Description
I HAVE ATTACH THE NUMBER FOR YOU ON THE ANSWER SHEET DAA
UNIT 6
Correlation: Application
INTRODUCTION
In Unit 6, we will apply our understanding of correlation in the third IBM SPSS assignment. For the remaining data analysis assignments (in Units 6, 8, and 10) and for the journal article summary assignment (in Unit 9), we will use the Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template. The DAA Template is separated into five sections in which you will report the results of your statistical testing.TOGGLE DRAWERHIDE FULL INTRODUCTIONProper Reporting of Correlations
Reporting a correlation in proper APA style requires an understanding of the following elements: the statistical notation for a Pearson's correlation ( r), the degrees of freedom, the correlation coefficient, the probability value, and the effect size. Consider the following example from Warner (2013, pp. 309–310):Only the correlation between commitment and length of relationship was statistically significant, r(116) = +.20, p < .05 (two-tailed). The r2 was .04; thus, only about 4% of the variance in commitment scores could be predicted from the length of the relationship; this is a weak positive relationship.
r, Degrees of Freedom, and Correlation Coefficient
The statistical notation for Pearson's correlation is r, and following it is the degrees of freedom for this statistical test (116). The degrees of freedom for Pearson's r is N − 2. There were 118 participants in the sample cited above (118 − 2 = 116). Note that SPSS output for Pearson's r provides N, so you must subtract 2 from N to correctly report degrees of freedom. Next is the actual correlation coefficient including the sign. After the correlation coefficient is the probability value ( p).Probability Values
Prior to the widespread use of SPSS and other statistical software programs, p values were often calculated by hand. The convention in reporting p values was to simply state, p < .05 to reject the null hypothesis and p > .05 to not reject the null hypothesis. However, SPSS provides an exact probability value that should be reported instead.Hypothetical examples would be p = .02 to reject the null hypothesis and p = .54 to not reject the null hypothesis (round exact p values to two decimal places). One confusing point of SPSS output is that highly significant p values are reported as .000, because SPSS only reports probability values out to three decimal places. Remember that there is a "1" out there somewhere, such as p = .000001, as there is always some small chance that the null hypothesis is true. When SPSS reports a p value of .000, report p < .001 and reject the null hypothesis.The "(two-tailed)" notation after the p value indicates that the researcher was testing a non-directional alternative hypothesis ( H1: rXY ≠ 0). He or she did not have any a priori justification to test a directional hypothesis of the relationship between commitment and length of the relationship. In terms of alpha level, the region of rejection was therefore 2.5% on the left side of the distribution and 2.5% on the right side of the distribution (2.5% + 2.5% = 5%, or alpha level of .05).A "(one-tailed)" notation indicates a directional alternative hypothesis. In this case, all 5% of the region of rejection is established on either the left (negative) side ( H1: rXY < 0) or the right (positive) side ( H1: rXY > 0) of the distribution. A directional hypothesis must be justified prior to examining the results. In this course, we will always specify a two-tailed (non-directional) test, which is more conservative relative to a one-tailed test. The advantage is that a non-directional test detects relationships or differences on either side of the distribution, which is recommended in exploratory research.Effect Size
Effect sizes provide additional context for the strength of the relationship in correlation. Effect sizes are important because any non-zero correlation will be statistically significant if the sample size is large enough. After the probability value is stated, provide the r2 effect size and interpret it as small, medium, or large. It is good form to report the effect size for both significant and non-significant statistics for meta-analyses (that is, statistical studies that combine the results across multiple independent research studies), but in journal articles where space is limited, authors will often report effect sizes only for statistics that reject the null hypothesis.The Warner text provides a "Results" example at the end of each chapter for all statistics studied in this course. You are encouraged to review these examples and follow their structure when writing up Section 4, "Interpretation," of the DAA Template.Reference
Warner, R. M. (2013). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Correlations
Resources
Correlations Scoring Guide.
DAA Template.
SPSS Data Analysis Report Guidelines.- IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: Correlations.
- Copy/Export Output Instructions.
- APA Style and Format.
See the Resources area for links to resources that you will use for this assignment:
- You will complete this assignment using the Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template.
- Read the SPSS Data Analysis Report Guidelines for a more complete understanding of the DAA Template and how to format and organize your assignment.
- Refer to IBM SPSS Step-By-Step Guide: Correlations for additional information on using SPSS for this assignment.
- If necessary, review the Copy/Export Output Instructions to refresh your memory on how to perform these tasks. As with your previous two assignments, your submission should be in narrative format with supporting statistical output (table and graphs) integrated into the narrative in the appropriate places (not all at the end of the document).
You will analyze the following variables in the grades.sav data set:
- gender
- gpa
- total
- final
Step 1: Write Section 1 of the DAA.
- Provide the context of the grades.sav data set.
- Include a definition of the specified variables and corresponding scales of measurement.
- Indicate the type of correlation for each X, Y pair (Pearson's r, Spearman's r, point-biserial r, et cetera).
- Specify the sample size of the data set.
Step 2: Write Section 2 of the DAA.
- Test the assumptions of correlation for gpa and final.
- Paste the SPSS histogram output for each variable and discuss your visual interpretations.
- Paste SPSS descriptives output showing skewness and kurtosis values and interpret them.
- Paste SPSS scatter plot output with "gpa" set to the horizontal axis and "final" set to the vertical axis. Conduct a visual inspection of the scatter plot to analyze other assumptions of correlation.
- Summarize whether or not the assumptions of correlation are met.
Step 3: Write Section 3 of the DAA.
- Specify a research question related to gpa and final.
- Articulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
- Specify your alpha level.
Step 4: Write Section 4 of the DAA.
- Paste the SPSS output of the intercorrelation matrix for all specified variables.
- First, report the lowest magnitude correlation in the intercorrelation matrix, including degrees of freedom, correlation coefficient, p value, and effect size. Interpret the effect size. Specify whether or not to reject the null hypothesis for this correlation.
- Second, report the highest magnitude correlation in the intercorrelation matrix, including degrees of freedom, correlation coefficient, p value, and effect size. Interpret the effect size. Specify whether or not to reject the null hypothesis for this correlation.
- Third, report the correlation between gpa and final, including degrees of freedom, correlation coefficient, p value, and effect size. Interpret the effect size. Analyze the correlation in terms of the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Write Section 5 of the DAA.
- Discuss the implications of this correlation as it relates to the research question.
- Conclude with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of correlational analysis.
Submit your DAA Template as an attached Word document in the assignment area.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Running head: DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template
Learner Name
Capella University
1
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template
Use this file for all assignments that require the DAA Template. Although the statistical
tests will change from week to week, the basic organization and structure of the DAA remains
the same. Update the title of the template. Remove this text and provide a brief introduction.
Section 1: Data File Description
1. Describe the context of the data set. You may cite your previous description if the same
data set is used from a previous assignment.
2. Specify the variables used in this DAA and the scale of measurement of each variable.
3. Specify sample size (N).
2
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Section 2: Testing Assumptions
1. Articulate the assumptions of the statistical test.
2. Paste SPSS output that tests those assumptions and interpret them. Properly integrate
SPSS output where appropriate. Do not string all output together at the beginning of the
section.
3. Summarize whether the assumptions are met. If assumptions are not met, discuss how to
ameliorate violations of the assumptions.
3
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
4
Descriptive Statistics
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Statistic
Statistic
Statistic
final
87
Valid N (listwise)
87
61.47
8.039
Skewness
Statistic
-.346
Kurtosis
Std. Error
.258
Statistic
-.190
Std. Error
.511
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Section 3: Research Question, Hypotheses, and Alpha Level
1. Articulate a research question relevant to the statistical test.
2. Articulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
3. Specify the alpha level.
5
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
6
Section 4: Interpretation
1. Paste SPSS output for an inferential statistic. Properly integrate SPSS output where
appropriate. Do not string all output together at the beginning of the section.
2. Report the test statistics.
3. Interpret statistical results against the null hypothesis.
Correlations
quiz1
quiz1
Pearson Correlation
quiz2
1
quiz2
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
quiz3
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
quiz4
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
quiz4
.834**
.814**
.000
.000
.000
87
87
87
1
.704**
.628**
.000
.000
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
quiz3
.678**
87
.678**
.000
87
87
87
87
.834**
.704**
1
.772**
.000
.000
87
87
87
87
.814**
.628**
.772**
1
.000
.000
.000
87
87
87
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
.000
87
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Section 5: Conclusion
1. State your conclusions.
2. Analyze strengths and limitations of the statistical test.
7
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
References:
Provide references if necessary.
8
IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: Histograms and
Descriptive Statistics Unit 3
Note: This guide is an example of creating histograms and descriptive statistics in SPSS with
the grades.sav file. The variables shown in this guide do not correspond with the actual
variables assigned in Unit 3 Assignment 1. Carefully follow the Unit 3 Assignment 1
instructions for a list of assigned variables. Screen shots were created with SPSS 21.0.
Section 1: Histograms and Visual Interpretation
Refer to your Unit 3 assignment instructions for a list of assigned Section 1 variables. The
example variable final is shown below.
Step 1. Open grades.sav in SPSS.
1
Step 2. On the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs and click Histogram…
Step 3. In the Histogram dialog box:
•
First, select your assigned variable for Unit 3 Assignment 1. Move it to the Variable
box. The example of final appears below.
•
Second, select Display normal curve.
•
Third, move gender to the Rows box.
•
Fourth, click OK to generate the histogram output.
2
Step 4. The histogram output appears in SPSS. Copy your SPSS output. To do this, rightclick on the image and then click Copy.
Step 5. Open a new Word document and right-click for the paste options. Paste the histogram
output into the Word document. Below the histograms, write up your visual interpretations as
described in your Unit 3 assignment.
Section 2: Calculate and Interpret Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Refer to the Unit 3 assignment instructions for a list of assigned Section 2 variables. The
example variable final is shown below.
Step 1. On the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics and click Descriptives…
3
Step 2. In the Descriptives dialog box:
•
First, select your Unit 3 assignment variables. Move them to the Variable(s) box. The
example variable final is shown below.
•
Second, click the Options button.
•
Third, select Mean, Std. deviation, Kurtosis, and Skewness. For Display Order,
select Variable list.
•
Fourth, click Continue and then click OK. The descriptives output is generated in
SPSS for your Unit 3 Assignment 1 variables.
4
Step 3. Copy the descriptive statistics output and paste it into your Word document. Below the
output, write up your analyses as described in the Unit 3 assignment instructions.
5
IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: Correlations unit 6
Note: This guide is an example of creating correlation output in SPSS with the grades.sav file.
The variables shown in this guide do not correspond with the actual variables assigned in Unit
6 Assignment 1. Carefully follow the assignment instructions for a list of assigned variables.
Screen shots were created with SPSS 21.0.
Assumptions of Correlation
To complete Section 2 of the DAA, you will generate SPSS output for histograms, descriptive
statistics, and a scatter plot. Refer to the Unit 6 assignment instructions for a list of assigned
variables. The example variables quiz1 and quiz2 are shown below.
Step 1. Open grades.sav in SPSS.
1
Step 2. Generate SPSS histogram output for the Unit 6 assignment variables. (See the stepby-step guide from Unit 3 for complete instructions on generating histograms.)
•
On the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs and click Histogram…
•
Create separate histograms for the two assigned variables for the Unit 6 assignment.
•
Copy the two histograms and paste them into Section 2 of the DAA template.
•
Provide a visual interpretation for each histogram. The examples of quiz1 and quiz2
are shown below.
2
Step 3. Next, you will generate descriptive statistics for your Unit 6 assignment variables.
(See the step-by-step guide from Unit 3 for complete instructions on generating descriptive
statistics output.)
•
On the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics and click Descriptives…
•
Copy the descriptive statistics output and paste it into the DAA Template.
•
Below the output, interpret the skewness and kurtosis values.
Step 4. Create the SPSS scatter plot for your assigned variables.
•
On the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs and click Scatter/Dot…
3
•
In the Scatter/Dot dialog box, select Simple Scatter and then click the Define button.
•
In the Simple Scatterplot dialog box, select the assigned variables for the X Axis
(horizontal) and Y Axis (vertical) as required in the Unit 6 Assignment 1 instructions.
(The examples of quiz1 and quiz2 are shown below.) Click OK.
4
•
Copy the scatter plot and paste it into the DAA Template.
•
Then provide an interpretation of the scatter plot.
Intercorrelation Matrix
To complete DAA Section 4, generate the SPSS intercorrelation matrix of all assigned Unit 6
Assignment 1 variables. The example variables of quiz1, quiz2, quiz3, and quiz4 are shown
below.
Step 1. On the Analyze menu, point to Correlate and click Bivariate…
5
Step 2. In the Bivariate Correlations dialog box:
•
Move the Unit 6 assignment variables into the Variables box.
•
Select the Pearson option, the Two-tailed option, and the Flag significant
correlations option.
•
Click OK.
Step 3. Copy the intercorrelation matrix and paste it into Section 4 of the DAA Template. Then
interpret it as instructed in the assignment instructions.
6
IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: Correlations unit 6
Note: This guide is an example of creating correlation output in SPSS with the grades.sav file.
The variables shown in this guide do not correspond with the actual variables assigned in Unit
6 Assignment 1. Carefully follow the assignment instructions for a list of assigned variables.
Screen shots were created with SPSS 21.0.
Assumptions of Correlation
To complete Section 2 of the DAA, you will generate SPSS output for histograms, descriptive
statistics, and a scatter plot. Refer to the Unit 6 assignment instructions for a list of assigned
variables. The example variables quiz1 and quiz2 are shown below.
Step 1. Open grades.sav in SPSS.
1
Step 2. Generate SPSS histogram output for the Unit 6 assignment variables. (See the stepby-step guide from Unit 3 for complete instructions on generating histograms.)
•
On the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs and click Histogram…
•
Create separate histograms for the two assigned variables for the Unit 6 assignment.
•
Copy the two histograms and paste them into Section 2 of the DAA template.
•
Provide a visual interpretation for each histogram. The examples of quiz1 and quiz2
are shown below.
2
Step 3. Next, you will generate descriptive statistics for your Unit 6 assignment variables.
(See the step-by-step guide from Unit 3 for complete instructions on generating descriptive
statistics output.)
•
On the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics and click Descriptives…
•
Copy the descriptive statistics output and paste it into the DAA Template.
•
Below the output, interpret the skewness and kurtosis values.
Step 4. Create the SPSS scatter plot for your assigned variables.
•
On the Graphs menu, point to Legacy Dialogs and click Scatter/Dot…
3
•
In the Scatter/Dot dialog box, select Simple Scatter and then click the Define button.
•
In the Simple Scatterplot dialog box, select the assigned variables for the X Axis
(horizontal) and Y Axis (vertical) as required in the Unit 6 Assignment 1 instructions.
(The examples of quiz1 and quiz2 are shown below.) Click OK.
4
•
Copy the scatter plot and paste it into the DAA Template.
•
Then provide an interpretation of the scatter plot.
Intercorrelation Matrix
To complete DAA Section 4, generate the SPSS intercorrelation matrix of all assigned Unit 6
Assignment 1 variables. The example variables of quiz1, quiz2, quiz3, and quiz4 are shown
below.
Step 1. On the Analyze menu, point to Correlate and click Bivariate…
5
Step 2. In the Bivariate Correlations dialog box:
•
Move the Unit 6 assignment variables into the Variables box.
•
Select the Pearson option, the Two-tailed option, and the Flag significant
correlations option.
•
Click OK.
Step 3. Copy the intercorrelation matrix and paste it into Section 4 of the DAA Template. Then
interpret it as instructed in the assignment instructions.
6
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Running head: DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
Correlation: Application
Learner Name
Capella University
1
DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE
2
Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template
This paper provides a significant understanding of correlation analysis that seeks to provide a
better consideration of the existing relationship between students GPA, total and final
results. Thus better understanding of the existing relationship between these variables
will help in making decision regarding how these variables relate.
Section 1: Data File Description
The data set provides students personal information highlighting some variables to
understand their progress is a given class. Therefore, ...
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