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Topic: Racial Profiling
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Cover page

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Question analysis

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References


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Racial Profiling
Name
Institutional Affiliation

Brief Introduction
Racial profiling is one of the most contentious subjects in the process of criminal justice
in the United States. It can be labelled as the application of the race, nationality or ethnicity of a
person as a vital factor in law enforcement. For example, people of particular race and ethnicity
are more disposed to procedures such as checks which are random as well unwarranted arrests.
The postulation by many of the police officers is that people from specific ethnic groups and
races especially African American and Hispanic people are more subject to committing crime
than other races. Because of this deep-seated stereotype, these individuals suffer racial profiling
which compromises the criminal justice system and its obligation to protect and serve people
without judgment. Racial profiling should be prohibited as a law enforcement exercise.

Difference between Racial Profiling and Suspect Based Profiling
1. Kate Antonovics & Brian G Knight, a New Look at Racial Profiling: Evidence from the
Boston Police Department, 91 Review of Economics and Statistics 163-177 (2009)
2. Colorado Springs, police agree to pay $212,000 to settle racial profiling lawsuit – The Denver
Post Denverpost.com, http://www.denverpost.com/2017/04/20/colorado-springs-police-racialprofiling-settlement/ (last visited Apr 21, 2017)
3. Samuel R. Gross & Debra Livingston, Racial Profiling under Attack, 102 Columbia Law
Review 1413 (2002)
4. David Harris, Driving while black (ACLU 1) (1999)
5. Harry F. Connick, District Attorney, et al., Petitioners, v. John THOMPSON., 131 S.Ct. 1350
(2011)
6. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001)
7. UNITED STATES v. ARMSTRONG et al., 517 U.S. 456 (S.Ct. 1996)
8. Ronald Weitzer & STEVEN A. Tuch, Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and
Personal Experience*, 40 Criminology 435-456 (2002)
9. K. Welch, Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling, 23 Journal of Contemporary
Criminal Justice 276-288 (2007)

Suspect profiling and racial profiling are two terms that are used interchangeably despite
differences in definition among other factors. These two types of profiling have consistently been
the most confounding, divisive and a controversial issue in law enforcement. Perceptions created
by people concerning these two kinds of profiling have inhibited the law enforcement officials
from administering their services in communities. Due to the misunderstanding in the definition
of the terms, advancements in this emerging field have been prevented. The contradiction and
disagreement have its impact on law enforcement and the community since it creates parallel
perceptions. Racial profiling and suspect profiling are matters of huge concern that require
differentiation to avert the negativity attached to police officers who are ethical in their work.
The relationships attached to the terms also determine the relationship between communities
primarily black communities and the law enforcers.
Offender profiling assists police officers and detectives in conducting an analysis of the
patterns by the suspect(s), predict future offenses and create a linkage in the frequently visited
1. Kate Antonovics & Brian G Knight, a New Look at Racial Profiling: Evidence from the
Boston Police Department, 91 Review of Economics and Statistics 163-177 (2009)
2. Colorado Springs, police agree to pay $212,000 to settle racial profiling lawsuit – The Denver
Post Denverpost.com, http://www.denverpost.com/2017/04/20/colorado-springs-police-racialprofiling-settlement/ (last visited Apr 21, 2017)
3. Samuel R. Gross & Debra Livingston, Racial Profiling under Attack, 102 Columbia Law
Review 1413 (2002)
4. David Harris, Driving while black (ACLU 1) (1999)
5. Harry F. Connick, District Attorney, et al., Petitioners, v. John THOMPSON., 131 S.Ct. 1350
(2011)
6. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001)
7. UNITED STATES v. ARMSTRONG et al., 517 U.S. 456 (S.Ct. 1996)
8. Ronald Weitzer & STEVEN A. Tuch, Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and
Personal Experience*, 40 Criminology 435-456 (2002)
9. K. Welch, Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling, 23 Journal of Contemporary
Criminal Justice 276-288 (2007)

geographic locations. Law authorities work in conjunction with other professionals and also use
computerized investigative systems to help in locating suspects. Examples of other professional
material to offender profiling include psychologists, forensic scientists, and behavioral analysts.
Criminal profiling has assisted in solving complex crimes such as sporadic serial killings, sexual
assaults, and murders. Crime data is the center of focus while race and ethnicity are the centers
of focus for racial profiling. Another variance between the two is the fact that criminal profiling
uses actionable intelligence whereas racial profiling is mere bias. Therefore unlike racial
profiling criminal profiling is more objective and strategic thus offering an alternative to law
enforcers who hide behind racial profiling in their execution of the law. Police officers are more
likely to get more offenders through the use of criminal profiling than racial profiling.

Cons of Racial Profiling

1. Kate Antonovics & Brian G Knight, a New Look at Racial Profiling: Evidence from the
Boston Police Department, 91 Review of Economics and Statistics 163-177 (2009)
2. Colorado Springs, police agree to pay $212,000 to settle racial profiling lawsuit – The Denver
Post Denverpost.com, http://www.denverpost.com/2017/04/20/colorado-springs-police-racialprofiling-settlement/ (last visited Apr 21, 2017)
3. Samuel R. Gross & Debra Livingston, Racial Profiling under Attack, 102 Columbia Law
Review 1413 (2002)
4. David Harris, Driving while black (ACLU 1) (1999)
5. Harry F. Connick, District Attorney, et al., Petitioners, v. John THOMPSON., 131 S.Ct. 1350
(2011)
6. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001)
7. UNITED STATES v. ARMSTRONG et al., 517 U.S. 456 (S.Ct. 1996)
8. Ronald Weitzer & STEVEN A. Tuch, Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and
Personal Experience*, 40 Criminology 435-456 (2002)
9. K. Welch, Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling, 23 Journal of Contemporary
Criminal Justice 276-288 (2007)

Unfortunately, racial profiling has become a standard feature in the America law
enforcing culture; euphemisms have even been created to explain the various target groups. It is
also unfortunate that the African Americans are victims most of the time. In fact, one of the
euphemisms for criminal activity is young black male 4. Various elements point to the reasons
for black criminal typification. The stereotypes that certain minority groups and ethnic
communities are more susceptible to committing a crime has been entrenched in the minds of the
police thus contaminating police culture. This stereotypical behavior is predisposed whenever
police officers arrest African American people and especially males without clear evidence or
reason for the arrest. In his article ‘black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling,’ Kelly Welch
established that the idea...