According to Ministry of Finance (2013), the Integrated Financial Management Information System is an automated system that is used for public financial management. It interlinks planning, budgeting, expenditure management and control, accounting, audit and reporting. It is designed to improve systems for financial data recording, tracking and information management. This is in response to increasing demands for greater transparency and accountability in the management of the public’s finances. The IFMIS system ensures higher degree of data quality improves workforce performance for improved business results and links planning, policy objectives and budget allocations. The system also: enhances reporting capabilities to support budget planning, automates the procurement process including requisition, tendering, contract award and payment, facilitates auto-reconciliation of revenue and payment with automatic file generation, facilitates automated revenue collections for improved cash forecasting and provides accurate and up-to-date information on the government’s financial position. IFMIS operates on a common structure and platform that enables improved compatibility and consistency of fiscal and financial information, and reduce the government’s overall investment ix in the development of expensive accounting systems in each government entity (Ministry of Finance, 2013). IFMIS IN KENYA Ministry of Finance (2013) states that the IFMIS system was first launched in Kenya in 2003. This, however, introduced only limited modules, with other financial management processes remaining manual. IFMIS Re-engineering was therefore deemed necessary to introduce a full cycle end-to-end integrated approach for efficient and effective public financial management and service delivery to citizens. IFMIS Re-engineering is an initiative of the Ministry of Finance to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in Public Financial Management (PFM). In February 28th 2011, the Deputy Prime Minister and former Minister for Finance Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta launched the IFMIS Reengineering Strategic Plan (2011-2013). IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING “FULL CYCLE END-TO-END PROCESSES” IFMIS Re-engineering moved from the earlier adopted modular approach (modules loosely linked to the General Ledger) to a full end-to-end integrated approach. IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING COMPONENTS Re-engineering for business results: this component’s objective is to re-engineer business processes for improved financial management. Plan to Budget: this component is aimed at providing a structured framework for development and deployment of a fully functional, automated planning and budgeting system, aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency in the government’s planning and budgeting process. x Procure to Pay: this component is aimed at creating an end to end automated process that starts at development of procurement plans, to the actual procurement of goods and services, to payment of suppliers for goods and services delivered. Revenue to Cash: this component is aimed at providing functionalities for collection, recording and classification and reporting of government revenue. It involves all activities related to revenue and cash management from generation to collection, recording of revenue and distribution of funds to the ministries. Record to Report: this component encompasses all activities that include the updating and maintenance of the general ledger, the reconciliation of sub ledgers to the general ledger to closing of books. It also includes recording, control and reporting on fixed assets at both National and County level. ICT to Support: the main objective of this component is to provide the technical support underpinning effective and efficient automation of all the IFMIS processes. It aims to provide the infrastructure and support required for a fully functional financial management system. Communicate to Change: this component focuses on change management, capacity enhancement, information generation and dispersion, education and effective communicate among IFMIS stakeholders. The IFMIS Re-engineering programme adopted a policy direction from ‘modular to full cycle end to end framework’. This approach was crucial in moving away from silo based implementation of modules, to an end to end integration framework in which users would be cognizant of their roles and responsibilities within the entire spectrum of public financial management. xi 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The government has been accused of misappropriation of funds. Some of the cases, such as the Ministry of Land where funds meant for resettling the internally displaced people were pocketed by government officials. According to KF_Admin (2014), the Auditor-General, Edward Ouko, raised a red flag over the continuous massive misappropriation of taxpayers’ funds which he says has cost the country about 500 billion shillings from 2012. It was also brought to light that wastage of around 30% of the total government budget occurs in a fiscal year. In recent times, Macharia (2015) reported that there have been alleged fraudulent IFMIS transactions at the National Youth Service where up to 826 million shillings was paid to suppliers irregularly because of a stolen IFMIS password. The alleged embezzlement of funds at NYS is just one of the many financial scandals that have come into the public limelight resulting in the perception that corruption is at an all-time high. However, a factor that has often been overlooked is the fact that detecting financial impropriety is now easier thanks to ICT systems like IFMIS. Kimeu (2015) pointed out that technology is the key enabler in the fight against corruption. He also insisted that systems like IFMIS are still critical to the fight against corruption because of the electronic trail that delivers to investigators. Where IFMIS has been misused, the trail is easy to follow and it tells you what exactly happened, making it possible to apportion responsibility. IFMIS was introduced in 2004 by Treasury to improve accountability in the management of public finance by providing real-time financial information and assigning roles and passwords for every officer. But it was not until the 2012/2013 financial year did the government use the system to plan and implement the budget. xii So the IFMIS system will enable transparency and accountability while dealing with public funds by controlling fund allocation and also help in providing timely information and well accounted for information that can be used in making decisions. Hence there is need to research on how IFMIS Re-engineering has improved the levels of accountability in the government, to maintain its credibility. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study is to find out the effect of IFMIS Re-engineering on accountability in the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. The specific objectives of the study are: 1. To determine how reporting on utilization of funds has improved. 2. To determine if automation of IFMIS processes has provided efficiency and effectiveness. 3. To determine if automation of planning and budgeting has affected accuracy and efficiency in the planning and budgeting process. 4. To determine to what extent IFMIS Re-engineering has affected the procurement performance in the ministry. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The main questions of the study will be: 1. Has reporting on utilization of funds improved? xiii 2. Has automation of IFMIS processes provided efficiency and effectiveness? 3. Has automation of planning and budgeting affected accuracy and efficiency in the planning and budgeting process? 4. To what extent has procurement performance been affected by IFMIS Reengineering? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The IFMIS system was adopted in the ministry because it facilitates proper public financial management. One of its main functions, specifically the one being focused on here, is its ability to account for funds; how funds are being used and to report on the results after the funds are used or spent. Of late, Kenyan ministries have been losing a lot of money and none of it can be accounted for. And due to this fact, the IFMIS Re-engineering initiative does not seem helpful. This study will be used to shed light on whether the IFMIS Re-engineering initiative has been effective in accountability of public funds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether levels of accountability have improved since adoption of the IFMIS Re-engineering initiative. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is to be carried out in the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. It will consist of 30 employees from the ministry’s Finance, Accounts, Audit and Procurement departments. xiv 1.7 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study will be delimited to the public sector in Nairobi. Further the study will focus on three variables: environment concern, welfare and charity and community involvement. Other variables such as: ethical labor practices, social education and awareness will not be investigated. 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study will be limited to information recorded by observation and professional judgement of the respondents. Results will be determined by what was recorded in the questionnaires irrespective of whether they were truthful or not. 1.9THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In developing countries, most book keeping processes are still manual and usually use obsolete accounting software applications. This tends to have an adverse effect on the efficiency in which public offices operate, Ministry of Land, housing and urban development in Kenya. This has a consequential impact of government resources and public funds being misused. Similarly, the quality of service being offered at the Ministry is relatively low. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IFMIS Re-engineering is an initiative adopted by the Kenyan Ministry of Finance. It has components that promote transparency, accountability and responsiveness of public financial resources. It also strengthens fiscal planning and reporting, enhances controls and audit procedures and curtails wasteful spending and corruption. It basically enhances effectiveness and efficiency in Public Financial Management. xv Figure 1: Conceptual Framework IFMIS Re-engineering Components Revenue to Cash Accountability in the Ministry Record to Report ICT to Support Procure to Pay Plan to Budget Communicate to Change Re-engineering for Business Results Dependent variable Independent variables The components that will affect this study are: plan to budget, revenue to cash, ICT to support and record to report. They will be used to show how the IFMIS Re-engineering initiative has xvi provided transparency and accountability in terms of planning and budgeting, in the procurement area, and how recording and reporting of funds has been affected. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews literature related to integrated financial management information systems. The chapter explores theoretical and empirical literature regarding the effect of IFMIS Reengineering on accountability in the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. It will summarize the information form other researchers who have carried out their research in the same field of study. It will mainly focus on planning and budgeting, procurement and ICT in regard to IFMIS Re-engineering. 2.2 INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON BUDGETS According to Dimaggio & Powell (1983), budgeting diffused via three mechanisms. Under mimetic diffusion, organizations adopt budgets because they observe that other groups become more financially confident and successful with a systematic budgeting process. xvii As budgeting became more popular, there were coercive pressures to adopt budgets. Stockholders who demand sound financial management may expect yearly budgets for key activities. Philanthropic organizations will scrutinize budgets of charitable organizations to ensure future contributions are spent well. Employees expect formal budgets to remain confident that money is available for salaries and important projects. Finally, accountants and financial managers hired by firms bring normative pressures to adopt standardized budget practices. Budgeting is a logical extension of credit-debit accounting principles and is taught in every business school. 2.3 RESOURCE DEPENDENCE PERSPECTIVE ON BUDGETS (RDP) The RDP theory originates from the early work of sociologist Thomsson (1967), whose study opened up the previously more closed view of organizations. The theory is further developed and researchers argue that organizations seek to manage their dependency of the environment resources (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978). This perspective is strongly rooted in an open system framework. It is argued that one cannot understand the structure or behaviour of an organization without understanding the context within which it operates. The theory also emphasizes the middle managers’ level, saying that they must mediate between the relatively open institutional level and the closed technical level. To do so effectively requires the flexibility that is associated with the less formalized and more political activities depicted by the natural system theories. Therefore we can also apply the resource dependency perspective internally in an organization and argue that budgets and resource allocations create dependencies within an organization. xviii 2.4 EMPIRICAL REVIEW According to Diamond & Khemani (2006), in most developing countries, budgeting execution and accounting processes were/are either manual or supported by very old and inadequately maintained software applications. This has had deleterious effects on the functioning of their public expenditure management (PEM) systems, which are often not adequately appreciated. The consequent lack of timely and reliable revenue and expenditure data for budget planning, monitoring, expenditure control and reporting has negatively impacted budget management. The results have been a poorly controlled commitment of government resources, often resulting in a large build-up of arrears: excessive borrowing, pushing up interest rates and crowding out private sector investment; and misallocation of resources, undermining the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. Further, governments have found it difficult to provide an accurate, complete and transparent account of their financial position to Parliament or other interested parties, including donors and the general public. This lack of information has hindered transparency and the enforcement of accountability in government, and has only contributed to the perceived governance problems in many of these countries 2.5 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW Some empirical studies have however established the contrary of what is stated above. The study by Dener & Young (2013) attempted to explore the effects of IFMIS on publishing open budget data and identify potential improvements in budget transparency, and provide some guidance on the effective use of IFMIS platforms to publish open budget data. The study identified 20 key and 20 informative indicators drawn from the public finance websites of 198 economies to assess xix the status of government websites for publishing open budget data from IFMIS. The study established that despite the widespread availability of 176 IFMIS platforms used by 198 governments around the world, good practices in presenting open budget data from reliable IFMIS solutions are highly visible only in 24 countries (12%). 2.6 RESEARCH GAPS Most of the studies that have been carried out are on the implementation of IFMIS, adoption of IFMIS or its effect on procurement performance. None have covered the effect of Reengineering on accountability. xx CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This third chapter contains research design, study area, target population, sampling design, data collection and data analysis and presentation. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The study will adopt the descriptive research approach. According to Kothari (2004), the descriptive research approach is used when a problem is well designed. This design will be used because of its ability to provide a snapshot of the current affairs. 3.2 STUDY AREA The study area of the research will be the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. Its headquarters are located in Ardhi House along Ngong Road in Nairobi. This is a convenient study area due to its location and the employees’ vast knowledge on the IFMIS system. 3.3 TARGET POPULATION The target population will be 30employees in the ministry. These will be from the Finance, Accounts, Audit and Procurement departments in the Land Ministry because they are the ones who know the workings of the IFMIS system best since they use it regularly. 3.4 SAMPLING DESIGN For the purpose of this study, a sample size of 30 respondents will be used. The sampling method anticipated to be used will be simple random sampling, for all employees in the various departments will have equal chance of being selected for the sample. xxi 3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Self-administered questionnaires will be used to collect data from the public officers and electronic questionnaires for those who might not wish to be questioned face to face or may not be available. A questionnaire is a collection of questions to which a research subject is expected to respond. The questionnaires will be used because: large amounts of information can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of time and in a relatively cost effective way. 3.6 VALIDITY This applies to conventional or quantitative research. It refers to the representation of the results: internally and externally. Validity of a research instrument is concerned with the accuracy with which the instrument measures was supposed to. The study will test the validity of the questionnaire by use of content validity, which is a process of logical analysis that involves careful and critical examination of items in the research questionnaire. 3.7 RELIABILITY This concept also refers to the tools being used to observe measure and examine the variables under study. The reliability will also depend on the questionnaire that will be used in the study in that it will be able to produce the same results if used by other researchers. To determine the reliability of the research questionnaire, a pre-test of the same shall be done. 3.8 DATA COLLECTION Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire. This is because it can include structured and unstructured questions. The structured questions are in an effort to conserve time and money xxii and to facilitate easier analysis as they are in immediate usable form while the unstructured questions are used to encourage the respondent to give an in-depth and felt response without feeling held back in revealing information. A questionnaire consists of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. It was invented by the Statistical Society of London in 1838. They have standardized answers making it simple to compile data. They are inexpensive, quick and easy to analyze. 3.9 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modelling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions and supporting decision-making. Data analysis in the study will be done using descriptive analysis. It is a discipline of quantitatively describing the main features of a collection of information. It enables the researcher to summarize and organize data in an effective and meaningful way and provide tools for describing collections of statistical observations and reducing information to an understandable form. Data presentation will be done using charts, tables and graphs because these are easy and understandable ways of presenting data. 3.10 LOGISTICAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Due to sensitivity of some information to be collected, the researcher will hold a moral obligation to treat the information with utmost propriety. Since the respondents may be reluctant to disclose some information, they will be assured of confidentiality of the information given. xxiii REFERENCES Anand M., Sahay B. S. & Saha S. (2004). Cost Management Practices in India: An Empirical Study. ASCI Journal of Management, 33(1-13). Retrieved from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN026858.pdf Bourne M. (2004). Driving Value through Strategic Planning and Budgeting, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/betterbudgeting_techrpt_2004.pdf Dener C. & Young S. (2013). Financial Management Information Systems and Open Budget Data: Do Governments Report on Where the Money Goes? Washington D.C.: World Bank Publication. Diamond J. & Khemani P. (2006). Integrated Financial Management Information Systems in Developing Countries. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 5(3), 98. Retrieved from www.oecd.org Dugdale D. & Lyne S. (2004). Better budgeting or beyond budgeting, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route Gorry G. A. & Scott-Morton M. S. (1971). A Framework for Management Information Systems. Sloan Management Review, 13, 55-70. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/248926 Hendricks C.J. (2012). Integrated Financial Management Information Systems: Guidelines for Effective Implementation by the Public Sector of South Africa. S.A. Journal of Information Management, 14(1), 3. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v14i1.529 xxiv APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION A: THE EFFECT OF IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING ON BUDGETING IN THE MINISTRY Please indicate which level you agree or disagree with these questions by placing tick in the given boxes: Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree 1. Has credibility and confidence of the budget improved through transparency and accountability of information? 2. Has provision of timely and accurate data for budget management improved? 3. Has there been better control over budget execution in the ministry? 4. Has IFMIS Re-engineering allowed for a more standardized and realistic xxv budget formulation in the ministry? 5. Has there been reduced irregular expenditure? SECTION B: THE EFFECT OF IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING ON PROCUREMENT IN THE MINISTRY Please indicate which level you agree or disagree with these questions by placing tick in the given boxes: 6. Has the procurement process become timely and efficient since adoption of IFMIS Re-engineering? 7. Has the system reduced occurrences of fraud in the ministry? 8. Is there timely deployment of payments once verification of goods is done? 9. Has IFMIS Re-engineering improved the process of xxvi how a procurement tender is awarded? 10. Are payments made to the right suppliers’ accounts? 11. Is the supplier relationship easy to manage and are any arising issues resolved quickly? SECTION C: THE EFFECT OF IFMIS RE-ENGINEERING ON REVENUE AND CASH MANAGEMENT 12. Are funds being monitored as they are being transacted? 13. Are transactions promptly recorded once they take place? xxvii 14. Is there monitoring of cash flows in the ministry? YOUR CO-OPERATION AND TIME ARE HIGHLY APPRECIATED. APPENDIX II: RESEARCH SCHEDULE WEEK ACTIVITY Topic and Obtain Develop Collect Analyze Summary, objective literature research data and conclusion and interpret recommendations development review methods the data 1. xxviii 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. APPENDIX III: RESEARCH BUDGET ACTIVITY ESTIMATED COST (KSH) 1. Transport 1,600 2. Feeding and other miscellaneous 1,400 activities 3. Internet costs 1,000 4. Printing 1,500 Total 5,500 xxix xxx
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