Mark the correct answers on a scantron. 1. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by making the reaction more exergonic. B) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. C) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the rate of reverse reactions. D) Enzymes change the equilibrium point of the reactions they catalyze. The following questions 2-4 are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in the following figure 2. Which of the following best describes the forward reaction in the figure ? A) endergonic, ∆G > 0 B) exergonic, ∆G < 0 C) endergonic, ∆G < 0 D) exergonic, ∆G > 0 3. If enzyme is required to catalyze the forward reaction, which represents the activation energy required before addition of enzyme in the figure? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e 4. This reaction happens at temperature range 30-50 Celsius degree with the highest reaction rate at 37 degree. What is the optimal condition for its enzyme? A) 30 B) 35 C) 37 D) 40 E) 50 5. Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses? A) in or near the active site B) at an allosteric site C) at a cofactor binding site D) in regions of the enzyme that determine packaging into the virus capsid 6. Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n) A) competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. B) noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. C) allosteric activator of the enzyme. D) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity. E) coenzyme derived from a vitamin. 7. Photosynthesis transforms __________ energy into ________________ energy. A) chemical; potential B) kinetic; potential C) potential; chemical D) sunlight; heat E) sunlight; chemical 8. The reaction of breaking down starch into glucose is ________. A) catabolic B) anabolic C) dehydration D) endergonic E) nonspontaneous 9. The cellular process of synthesizing large molecules from smaller ones is defined as A) catalysis. B) metabolism. C) anabolism. D) dehydration. E) catabolism. 10. Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing. C) The entropy of the universe is constant. D) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. 11. A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as A) endergonic. B) entropic C) spontaneous. D) exergonic. 12. Which of the following describes the critical role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? A) The terminal phosphate group of ATP is attached by a particularly strong covalent bond that releases extra energy when broken. B) ATP hydrolysis is required for breaking down starch in gut. C) Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to drive exergonic reactions in the cell. D) ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions. 13. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of A) reducing NADP+. B) splitting water molecules. C) chemiosmosis. D) electron transfer in photosystem I. E) electron transfer in photosystem II. 14. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) outer membrane of the chloroplast D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) 15. A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? A) red and yellow B) blue and violet C) green and yellow D) blue, green, and red E) green, blue, and yellow 16. In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex? A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll B) transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi D) transfer electrons to NADPH 17. Which of the following events occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) NADP+ is produced. B) ATP is consumed to yield ADP. C) Carbon dioxide is fixed in organic molecules. D) Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a. 18. The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with A) light energy. B) C and ATP. C) O2 and NADPH. D) ATP and NADPH. 19. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? A) NADPH → O2 → CO2 B) H2O → Calvin cycle→ NADPH C) H2O → photosystem II → photosystem I D) NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 20. Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? A) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. B) Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment. C) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. D) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. 21. Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? A) carbon fixation B) oxidation of NADPH C) release of oxygen D) regeneration of the CO2 acceptor 22. Which process is most directly driven by light energy? A) creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane B) reduction of NADP+ molecules C) removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules D) ATP synthesis 23. What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? A) establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane B) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane C) reduction of water to produce oxygen D) formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP 24. In a plant cell, where are ATP synthase complexes located? A) thylakoid membranes only B) plasma membrane only C) inner mitochondrial membranes only D) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membranes E) thylakoid membrane and plasma membranes 25. Electron transport chains associated with ATP production in plant cells are located in A) the outer chloroplast membranes only. B) the thylakoid membranes only. C) the mitochondrial inner membranes only. D) the thylakoid and outer chloroplast membranes. E) the thylakoid and mitochondrial inner membranes. 26. Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants? A) They are accessory pigments that narrow the spectrum of light wavelengths used to drive photosynthesis. B) They absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation to protect plant chromosomes from damage. C) They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy. D) They absorb orange light, enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis. 27. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? A) regenerate ATP for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis B) produce carbon dioxide for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis C) produce oxygen by oxidizing water D) produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide 28. Reactions that consume CO2 take place in A) the light reactions of photosynthesis only. B) the Calvin cycle only. C) the citric acid cycle only. D) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. E) both the Calvin cycle and the citric acid cycle. 29. Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? A) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions. B) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. C) The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. D) The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for carbon fixation, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. 30. Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are known as A) catabolic pathways. B) anabolic pathways. C) bioenergetic pathways. D) endergonic pathways. 31. In animal cells, glycolysis occurs in the A) cytosol. B) outer mitochondrial membrane. C) inner mitochondrial membrane. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) nucleus. 32. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? A) glycolysis B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain C) the citric acid cycle D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 33. In bacteria, ATP synthase is located A) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. B) in the mitochondrial outer membrane. C) in the cytoplasm. D) in the plasma membrane. E) in the bacterial outer membrane. 34. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? A) electron transport during cellular respiration B) glycolysis C) the citric acid cycle D) oxidative phosphorylation 35. Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? A) cytosol B) outer mitochondrial membrane C) inner mitochondrial membrane D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) mitochondrial matrix 36. In the complete reactions of aerobic respiration, the energy for the majority of ATP synthesis is provided by A) glycolysis. B) citric acid cycle. C) a proton gradient across a membrane. D) the production of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain. 37. The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A) donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. B) serve as an acceptor for released carbon, forming CO2. C) serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. D) combine with acetyl CoA, forming pyruvate. 38. The energy used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space is derived from A) ATP hydrolysis. B) redox reactions in the electron transport chain. C) decreasing the pH in the mitochondrial matrix. D) splitting water to form oxygen and protons. 39. Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized? A) mitochondrial matrix B) electron transport chain C) inner membrane D) outer membrane 40. Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely broken down to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? A) glycolysis B) fermentation C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D) citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation 41. Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria? A) glycolysis B) Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C) citric acid cycle D) oxidative phosphorylation 42. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? A) It increases the surface area for glycolysis. B) It increases the surface area for the citric acid cycle. C) It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. D) It increases the surface area for substrate-level phosphorylation. 43. What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions? A) glucose B) ethanol C) pyruvate D) lactic acid 44. Which metabolic pathway generates a proton gradient? A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B) the citric acid cycle C) chemiosmosis D) electron transport chain 45. The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. C) H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase. D) transfer of phosphate to ADP. 46. Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? A) the citric acid cycle B) the electron transport chain C) glycolysis D) reduction of pyruvate to lactate 47. In aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is oxygen. So the oxygen is _____. A) reduced. B) oxidized. C) a reducing reagent. D) an electron donor. 48. Most CO2 from catabolism is released during A) glycolysis. B) the citric acid cycle. C) lactate fermentation. D) electron transport. 49. A severe fever can result in death if not brought under control because A) it may destroy the primary structure of cellular enzymes. B) it may alter the tertiary structure of cellular enzymes. C) it may increase the rate of cellular chemical reactions. D) it may result in binding inappropriate substrates by cellular enzymes. 50. A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzymatic reaction by A) binding to the active site of the enzyme. B) changing the ∆G for the reaction. C) changing the shape of the enzyme active site. D) decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction. 51. Which of the following processes includes all the others? A) osmosis B) diffusion of a solute across a membrane C) passive transport D) transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient 52. Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A) a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B) a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids C) a lower temperature D) a relatively high protein content in the membrane Answer questions 53 and 54 according to the figure below The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same. Refer to the figure to answer the questions 53 and 54. 53. At the beginning of the experiment, side A in the figure A) is hypertonic to side B. B) is hypotonic to side B. C) is isotonic to side B. D) is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose. E) is hypotonic to side B with respect to sodium chloride. 54. If you examine side A in the figure after three days, you should find A) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level. B) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose. C) no net change in the system. D) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level. E) no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level. Refer to the following figure to answer questions 55- 61. 55. Which component in the figure is a peripheral protein? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 56. Which component in the figure is cholesterol? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 57. Which component in the figure is a fiber of the extracellular matrix? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 58. Which component in the figure is a microfilament of the cytoskeleton? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 59. Which component in the figure is a glycolipid? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 60. Which component in the figure helps membranes resist changes in fluidity at high and low temperatures? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 61. Which component in the figure plays an important role in cell-cell recognition? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 62. Submerging a red blood cell in distilled water will result in A) plasmolysis of the cell. B) lysis of the cell. C) the cell becoming turgid. D) the cell becoming flacid. 63. Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become turgid (stiff). Celery stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become flaccid (limp). From this we can deduce that A) the fresh water and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks. B) the fresh water and the salt solution are both hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks. C) the fresh water is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks. D) the fresh water is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks. E) the fresh water is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks. 64. Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct? A) It is very rapid over long distances. B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. D) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. E) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. 65. What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? A) large hydrophobic B) small hydrophobic C) large polar D) small ionic E) large and hydrophilic 66. When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of organelles, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a A) phase-contrast light microscope. B) scanning electron microscope. C) transmission electronic microscope. D) confocal fluorescence microscope. 67. One advantage of light microscopy over transmission electron microscopy is that A) specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than transmission electron microscopy. C) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than transmission electron microscopy. D) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. 68. Biologists commonly use cell fractionation to A) sort cells based on their size and weight. B) visualize the 3-D structure of cell membranes. C) isolate organelles to examine their biological functions. D) examine the distribution of organelles within the cell. 69. What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movement of living cells? A) standard light microscopy B) cell fractionation C) transmission electron microscopy D) scanning electron microscopy 70. Which of the following may be found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria? A) DNA B) flagella C) plasma membrane D) ribosomes E) endoplasmic reticulum 71. Which of the following will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells? A) cell wall B) mitochondria C) chloroplast D) nucleoid E) lysosome 72. Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct? A) Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not. B) Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not. C) DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria. D) DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea. 73. Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Bacteria and Protista C) Archaea and Protista D) Bacteria and Archaea 74. The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? A) rough ER B) smooth ER C) Golgi apparatus D) nuclear envelope E) lysosomes 75. Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? A) ribosome B) lysosome C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondrion 76. Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus? A) detoxification of toxins B) protein modification and sorting C) synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins D) assembly of ribosomal subunits 77. Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome 78. Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes? A) rough ER B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome 79. In an animal cell, DNA may be found A) only in the nucleus. B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria. C) only in the nucleus and rough ER. D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and rough ER. 80. The chemical reactions involved in respiration in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are virtually identical. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells? A) in the cytoplasm B) on the nucleoid membrane C) on the endoplasmic reticulum D) on the plasma membrane Extra credits: (write down answers on the back of the scantron) 1. Compare and contrast Kreb’s cycle and Calvin cycle in terms of the biological process they are involved in, the starting molecules, and the products. (6pts) 2. What courses bread rising in a process involving yeast? Briefly explain the process. (2pts) 3. Which type of fermentation can happen in human? (2pts)
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