nutrition in life cycle assignment, health and medicine homework help

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Part II 1. Discuss two life cycle stages that you believe are important for life-long health. Include why you chose these stages above others. How do you propose to make others aware of the role nutrition plays in these life stages? (1 pages, 100 points) 2. What role do you believe that self-reflection/self-assessment could play for those who are providers in the areas of nutrition, education, and/or health? Separately, how can self-reflection serve you as a supervisor, manager, or administrator? How did you use your reflective journal for the Nutrition in the Life Cycle course? Have you used reflective journaling outside of this course? If so, how have you used it? (at least one page, 50 points) 3. Which two of the Student Presentations of Nutrition Agencies or Programs contributed the most to your understanding of nutrition programs and agencies? Discuss what new information you gathered from these presentations. Students may include their own presentation as one of the two that they discuss in this essay. (1 page, 100 points) Part II: Multiple-Choice Questions (worth one point each): Circle the best answer. A. Preconception Nutrition 1. Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight. a. True b. False 2. Women trying to get pregnant should avoid all sources of caffeine. a. True b. False 3. It is preferable to meet nutrient requirements through dietary supplements rather than foods. a. True b. False 2 4. A body mass index (BMI) greater than _____ kg/m is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women. a. 17 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30 e. 35 5. The National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed a set of standards called _____ to serve as guidelines for the delivery of nutrition services. a. the Nutrition Care Process b. WIC c. Preconception Health Services d. Pregnancy Health Standards e. Preconception Nutrition Guidelines 6. Which statement correctly describes preconception health care? a. Preconception health care is concerned with the health and nutrition status of females rather than males. b. Pregnant females are a target audience of preconception health care. c. Fetal health and development is not a concern of preconception health care. d. Preconception health care may concern topics such as weight and dietary supplement use. e. Preconception health care advises couples about the most effective contraceptive methods to use. 7. Ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain. a. True b. False 8. The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is _____. a. medication b. weight loss c. hormone therapy d. in-vitro fertilization e. surgery . Page 1 9. The three components of the female athlete triad are _____ a. anemia, anorexia, and osteoporosis b. amenorrhea, anemia, and anorexia c. menstrual dysfunction, eating disorder, and osteoporosis d. eating disorder, anemia, and osteoarthritis e. eating disorder, osteoporosis, and infertility 10. Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _____ from the diet. a. sugar b. gluten c. fiber d. excess vitamins e. fats B. Nutrition During Pregnancy 1. If not accompanied by hypertension, edema in pregnancy generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume. a. True b. False 2. The rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time in life. a. True b. False 3. Pregnancy weight-gain recommendations are the same for all women, regardless of their weight status before pregnancy. a. True b. False 4. Population-wide improvements in social circumstances, infectious disease control, and availability of _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality than have technological advances in medical care. a. industrial development b. vaccination c. safe and nutritious foods d. transportation e. pre- and post-pregnancy counseling 5. The first half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase while the second half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase. a. anatomic; catatonic b. catatonic; anatomic c. catabolic; anabolic d. anabolic; catabolic e. hyperplastic; hypertrophic . Page 2 6. The placenta transports _____ between the mother and fetus. a. blood only b. nutrients only c. gas only d. blood and nutrients e. nutrients and gas 7. The primary purpose of increased body water expansion is to _____. a. support large gains in fetal weight b. expand blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus c. provide the mother with plenty of fluids d. dilute the high concentration of nutrients in pregnant women e. make room for growing organs 8. The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____. a. glucose b. fatty acid c. protein d. cholesterol e. fiber 9. The first organ to develop in humans is the _____. a. brain b. heart c. intestines d. stomach e. lungs 10. It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ pounds during pregnancy. a. 5-10 b. 15-25 c. 25-35 d. 28-40 e. 35-45 11. The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day. a. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. 500 e. 650 12. Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects. a. vitamin D b. choline c. vitamin A d. DHA e. folate . Page 3 13. Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____. a. heart defects b. small ears c. brain malformations d. poorly calcified bones e. lower intelligence 14. Pregnant women of _____ ethnicity are more likely than those of other ethnicities to have an eating disorder known as pica. a. African American b. White Caucasian c. Hispanic d. Japanese e. Chinese 15. Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____. a. changes in dietary intake only b. usual dietary intake only c. dietary supplement use only d. weight-gain progress and changes in dietary intake e. usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress 16. Weight loss by obese women during pregnancy _____. a. is recommended b. increases the risk for large-for-gestation-age infants c. lengthens the duration of pregnancy d. increases the risk for small-for-gestation-age infants e. has no impact on pregnancy outcomes 17. Dumping syndrome is a condition characterized by the abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach and is seen in women who _____. a. have gestational diabetes b. are at risk for preeclampsia c. have undergone bariatric surgery d. drink more than 4 alcoholic beverages per day e. are carrying triplets 18. Ideally, when should dietary intervention for preeclampsia begin? a. prior to pregnancy b. prior to infant delivery c. prior to the 20th week of pregnancy d. after the 20th week of pregnancy e. after childbirth . Page 4 19. The mainstay of treatment for gestational diabetes aimed at normalizing blood glucose levels is(are) _____. a. oral medications b. insulin injections or an insulin pump c. a low-calorie, high-protein diet d. medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise e. a very low calorie intake 20. The primary outcome goal for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes is to _____. a. maintain blood glucose levels within normal range b. prevent the development of diabetes later in life c. prevent excessive weight gain d. maintain normal blood pressure e. avoid the use of insulin during pregnancy C. Nutrition During Lactation 1. Because human infants grow at a relatively slow rate, the mineral content of human milk is higher than that of other animals that grow faster. a. True b. False 2. Breastfeeding women on a vegetarian diet tend to get plenty of protein as long as their energy intakes are adequate. a. True b. False 3. Human milk is the only food needed by the majority of healthy infants for approximately the first _____ months. a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12 e. 18 4. What nutrient is predominant in human milk? a. water b. fat c. protein d. fiber e. carbohydrate 5. One of the nutritional benefits of breastfeeding is that _____. a. human milk contains few protein-bound minerals, making it more digestible for the infant b. the balance of nutrients in human milk matches requirements needed for human growth c. infants need no additional fluids other than water when breastfeeding d. human milk provides very low amounts of lipids e. the high protein content of human milk provides immature kidneys with nitrogen . Page 5 6. Which statement explains the difference between morbidity rates and mortality rates? a. Morbidity is the rate of death in a population; mortality is the rate of illness. b. Morbidity is the rate of illness in a population; mortality is the rate of death. c. Morbidity is the obesity rate in a population; morality is the rate of illness. d. Morbidity is the obesity rate in a population; mortality is the rate of death. e. Morbidity is the rate of infant deaths in a population; mortality is the rate of adult deaths. 7. Which statement correctly describes milk production? a. The amount of milk produced is the same regardless of the number of infants being nursed. b. Milk production is triggered only when the breast is empty of milk. c. Women with smaller breasts have a reduced capacity for milk production. d. Milk production is highest in the days following birth and decreases thereafter. e. Milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast. 8. Normally, newborn infants receive _____ feedings per day. a. 3-4 b. 5-7 c. 8-9 d. 10-12 e. 13-14 9. Hindmilk has a _____ content than foremilk. a. lower calorie and higher lactose b. higher lactose and higher fat c. higher fat and higher calorie d. higher calorie and higher lactose e. lower fat and higher calorie 10. Healthy People 2020 has breastfeeding objectives focusing on _____. a. increasing the proportion of breastfed infants b. increasing the duration of breastfeeding c. decreasing the duration of breastfeeding d. increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and increasing the duration of breastfeeding e. increasing the proportion of breastfed infants but decreasing the duration of breastfeeding 11. An urban community wants to decrease ethnic and racial disparities in early postpartum breastfeeding rates. Which ethnic group would most likely have the greatest potential for increased breastfeeding rates? a. African-American women b. White women c. Hispanic women d. Asian women e. Latina women 12. With regard to breastfeeding on the job, current federal law _____. a. prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while on a break b. ensures a woman’s right to breastfeed at authorized locations on federal property c. prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while at lunch d. provides tax credits to employers who provide lactation services e. establishes minimum standards for breast pump safety . Page 6 13. Physicians typically are well trained to counsel women on breastfeeding. a. True b. False 14. The vast majority of women experience significant problems with breastfeeding. a. True b. False 15. HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant through breastfeeding. a. True b. False 16. Alcohol is transferred through breast milk. a. True b. False 17. The best way to prevent sore nipples is to _____. a. take a prophylactic dose of antibiotics b. make sure the baby is positioned properly c. place cabbage leaves on your breasts before nursing d. place herbal salve on the nipple area e. nurse frequently 18. It will take approximately _____ hour(s) to eliminate the alcohol in one glass of wine from a 120-pound nursing woman. a. 35.0. 25. Having a BMI of _____ means a person is obese. a. >25 b. >27 c. >27 for men and > 29 for women d. >30 e. >40 26. A man who is 50 years old and has a BMI of 27.9 would be considered _____ based on his BMI. a. underweight b. normal weight c. overweight d. obese e. extremely obese 27. BMI approximates body fat for most healthy individuals; however, BMI measures don’t accurately represent body fatness for _____. a. athletes with a low percentage of muscle b. individuals with negligible fat deposits c. individuals with large, dense bones d. men over age 65 e. women over age 60 28. A loss of _____ of body weight can reduce or prevent the risks associated with obesity. a. 1 to 2% b. 5 to 10% c. 10 to 15% d. 15 to 20% e. 20 to 25% . Page 26 29. If a female ate 100 extra calories per day in excess of her needs, approximately how many days would it take to gain one pound, if energy expenditure remained constant? a. 7 days b. 14 days c. 1 month (30 days) d. 1 month + 1 week (35 days) e. 1 month + 2 weeks (42 days) 30. What term applies to liquid meals, meal bars, or packaged meals? a. etiologic meals b. functional food c. low-calorie meals d. snack food e. replacement meals I. Nutrition and the Older Adult 1. Biological systems only require one theory to explain the mechanisms of aging. a. True b. False 2. In contrast to measuring developmental stages, functional status is a more indicative measure of health than chronological age. a. True b. False 3. Body-composition changes associated with aging are irreversible. a. True b. False 4. Researchers are finding that older persons need higher levels of protein intake than previously thought. a. True b. False 5. Older people do not benefit from exercise as much as younger people. a. True b. False 6. A 65-year-old woman who takes several prescription medications wants to join the water fitness class for seniors. This woman should be seen by a doctor before beginning the exercise. a. True b. False 7. The DETERMINE checklist from the NSI is used to alert seniors to possible nutrition-related health concerns, but is not in itself used to diagnose poor nutritional health. a. True b. False . Page 27 8. More than anything, older adults want to _____. a. remain independent and living in their own home b. have positive relationships c. never visit a medical doctor d. avoid purchasing over-the-counter or prescription medicines, creams, or vitamin supplements e. eat well 9. What health habits do older adults believe they must maintain in order to avoid losing autonomy and independence? a. no cigarettes and no alcohol b. alcohol in moderation but no smoking or second-hand smoke c. good nutrition and exercise d. daily exercise and moderate alcohol intake e. clean teeth and brisk walks 10. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests that longevity depends _____% on lifestyle factors and 19% on genetics. a. 10 b. 19 c. 44 d. 51 e. 81 11. Life expectancy has increased significantly since the 1900s. Today, life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is roughly_____. a. 73 years b. 79 years c. 83 years d. 89 years e. 93 years 12. The human life span remains stable at approximately _____ years. a. 95-101 b. 102-104 c. 105-110 d. 110-120 e. 120-125 13. Genetics are thought to account for up to _____% of longevity. a. 10 b. 25 c. 33 d. 40 e. 50 14. Older adults with a compromised _____ are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness. immune status a. diet plan b. circulatory system c. immune status d. metabolic system e. lifestyle . Page 28 15. It is difficult to meet vitamin and mineral needs via foods at calorie levels below _____. a. 1600 b. 1800 c. 12000 d. 2200 e. 2400 16. Dietary fiber reduces the risk for coronary heart disease, but older adults are more often concerned with the role of fiber for _____. a. decreasing the incidence of atherosclerosis b. decreasing the incidence of type 2 diabetes c. decreasing the risk for hypertension d. gastrointestinal health e. supplying essential nutrients 17. Vitamin D’s main role is in the maintenance of blood _____levels and in keeping bones strong and healthy. a. zinc b. sugar c. iron d. calcium e. potassium 18. Older people benefit from physical activity even more than younger people do because _____ is the only way to maintain and build muscle mass. a. muscle stretching b. swimming c. aerobic activity d. cognitive performance e. strength training 19. What is the most common reason that vitamin B12 deficiency, or at least compromised B12 status, occurs in older adults? a. Diets are frequently low in vitamin B12, since oral problems and financial difficulties limit meat intake and meats are the best dietary sources of B12. b. Pernicious anemia is common in the elderly. c. Their diets provide primarily synthetic forms of vitamin B12, which are less absorbable than the protein-bound form found naturally in foods. d. The elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases secretion of hydrochloric acid. e. B12 supplements are expensive and many older adults cannot afford them. 20. The term polypharmacy refers to the use of _____. a. multiple pharmacies b. multiple doctors c. multiple medicines d. over-the-counter drugs e. prescription drugs . Page 29
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