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Answers all the question to each of the question on the study guide below. All the answers MUST be in RED.
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Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1 Introduction and classification
Pasteur-disproved “spontaneous generation”
Know prokaryote/eukaryote distinctions & comparisons; examples
3 domains of life- know which prokaryotes/eukaryotes are
What is Carl Woese’s contribution to phylogeny?
Carl Woese was a biophysicist and microbiologist who uncovered the "third domain" of life, with the
detection of archaea. In doing so he redrew the taxonomic tree and proved that all life on Earth is
related.
What is Taxonomy? Binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals
and microorganisms of the world. Binomial Nomenclature is a formal system of naming organisms
consisting of two Latinized names, the genus and the species.
Chapter 3,4: Tools, Bacteria and Archaea
List the Five I's
Innoculation; Incubation; Issolation; Inspection; Identification
Difference between complex and defined media ; Selective media and Differential Media
Complex media- that is, media for which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to
batch. Defined media- a medium whose exact chemical composition is known. Selective media is a
medium used to grow one or certain types of MO's whereas Differential media is a medium with a single
substrate to help differentiate between MO's
Shapes and arrangement of Bacteria; Functions of Capsule, Fimbriae and pili
Motility – flagella – 4 types of arrangements (mono, lopho, amphi, peritrichous)
Cell Wall : General functions of bacterial cell wall. Difference between the cell wall in
gram positive and gram negative bacteria. – which one has more layers of PG , which
type contains teichoic acids, which one has the outer membrane( LPS layer). The
components that make up the LPS layer and their functions.
The major function of the cell wall is to provide rigidity, tensile strength, structural support, protection
against mechanical stress and infection. Gram positive cell walls contain a thick peptidoglycan layer with
techoic acids. Gram negative cell walls contain a thin peptidoglycan layer (without techoic acids) that is
surrounded by a thick plasma membrane, with a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer is composed of a phospholipid called Lipid A which is
responsible for toxic effects, a core polysaccharide of fiver sugars linked through ketodeoxyoctulonate
(KDO) to lipid A and O antigen which are used to identify certain organisms in microbiology laboratory. O
antigens are toxic and account for some of the virulence of certain gram negative bacteria.
What is periplasmic space?
Periplasmic space is the area found between two permeable boundaries. Periplasmic space is
found in Gram-negative bacteria, between the inner and the outer membranes.
Endospores – Importance
Unique to bacteria, endospores are highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional
layers, formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane. The primary function of most endospores is to
ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.
Chapter 6 Viruses
Structure of virus - capsid, capsomeres, nucleocapsid etc,
different shapes - spherical, rod, complex.
Different ways to cultivate virus; What are plaques?
Viruses are grown in cultured cells, embryonated eggs, or lab animals.
Plaques are clear areas on an otherwise opaque field of bacteria that indicates the inhibition or
dissolution of the bacterial cells by some agent, either a virus or an antibiotic.
What is lytic and lysogenic cycle?
Lytic cycle is the normal process of viral reproduction involving penetration of the cell membrane,
nucleic acid synthesis, and lysis of the host cell. Lysogenic cycle is a form of viral reproduction involving
the fusion of ...
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