The American People
Eighth edition
Chapter 12
The Union in Peril
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Modules
• Introduction: The Union in Peril
• 12.1: Slavery in the Territories
• 12.2: Political Disintegration
• 12.3: Kansas and the Two Cultures
• 12.4: Polarization and the Road to War
• 12.5: The Divided House Falls
• 12.6: Conclusion: The “Irrepressible Conflict”
Copyright © 2017, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
•
•
•
•
12.1: Recall the proposal from Congress in dealing with
slavery in the territories
12.2: Relate the political party alignments of the 1850s to
the civil war that followed
12.3: Examine how the southerners and northerners viewed
themselves and each other especially after the events in
Kansas
12.4: Distinguish between the cultural stereotypes and
emotional attitudes of the southerners and the northerners
that contributed to the outbreak of civil war
Copyright © 2017, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
•
•
12.5: Evaluate the underlying causes leading to the
American civil war
12.6: Recognize economic, cultural, political, constitutional,
and emotional forces as contributors to the American Civil
War
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Introduction: The Union in Peril
• Crisis in America’s democratic political system
• Causes for the Civil War
• Issue of slavery and the political system
• Four major developments between 1848 to 1861 that
contributed to the Civil War
• Preview of the Kansas Civil War
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12.1: Slavery in the Territories (1 of 4)
Objective: Recall the proposal from Congress in dealing with slavery in the territories
• 12.1.1: Free Soil or Constitutional Protection?
–
–
–
–
Compromise of 1850
Free-Soilers had mixed motives
John C. Calhoun
Economic, political, and moral considerations
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12.1: Slavery in the Territories (2 of 4)
Objective: Recall the proposal from Congress in dealing with slavery in the territories
• 12.1.2: Popular Sovereignty and the Election of
1848
–
–
–
–
Americans sought compromise technique
Whigs
Warning from North
Election
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12.1: Slavery in the Territories (3 of 4)
Objective: Recall the proposal from Congress in dealing with slavery in the territories
• 12.1.3: The Compromise of 1850
–
–
–
–
–
Issues faced by President Taylor
Taylor was political novice
Early 1850
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
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12.1: Slavery in the Territories (4 of 4)
Objective: Recall the proposal from Congress in dealing with slavery in the territories
• 12.1.4: Consequences of Compromise
–
–
–
–
–
Compromise of 1850 added two ingredients to politics
Other disappointments
Other Northerners helped fugitives
Women’s rights convention of 1851
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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Map: The Compromise of 1850
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12.2: Political Disintegration (1 of 3)
Objective: Relate the political party alignments of the 1850s to the civil war that followed
• 12.2.1: Weakened Party Politics in the Early
1850s
– Party scramble
– Election of 1852
– Results
• 12.2.2: The Kansas–Nebraska Act
– Stephen Douglas’s Nebraska bill
– Kansas–Nebraska Act
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12.2: Political Disintegration (2 of 3)
Objective: Relate the political party alignments of the 1850s to the civil war that followed
• 12.2.3: Expansionist “Young America” in the
Larger World
– Introduction
– Expansionist Americans
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Figure: Expansionist “Young America” in the 1850s:
Attempted Raids into Latin America
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12.2: Political Disintegration (3 of 3)
Objective: Relate the political party alignments of the 1850s to the civil war that followed
• 12.2.4: Nativism, Know-Nothings, and
Republicans
– Immigration
– Know-Nothings Party
– Republican party
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12.3: Kansas and the Two Cultures (1 of
2)
Objective: Examine how the southerners and northerners viewed themselves and each
other especially after the events in Kansas
• 12.3.1: Competing for Kansas
– David Atchison
– Population of Kansas
– 1855 elections
• 12.3.2: “Bleeding Kansas”
– Blood and Civil War
– Minor war
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12.3: Kansas and the Two Cultures (2 of
2)
Objective: Examine how the southerners and northerners viewed themselves and each
other especially after the events in Kansas
• 12.3.3: Northern Views and Visions
– North
– Republican government
– Slavery in Northerners’ perspective
• 12.3.4: The Southern Perspective
– Southerners
– Sovereignty
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12.4: Polarization and the Road to War
(1 of 3)
Objective: Distinguish between the cultural stereotypes and emotional attitudes of the
southerners and the northerners that contributed to the outbreak of civil war
• 12.4.1: The Dred Scott Case
– Dred Scott v. Sanford
– Implications of decisions
• 12.4.2: Constitutional Crisis in Kansas
– Reasons for crisis
– Senate reelection 1858
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12.4: Polarization and the Road to War
(2 of 3)
Objective: Distinguish between the cultural stereotypes and emotional attitudes of the
southerners and the northerners that contributed to the outbreak of civil war
• 12.4.3: Lincoln and the Illinois Debates
– Abraham Lincoln
– Douglas
• 12.4.4: John Brown’s Raid
– John Brown
– Southerners’ fear
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12.4: Polarization and the Road to War
(3 of 3)
Objective: Distinguish between the cultural stereotypes and emotional attitudes of the
southerners and the northerners that contributed to the outbreak of civil war
• 12.4.5: The Election of 1860
– Democrats
– Republican strategy
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Map: The Presidential Election of 1860
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12.5: The Divided House Falls
Objective: Evaluate the underlying causes leading to the American civil war
• 12.5.1: Secession and Uncertainty
– Overview
– Three options
– Frederick Douglass
• 12.5.2: Lincoln and Fort Sumter
– Lincoln and secession
– Frederick Douglas’ viewpoint
– Fall of America’s divided house
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12.6: Conclusion: The “Irrepressible
Conflict”
Objective: Recognize economic, cultural, political, constitutional, and emotional forces as
contributors to the American Civil War
– Half-slave and half-free nation
– Extension of slavery into the territories and opposition
between North and South
– Red blood of civil war
– Radically altered national scene – challenge to the
democratic system
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12
The Union in Peril
CHAPTER SUMMARY
As Abraham Lincoln awaits the election returns in November 1860, three other Americans—
Robert Allston, a South Carolina slave owner; Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave; and
Michael Luark, an Iowa farmer—also watch the results of the election, each filled with intense
concern over how the fate of the nation would affect his own. This chapter details the economic,
social, and political developments after 1848 that culminated in the Civil War. As slavery
became further concentrated and profitable in the South after the U.S.-Mexican conflict, a host of
national political controversies erupted over the concept of the spread of slavery to new
territories. Despite congressional political compromises, rancor between North and South over
the spread of slavery would split the nation apart after Lincoln’s election in 1860.
The heightened tensions surrounding the 1860 election and suggested by the anecdote indicate
the central place the Civil War occupies in American history. The causes of the war that
dissolved the Union, therefore, are crucial to an understanding of America’s history. The causes
reflect the interrelationship of politics, emotions, and sectional culture.
Historians have long debated, without resolution, the causes of the Civil War. This chapter
focuses on four developments of the period between 1848 and 1861, each an important cause of
the war. The chapter weaves these developments together in an interpretive narrative account of
both the events and the cultural values behind the events. The student is left to decide how the
four causes interacted to bring about the war and which, if any, were more important than others.
Events in Kansas in 1855 and 1856 are highlighted as a specific microscopic illustration bringing
together many of the forces that led Americans to secession and civil war in 1861.
The primary focus in this chapter is on national political developments involving nationally
known figures because the Civil War was, after all, fundamentally a political event.
Nevertheless, the chapter includes the comments of ordinary Americans, most frequently those
of two figures from earlier chapters, runaway slave Frederick Douglass and South Carolina rice
planter Robert Allston, as they observed the events of the 1850s leading to the outbreak of civil
war.
2
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Slavery in the Territories
Free Soil or Constitutional Protection?
Popular Sovereignty and the Election of 1848
The Compromise of 1850
Consequences of Compromise
Political Disintegration
Weakened Party Politics in the Early 1850s
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Expansionist “Young America” in the Larger World
Nativism, Know-Nothings, and Republicans
Kansas and the Two Cultures
Competing for Kansas
“Bleeding Kansas”
Northern Views and Visions
The Southern Perspective
Polarization and the Road to War
The Dred Scott Case
Constitutional Crisis in Kansas
Lincoln and the Illinois Debates
John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
The Divided House Falls
Secession and Uncertainty
Lincoln and Fort Sumter
Conclusion: The “Irrepressible Conflict”
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