Part 1 Your response to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Patient Interview Skin and Breast Psoriasis            Psoriasis is a condition of skin causing red and crusty, as well as flaky patches of the skin that is covered with the scales that are silvery. The patches usually appear on individual’s knees, lower back, elbows, as well as scalp; nonetheless, may appear anywhere on the body (Armstrong & Read, 2020). Psoriasis may start at any age, however, it most frequently develops in adults below thirty-five years. Psoriasis severity differs greatly from individual to individual, and for some individuals, it is just a minor irritation, nevertheless, for other individuals, it can greatly affect their quality of life (Rendon & Schäkel, 2019).            The underlying cause of psoriasis is a problem in immune system which causes faster regeneration of skin in comparison to the normal rates. The malfunctioning of the immune system may occur due to environmental factors and genetics (Rendon & Schäkel, 2019). Individuals having psoriasis have augmented the production of skin cells. As a result, the skin cells build up and creates patches linked to psoriasis. The immune system protects the body against infection and disease, however, it attacks skin cells that are healthy by mistake among people having psoriasis (Armstrong & Read, 2020). Psoriasis is triggered by stress, infections that include skin infections and strep throat, cold and dry weather conditions, injury to the skin, heavy consumption of alcohol, and smoking as well as exposure to secondhand smoke. Besides, psoriasis is triggered by rapid withdrawal of systemic or oral corticosteroids, and certain medications such as medications for hypertension, lithium, and antimalarial medications (Rendon & Schäkel, 2019).             The common signs, as well as symptoms of psoriasis, are swollen and stiff joints, burning, soreness or itching, and pitted, thickened, or ridged nails. Also, psoriasis signs and symptoms include small scaling spots and dry and cracked skin which can itch or bleed (Armstrong & Read, 2020). Definitions and Comparison of Breast Diseases            Fibrocystic breast disease is a noncancerous or benign condition that makes the breasts feel lumpy. The condition is dangerous or harmful, but it can be uncomfortable or bothersome for some women (Malherbe & Fatima, 2019). On the other hand, fibroadenoma is a common painless, and unilateral, and non-cancerous or benign breast tumor which is a solid and not fluid-filled lump, and made up of stromal tissue and glandular tissue. This condition occurs most frequently in women in their twenties and thirties, but it can be found among women of any age. Fibroadenoma may shrink after menopause when levels of hormone decrease (Ajmal & Van Fossen, 2018). Conversely, a malignant breast tumor is a cancerous breast tumor that can be aggressive since it invades as well as damages the surrounding tissues (Sharma et al., 2017).            Fibrocystic breast disease symptoms include tenderness, swelling, thickening tissue, pain, and lumps in one breast or both breasts (Malherbe & Fatima, 2019). In contrast, the symptoms of fibroadenoma are solid breast lumps which are easily moved, painless, firm, and round with distinct and smooth borders (Ajmal & Van Fossen, 2018). On the other hand, the symptoms of malignant breast tumor comprise a lump in the breast, and nipple discharge, discomfort, thickening or swelling of part of the breast, and irritation or dimpling of the breast skin (Sharma et al., 2017).            Fibrocystic breast disease is mainly caused by changes in breast tissue in response to hormones that are made by ovaries. Individuals with this condition have more pronounced changes in reaction to the hormones (Malherbe & Fatima, 2019). On the contrary, the main cause of fibroadenoma is unknown; nonetheless, it may be related to reproductive hormones. The condition often occurs during reproductive years and may become bigger during pregnancy or with the utilization of hormone therapy (Ajmal & Van Fossen, 2018). In contrast, a malignant breast tumor develops when there is the uncontrollable growth of cells. The condition occurs when the cells which are growing uncontrollably are abnormal as well as do not function like the normal cells of the body. The continuous growth and spread of the cells make the disease to be life-threatening (Sharma et al., 2017). References Ajmal, M., & Van Fossen, K. (2018). Breast fibroadenoma.Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk535345 Armstrong, A. W., & Read, C. (2020). Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review. Jama, 323(19), 1945-1960. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4006 Malherbe, K., & Fatima, S. (2019). Fibrocystic breast disease. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk551609 Rendon, A., & Schäkel, K. (2019). Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(6), 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061475 (Links to an external site.) Sharma, M., Singh, R., & Bhattacharya, M. (2017, November). Classification of breast tumors as benign and malignant using textural feature descriptor. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) (pp. 1110-1113). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/BIBM.2017.8217811 Part 2 Your response to your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Patient Interview KM is a 38-year-old white woman with a 6-year history of psoriasis. Her family history includes allergies and asthma and her mother with psoriasis. KM returns today for an increase in symptoms, and she wants to improve the appearance of her skin. Please discuss the following: What is the underlying cause of psoriasis? According to the Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (2021), Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the body. Because of the inflammation, you may be able to see visible signs on the skin. These signs include raised plaques and scales. These appear because the immune system is overactive causing a rapid production of skin cells. Risk factors include a person’s family history, stress, and smoking. In KM’s case, she is a white female with a family history of psoriasis. One research study showed that the prevalence of psoriasis in Caucasian patients was 2.5% and nearly 1.3% in African American patients (Gelfand et al., 2017) What are the common signs and symptoms of this disease? According to Mayo Clinic, Psoriasis is a chronic, common disease with no cure. Usually, it will go through cycles where it can flare for a few weeks or months then goes into remission. Although signs and symptoms can vary from person to person the most common include red patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales, dry, cracked skin that may itch and bleed, swollen and stiff joints, and thickened pitted or ridged nails. Define, Compare and Contrast the following conditions: Fibrocystic breast disease Fibrocystic breast disease also called fibrocystic breasts or fibrocystic change is a benign condition where the breast feels lumpy. All though it may be bothersome for some women, it is not harmful or dangerous (Cafasso, 2019). According to Mayo Clinic, more than half of women will develop fibrocystic breast disease at some point. Having fibrocystic breasts can make it more challenging to detect breast cancer. Some signs and symptoms of fibrocystic breast include swelling, pain, lumps, and tenderness. Fibrocystic breast disease is caused by hormonal changes and one’s symptoms can present before or during your menstrual cycle. Diagnosis consists of a doctor performing a breast exam or it can also be diagnosed from an ultrasound, Mammogram, or MRI. Fibroadenoma According to the American Cancer Society (2021), Fibroadenoma are common and are benign. Fibroadenomas are breast tumors made up of glandular tissue and connective tissue. There are commonly found in women in their 20s and 30s. Fibroadenomas are round in nature with clear-cut borders, can often feel like a marble within the breast. When a fibroadenoma is present, a biopsy is ordered to make sure the tumor is indeed benign. Physicians recommend removing fibroadenomas. Malignant breast tumor A malignant breast tumor is also known as breast cancer, according to the American Cancer Society (2020). Breast cancer usually evolves from a lump. Although it is more prevalent in women, men may also get breast cancer. Most breast cancers start in the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. According to the Cleveland Clinic, Non-Hispanic Black women in the US have a 39% higher risk of dying from breast cancer. At the current time, there is no specific cause of breast cancer only certain risk factors can put you at higher risk of developing it. Some of these risk factors include body weight, Implants, using hormone-based prescriptions, and alcohol consumption. Breast cancer is diagnosed by either a breast examination, Mammography, or Ultrasonography, and biopsy. Treatment is different depending on the size and location of the tumor. References Breast cancer: Causes, stage, diagnosis & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer.  Cafasso, J. (2019, March 7). Fibrocystic breast disease: Causes, symptoms, and diagnosis. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/fibrocystic-breast-disease.  Fibroadenomas of the breast. American Cancer Society. (2021). https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibroadenomas-of-the-breast.html.  Gelfand, J. M., Stern, R. S., Nijsten, T., Feldman, S. R., Thomas, J., Kist, J., Rolstad, T., & Margolis, D. (2017, January). The prevalence of psoriasis in African Americans: Results from a population-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15627076/.  Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. (2021). Psoriasis: Causes, triggers and treatments. National Psoriasis Foundation. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/. 

Read Kaufman, K. (2008). Managing risk in a challenging financial environment: Journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association 62(8):45-50 - Day, G. (2007). Is it Real? Can We Win? Is it Worth Page 8 of 11 Pages Doing?: Managing Risk & Reward in an Innovation Portfolio. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2007/12/is-it-real-can-we-win-is-it-worth-doing-managing-risk-and-reward-in-an-innovation-portfolio  Week 7 Is It Real_ Can We Win_ Is It Worth Doing__ Managing Risk and Reward in an Innovation Portfolio PDF Verison Write the article review. Follow https://blog.essaybasics.com/how-to-write-an-article-review/ for guidance. Make sure to provide an answer to the following (in the conclusion) -Is this article relevant to the current healthcare strategic approaches to risk assessment and management? In what way? What has/has not changed and why?

Choose one of the cases below for your report and include the following:A thorough understanding of the topic A critical assessment of all questionsAt least two differential diagnoses, if applicableAt least two pharmacologic treatment modalities, if applicableA well-developed treatment plan A thorough patient education plan The body of your paper needs to be 3-4 pages long. This does NOT include the title page and reference page. Papers that are more than 4 pages long will not be accepted. You must reference a minimum of two scholarly sources on your paper. Use current APA format to style your paper and to cite your sources. Your source(s) should be integrated into the paragraphs. Use internal citations pointing to evidence in the literature and supporting your ideas. CASE STUDY: Casey, a 17-year-old female, G0P0, presents to the clinic asking for a contraceptive method. She shares that she has never used any birth control except for foam purchased over the counter. She says her boyfriend uses condoms, but not all the time. She has had 3 lifetime partners beginning with her first boyfriend at age 15. This is her first visit for an exam and she is “kind of scared.” She says that the last time she and her boyfriend had sex, they did not use condoms or foam. She heard her friend talk about a shot, but she is afraid of needles and wants to know what else she can use. She shares that she has never been ill, does not take any medication, smokes marijuana on the weekends with her boyfriend, and sometimes drinks alcohol.On exam, her height is 5' 2", weight is 105lbs, and BP is 110/62.What additional history is required before discussing birth control options?What assessment and labs must you obtain for this visit before prescribing hormonalcontraceptives?Which contraceptive methods will suit her needs? And why? Which methods are notrecommended for Casey and why?What information will you provide regarding each contraceptive method recommended?What additional education will you provide for Casey?