Week 8 Research Proposal

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Individual Programmatic Assessment: Research Proposal. Psychology 610 - Research Methods.

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Research Proposal PSYCH/610 Version 2 University of Phoenix Material Research Proposal Develop an original research study proposal and describe it in detail in a 10-12 page (APA style) paper. Include at least 10 scholarly references in your proposal. Use the following outline as a guide when writing your paper. Be sure to include detailed information on all of the topics listed below and use headings to organize your thoughts. 1. Statement of the problem: Introduce the reader to the problem to be studied. Provide sufficient background information such that the reader has a grasp of the situation and its importance. 2. Review of the literature: Provide the reader with a review of most relevant literature, beginning with general information, and narrowing the focus to the specific issues under consideration in the study. 3. Purpose of the study: Identify why the study that you are proposing is needed. 4. Hypotheses or research questions: List them as simple statements. Make sure they are measurable. 5. Definition of terms: Operationally define terms the average reader may not know, or that have a specific meaning in your study. 6. Assumptions: Identify issues you assume to be true in order for your study to be valid. 7. Research methods and procedures a. Population: Describe the population sample to be studied b. Procedure: Discuss how the study will be carried out. c. Instruments: Describe the specific measurements (instruments) to be used to test each hypothesis (research question). d. Data Analysis: Describe the procedures you intend to use to analyze the data produced from your instruments, and how that would answer the hypotheses (research questions). e. Discussion: Since you are only proposing (not conducting) a research study, you will not have results; however, you can discuss potential outcomes. Review your hypothesis and discuss how this study will address it. For example, if the results allow you to reject the null hypothesis, what are the implications? What would happen if you fail to reject the null hypothesis? Discuss the implications of your proposed study, the limitations of your study, and future research ideas and directions. 8. Implications: Provide a brief summary of your proposal and a powerful statement as to how your study would advance the field. 9. References: Include at least 10 scholarly sources in your Reference section. Be sure to use APA style throughout your paper. Research Question: Does bullying have long-term psychological effects on those that are bullied, those that bully, and those that witness bullying? Hypothesis: Bullying has long-term, psychological effects on those that are bullied, those that bully, and those that witness bullying. Null Hypothesis: Bullying does not have long-term, psychological effects on those that are bullied, those that bully, and those that witness bullying. 1 Research Proposal PSYCH/610 Version 2 References Fullchange, A., & Furlong, M. J. (2016). An exploration of effects of bullying victimization from a complete mental health perspective. SAGE Open, 6(1), . Long-term outcomes of passive bullying during childhood: Suicide attempts, victimization and offending.. (2011). European Journal of Criminology, 8(5), 377-385. Ortega, A., Christensen, K. B., Hogh, A., Rugulies, R., & Borg, V. (2011). One-year prospective study on the effect of workplace bullying on long-term sickness absence. Journal Of Nursing Management, 19(6), 752-759. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01179.x 2
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Running head; BULLYING AMONG YOUTHS

Research Proposal on Bullying among Youths
Name
University affiliation

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Bullying among Youths
Introduction
Bullying is the utilization of threat, force, or coercion to intimidate, abuse, or forcefully
dominate others. The conduct is frequently habitual and repeated. Perception is the one essential
criterion, of an imbalance of physical or social power, which differentiates bullying from
conflict, by the bully or by others. Assertions of such domination include behaviors which
include verbal threat or harassment, physical coercion or assault, with these kinds of behaviors
repeatedly directed towards a particular target. The difference in social class, religion, race,
gender, appearance, sexual orientation, body language, behaviors, reputation, lineage,
personality, ability, strength or size are some of the behaviors that are inclusively lead to
rationalization of bullying. Mobbing is the instance when bullying is done in group or groups
(Fullchange & Furlong2016). Bullying takes place in many ways; with one-on-one bullying
where an individual bullies the other, to group bullying, also referred to as mobbing, where the
individual may have one or more bystanders also called witnesses. They maybe those who are in
a place to help the bully carry out his behaviors or just be there to do nothing about it. Peer abuse
is the bullying in school or workplace. Bullying can take place in any context, be it family,
school, workplace, or even neighborhood, so long as there is human interaction.
Statement of the Problem
Bully actions were realized to have adverse effects on the every individual encompassed
in the activity, be it the bully, the bullied, or the bystanders. The effects are both psychological,
physical, and are mostly of adverse effect to them. This has led to the rise of violence among the
youths, besides the increased suicidal attempts. It is noted that bullying although is not the cause

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of theses suicides but are a catalyst in improving them. For that reason, the proposal is intended
to do an intensive research on bullying in school students, find out the surrounding factors to it
and to come up with better methods to curb this bullying activity in the schools.
Research Questions
1. Does bullying have long-term psychological effects on those that are bullied, those that
bully, and those that witness bullying?
2. What are the characteristics race, gender, and age of students who bully and those that
are bullied?
3. What are the different types of bullying do student face frequently?
4. What is the emotional feeling of the student after being bullied or after bullying?
Hypothesis
Bullying has long-term, psychological effects on those that are bullied, those that bully,
and those that witness bullying.
Null Hypothesis
Bullying does not have long-term, psychological effects on those that are bullied, those
that bully, and those that witness bullying.
Definition of Terms
1. Bully; the individual who carries out the bullying conduct, be it physical, verbal or
relational
2. Bullied; the person who is a victim of a bullying case

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3. Witness/ bystanders; those who are around the incidence of bullying but ate not directly
victimized by the case
4. Target; also can be referred to the bullied, he/she is the victimized individual of the
bullying case
Review of Literature
Bullying can be termed as the unwanted aggressive behavior that involves a perceived or
real power imbalance among school age d children. The behavior has a potential to be repeated
over and over. There are serious lasting problems which these students face, both the bully and
the bullied, not forgetting the bystanders (Ortega et al, 2011). Actions of bullying include;
making threats, attacking someone verbally or physically, spreading rumors, and purposely
excluding one from a group.
Types of Bullying
Individual
According to Juvonen & Grahamin their article of 2014, individual bullying is classified
into four types; a person towards a particular target or targets can perpetrate individual
harassment. These include; physical, physical, relational and cyber-bullying.
Physical. This is the type of bullying where an individual’s body is hurt, or their possessions are
damaged. Stealing, fighting, hitting, shoving and property destruction is acts of physical
bullying. A target will rarely experience the physical bullying as a form of initial bullying.
Bullying always starts from other types of bullying then eventually develops to physical. The
primary weapon used in physical bullying is the bully’s body. Due to adolescent prejudice, a

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group of young adults can sometimes alienate a peer (Menesini & Salmivalli, 2017). This can
create a condition where they are being tortured, taunted, and beaten up by classmates. To
prevent further escalation, physical bullying must be stopped quickly since it can lead to a tragic
ending.
Verbal. This type of bullying is done through speech. Spreading rumors, calling names,
threatening somebody, fun making an individual are the forms of this kind of bullying. Is is one
of the most common bullying types. The voice is the primary weapon of bullying. In many cases,
it is found in girls. Girls as compared to boys are more subtle and can be more devastating as
well. To dominate and take control over the others, girls use social exclusion techniques as well
as verbal bullying, showing their power and superiority. However, some boys use verbal bullying
at times to dominate over the others, especially in situations where they feel physical bullying
would come along with troubles and, therefore, avoid it (Olweus, 2014).
Relational. This type of bullying can include both physical and verbal bullying, where the
primary intention is to hurt someone’s social standing and the reputation. Common in many
youths, girls are the highest in the records to show relational bullying (Meyer, 2016). Relational
bullying is used to control others as well as building social standing of the bully. It is very
different from physical bullying since it is not overt and can proceed to be conducted for a long
time without being noticed.
Cyber-bullying. The use of technology to threaten, harass and target another person is what is
termed as cyber-bullying. Cyber-staking, also referred to as cyber-harassment is the type of
cyber-bullying which involves adults; have legal consequences and may lead one to jail term

BULLYING AMONG YOUTHS
imprisonment. They may include the use of social networking such as Facebook, text messages,
emails, instant massages, and cell phones as illustrated by Patchin & Hinduja (2016).
Collective. Also referred to as mobbing; collective bullying con includes any of the individual
bullying types. It is a situation where an individual or a group of people conduct bullying
activities towards a particular target or a group of targets, at any given context; be it at school,
workplace, or even the neighborhood. It can be done at the workplace to cause emotional abuse,
for example when co-workers gang up, or superiors, or subordinates, to forcefully get someone
out of the work place. This is done by the use of intimidation, humiliation, rumors, innuendoes,
isolation and discrediting.
Effects of Bullying
The conducts of bullying have effects to everyone involved in it, as from the bully, the
bullied and the witnesses. Bullying comes along with many negative impacts on an individual
including effects on mental health, suicide and drug and substance abuse. It is, therefore,
important for the elders to talk to the kids to help them understand why bullying is harmful to
their emotional and mental health.
Impact on Bullied Students
Those students who face the act of bullying as explained by Gross (2017) are more likely to:


Feel disengaged from school and therefore not liking school at all.



Showing lower academic performance and therefore liable to drop out of school.



Lack of friendships that is quality at school.

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Display vulnerability at school by demonstrating high levels of...


Anonymous
I was struggling with this subject, and this helped me a ton!

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