I need help in writing discussion and limitation paragraph ​​(what could be wrong everything that co

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I need help in writing discussion and limitation paragraph (what could be wrong everything that could be wrong in study) below are tips what need to be included in that discussion section.

I need like 4 pages for that section. I will download introduction, methods and results section below becasue based on that discussion need to be write from.


Discussion

The Discussion is the fourth and final section of the paper (centered and bold). This is the part where you interpret and explain your results. Try to explain why you found what you did in your study. Is it what you predicted? If not, why? You may have to think about your results in a theoretically meaningful way. Also, how do your findings fit in with previous theory and literature? You may want to cite them here again in the paper. Are your results consistent or inconsistent with what has been found in the past? If they are inconsistent, how can you explain this? The explanation and interpretation of results will probably be the biggest part of the Discussion.

There are at least two additional parts of the discussion. First, include limitations of the study. Describe the ways in which the internal and external validity of the study may have been compromised. Was the sample biased? Were the measures problematic? Think about what you would do different next time if you conducted a similar study. Future research ideas are often discussed when limitations are discussed. Second, describe the implications of your findings to theory and practice. Answer the question, “How does my study add to psychological theory?” Also, think about practical applications of your findings. Perhaps give some additional directions for future research. When you’ve done that, you have written a paper in APA style! Do you best to keep this section around 1 ½ pages long (do not keep under one page!). Following this is the References section that requires a page break!

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Running head: BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Abstract 1 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Binaural Beats Stimuli Increases Cognitive Abilities Heinrich Wilhelma Dove discovered binaural beats almost 200 years ago. In this study, binaural beats will be investigated on working memory limit (WMC). Different waves for binaural beats were used (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). However, alpha ranges revealed large connected with numerous psychological capacities alongside working memory change. Mostly, the mind movement inside alpha, beta (7.5 - 12.5 Hz in grownups) has been related to carefulness, inhibitory procedures, consideration, working memory, perceptual capacities and data handling speed. Additionally, some other authors suggested that the alpha range directly affects memory size and brain limits by being more able to flirting important and not important information (Klimesch et al., 2007; Tuladhar et al., 2007). According to Chaieb et.al. (2015), there are significant effects on the mind by binaural beats. This study declared that binaural beats could bring a human into a condition of unwinding, expanded concentration, and even have positive effects on the memory. One of the experiments had participant listen to binaural beats for 15 minutes twice per day for 15 days. This resulted in significant differences in how many words the participant recalled by using Wechsler III Memory Scale. In a pilot study, Kennel et al. (2010), explored the potential utilize binaural beats over attention, the results showed increased attention in children and young adults, teens with ADHD performed better and were less distracted based on the experiment. Participants announced subjectively encountering fewer issues related with distractedness amid the review period. Kraus & Porubanova (2015) proposed that particular brain wave motions join cognitive abilities Additionally, Le Scouarnec et al., (2001) conducted a pilot study with binaural beats delta waves where beats examined the participant’s level of concern/doubt. The report revealed that 2 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES patients recorded a diminishment in tension appraisals and expansion in the number of times that the patients tuned into the recordings. Furthermore, in later study Chaieb et al., (ibid.) measured participants' concerns while decision making using delta frequency for 30 min daily over 60 days, the result provided a decrease in concern level. Another aspect of cognitive abilities is vigilance. Vigilance is the capacity to keep up the center of consideration and to stay alarmed to jolts over delayed timeframes. The experiment which applied theta (7Hz) and beta (16Hz) frequencies to measure participant’s awareness/vigilance, showed that by using beta frequencies range difference in a mood which is considered as vigilance is observed. Vigilance depends on stimulus length and what improvements in cognition want to be noted (Chaieb et al., 2015). According to Reedijk et al., (2013) binaural beats were measured on creativity/divergent thinking. There is significant evidence that divergent thinking is affected by binaural beats while on the other hand, convergent thinking is not effected. Secondly, alpha and gamma frequencies did not differ when used to check divergent and convergent thinking. Another study took into account divergent thinking that it is related with alpha frequency synchronization (Fink et al., 2006, 2009). It could in this way be contemplated that initiating a condition of lower cortical excitement by giving individuals alpha wave binaural beats briefly expands their execution on a diverges thinking assignments. A different approach was presented by Lane et al., (1998) to investigate why binaural beat effect mood and attention. During the study, participants filled out questionnaires to measure their mood and attention before the experiment. Lane et al., (ibid.) discovered that participants were able to be more focus and detect particular targets while listening binaural beats in the beta frequencies at the same time. While delta and theta waves affect human 3 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES conscious, however, they produce false alarms. Additionally, there is a significant increase in perplexity and exhaustion while participants are stimulated by delta or theta compared to beta. This study supports the notion that binaural beats enhance cognitive abilities. Based on the assumption that binaural beats influence cognition through neural synchronization, it is conceivable that the waves of the beat matters. For example, short-run correspondence inside brain territories is frequently connected with neural synchronization in the gamma wave, while long-extend correspondence is related with neuronal stage securing in the slower recurrence groups (Schnitzler & Gross, 2005). Many variables have an effect on the viability of beat incitement, including time of each stimulation. Different waves play an important part as well the environment and background that the participant is stimulated which can open or close beat perception (Chaieb et al., 2015). In conclusion, it is evident that binaural beats do have a strong relation with the working memory. The beats have the potential to make the human brain unwind as well as increase the concentration. The beta and theta type of binaural beats are directly proportional to the vigilance of the human brain. The alpha type of beats are also directly related to divergent thinking and increasing the beats increases the divergent thinking capacity of an individual. However, it is important to observe that the binaural beats have a negative impact on the human brain in the sense that they produce false alarms. The aim for the study is investigate how binaural beats in different frequencies (alpha, beta, and gamma) affect human cognitive abilities (attention, reading, thinking, memory). The researcher can predict that each of binaural beats frequencies improves human cognition by stimulation by binaural beats. The improvement may be different based on different waves. 4 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Participants Participants included for this study were registered students at Northeastern Illinois University the ages between of 18-64. Data collected for study came from 9 participants (Female and Male). The participants were recruited through the SONA system. Materials Materials used for the study included a demographic questionnaire (5 sections) along with pretest and posttest questionnaires. Headphones provided by the researchers for participants to listen to the binaural beats and sanitized by alcohol pads before each participant. To access binaural beats one laptop for each participants was used. Binaural beats were coming from four different files created for purpose of the study (alpha, beta, gamma,) frequencies. Procedure Participants entered the study site, and were greeted. The researcher(s) provided the participants with a brief description of what the study will entail. Once briefed, the participants were asked to sign the informed consent form and be given a pretest questionnaire that assesses their initial levels of mindfulness, anxiety, creativity, and cognitive ability. The researcher then sanitized a pair of headphones and gave them to the participant to place over their ears. The participant listened 7 minutes of binaural beats at either alpha, beta, or gamma frequencies. A fourth condition was serve as the control. After 7 minutes of listening, participants received a posttest questionnaire assessing their levels of mindfulness, creativity, cognitive ability, and anxiety. After completion of the questionnaire participants were debriefed and thanked for participating in the study. 5 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Results Performance on the cognitive task was measured by how many items were correct on the cognitive task in both pre-post testing conditions. A dependent-samples t-test was conducted to test for differences between pre-test and post-test scores on the cognitive task. The results were not significant, t(8) = .43, p = .681. There were no differences on performance between the pretest (M = 6.89, SD = 1.54) and post-test scores (M = 7.00, SD = 1.50). Improvement scores were calculated by subtracting pre-test scores from post-test scores. A one-way between-participants analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test for differences on improvement scores across the four conditions (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and control). The results were not significant, F(3, 5) = 1.59, p = .302. There were no differences in performance across all four conditions: for Alpha M = 0.00, SD = .00, for Beta M = 0.00, SD = 0.00, for Gamma M = -0.50, SD = 0.70, and for control condition M = 1.00, SD = 1.41). An independent-samples t-test was analyzed to test for gender differences on improvement scores. The results were not significant, t(7) = .21, p = .837. There were no differences on improvement scores between men (M = 0.00, SD = 0.00) and women (M = 0.14, SD = 0.90). 6 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Discussion References Chaieb, L., Wilpert, E., Reber, T. P., & Fell, J. (2015). Auditory beat stimulation and its effects on cognition and mood states. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 70(6): 1-9. Fink, A., and Neubauer, A. C. (2006). EEG alpha oscillations during the performance of verbal creativity tasks: differential effects of sex and verbal intelligence. International Journal Psychophysiology 62, 46–53 Goodin, P., Ciorciari, J., Baker, K., Carrey, A., Harper, M. (2012). A high-density EEG investigation into steady state binaural beat stimulation. Plos One, 7(4), 1-8. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove. (2017, February 25). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove Kennel, A. G. Taylor, D. Lyon, and C. Bourguignon. (2010). Pilot feasibility study of binaural auditory beats for reducing symptoms of inattention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 25(1), 3– 11. Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., Hanslmayr, S., 2007. EEG alpha oscillations: the inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews 53, 63–88. 7 BINAURAL BEATS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES Kraus, J., Porubanova, M. (2015). The effect of binaural beats on the working memory capacity. Studia Psychologica, 2(57): 1-13. Lane J., Kasian S., Owens J., Marsh G. (1998). Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiology Behavior. 63, 249–252. Le Scouarnec RP, Poirier RM, Owens JE, Gauthier J, Taylor AG, et al. Use of binaural beat tapes for treatment of anxiety: a pilot study of tape preference and outcomes. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2001; 7:58–63 8
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Running head: BINAURAL BEATS

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Binaural Beats Stimuli Increases Cognitive Function
Student’s name:
Course title & number:
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BINAURAL BEATS

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Binaural Beats Stimuli Increases Cognitive Function
Discussion

The study was not able to establish the effects of the binaural beats of creativity, mindfulness,
depression and the level of anxiety. This is because the researcher did not have the tools and
measures to objectively evaluate the effects of binaural beats on these variables. Therefore, the
findings discussed here are based on the cognitive abilities (attention, reading, thinking,
memory).
The results, it was found that there was no significant difference between the pre-test and
post-test as measure using the t-test. This shows that the cognitive abilities in pre-test did not
change significantly after the binaural beats were administered to the participants and a post-test
done. To check for the improvement, the differences between the pre-test and post-test
improvement scores were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The finding from the analysis showed
that there was no significant improvement. Thus, the study showed that binaural beats do not
improve cognitive abilities.
According to the results, the effects of binaural beats on the cognitive abilities are the
same regardless of the type of beats used on the participant. This can be deduced from the
finding that there was no difference in performance across all the four conditions (alpha, beta,
gamma, and control) after the one-way ANOVA was conducted.
The independent-samples t-test showed no gender difference on the improvement scores.
This means that the effects of the binaural beats on cognitive abilities are not gender dependent.
Thus, males and females would be expected to have similar improvement in cognitive abilities
when subjected to the binaural beats.

BINAURAL BEATS

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Thus, the researcher found that binaural beats did not improve the cognitive abilities of
the participants. However, this finding may not apply to anxiety, creativity, mindfulness, and
depression which had been shown to improve in previous studies but were not considered in this
study.
Theoretically, binaural beats are expected to stimulate certain neural patterns in specific
areas of the brain that perceive auditory stimuli. On this background, the investigator had
expected that the binaural beats would improve cognitive abilities in the nine participants in this
study. This is because the previous studies on the same had shown improvement of cognitive
abilities when binaural beats were administered. For instance, as cited in the literature review,
previous studies had shown binaural beats increased attention in children, teens and adults with
ADHD (Chaieb et al., 2015). Also, binaural beats had been shown to improve memory and
concentration on subjects in previous studies (Kennel et al., 2010). Thus, the researcher had
expected to have similar results in this study. However, the findings showed that binaural beats
did not improve cognitive function and improvement scores subjected to t-tests showed no
significant improvement in the cognitive abilities. This finding could be due to environmental
factors that affect the participants’ perception of binaural beats and other internal validity and
external validity issues that affected the study. Also, it could be because the binaural beats do not
actually improve cognitive abilities and the study findings are accurate.
The researcher had expected significant differences in improvement of scores across the
four frequencies of binaural beats (alpha, beta, gamma, and control). Previous studies had shown
that beta waves increased vigilance and attention while alpha waves binaural beats had been
shown to increase divergent thinking. The results however showed no significant differences
when different waves (alpha, beta, and gamma) of binaural beats were used. This finding may be

BINAURAL BEATS

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because the study focused on cognitive abilities while the findings in previous studies had used
other variables (divergent thinking, memory, and mood) to establish the differences in
improvement scores as determined by the type of waves used in the binaural beats (Chaieb et al.,
2015; Fink et al., 2006, 2009). Again, the difference in improvement scores due to the beta,
gamma and alpha waves was not objectively evaluated in this study and could have let to the
above finding when the scores were subjected to one-way ANOVA.
According to Chaieb et al. (2015), the menstrual cycle affects auditory perception in
females. Thus, the investigator expected the study findings to show gender difference in the
improvement scores. However, the gender difference in improvement scores was not apparent in
this study. This could be due to the fact that the sample used was inadequate to show statistically
significant difference in improvement scores between males and females.
There were some limitations that affected the study. The recruitment of the participants
was difficult and affected the study. For instance, the study had only nine participants aged
between 18-64 years who were students recruited from Northeastern Illinois University.
However, the investigator had expected to have a sample size of at least 38 participants in the
study. Thus, the sample size was inadequate to meet the study objective and to confidently
generalize the findings to the population from which the study sample was drawn. In addition,
selecting participants from the same context was a threat to the internal validity of this study. In
...


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