You have to find examples- support the evidence mentioned, writing homework help

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Please fix the attached three works, and also add the follow missing information:

1-lit review

Note: almost all of your sentences would have citations. These need to be modified. You have a have a huge problem here, you wrote your medical researchers paper, you are the public health provider and needed to added food insecurity, you have a lot of revisions to do, you were also suppose to write about legislation related to this issue.

2-methods and results

Note: This portion of the paper needs to take the legislation you spoke about in your lit review and prose charges and predict the outcome.

-You have to find examples- support the evidence mentioned

-Statistics/ data of how many people in the U.S has food insecurity

-Missing two visuals-propose a political change( like the one making food prettier/ trade policies then propose solution

-say what the policy changes is – then state how you’re going to fix

-Educate people on how just because it not pretty it’s not healthy

-the sell by data level- educate that is not to throw away

-Trade policies supermarket donation

-Change the standards for produce

-Talk about what will happen if you change those things and what is the differences of % between before and after this happen( how much food waste are now)

-compare U.S food waste to other country

Use this information(6 billion of ugly food are waste, 200 million of cherries, and 40 billion of supermarket- total of food waste- 46.200.000.000

Add this chart, and talk about it

3-Conclutions

Note: you need to be more specific in your righting, your paper is written well but does not have the required detail for the reader to know specifically what your position is, you need more substance in your paper, you are just tip toeing around the topic.

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Running head: LITERATURE ON OBESITY Literature on Obesity Mileidy Jimenez West Coast University 1 LITERATURE ON OBESITY 2 Introduction Obesity has become a serious problem in the United States. As a health issue, it has continually put people at risks of associated opportunistic health disorders, especially among children. It has been identified as one cause of a poor, unhealthy population. In recent years, the prevalence among the population has been reported to decline (McFarlane, 2009). However, the number and the level of obesity among preschool-aged children are still high. In a study conducted recently, it was established from a sample population that children between the age of 5 and 19 were obese, and 70% tested positive for one or more opportunistic diseases. People with obesity Obese people are more likely to be pre-diabetic. This is a condition where the level of glucose in the blood indicates a high-risk level of developing diabetes. Another condition diagnosed with obese children and adolescents is the high risk of developing joint and sleep apnea problems. Another issue related to obesity it is likely to have social and psychological problems like poor self-esteem and stigmatization. Obesity has affected children across all classes, but it is more dominant among children from the middle and low classes. The health department has moved in to minimize the cases of type-2-diabetes, stroke, heart disease, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. It has also been as established that 80% of obese children and adolescents will be obese at adults, exposing them to the above health risks. The aim of this paper is to analyze the literature behind obesity. Obesity Overview Obesity has been considered as one of the current issues affecting people. Social health scientists have been working on the methods of reducing the increasing rates of obesity, but the fight has born little results. There are many causes of obesity among children and adolescents. First, LITERATURE ON OBESITY 3 hereditary factors are among the greatest elements analyzed as a source for obesity. A few types of research discovered that the level of BMI between 25 and 40% of obesity cases are inheritable (Van, 2012). Therefore, the genetic element represents a negligible percentage of childhood obesity, less than 5% (Sweeting, 2008). Hence, genetics can assume a part in the advancement of obesity but it is not the reason for the emotional increment in childhood obesity. The statistics on childhood and teenage obesity are shown in the figure below. Obesity prevalence trends among children and adolescent aged 12-19 years have The living conditions have additionally been connected with the rise in instances of obesity. The food accessibility and the inclinations of relatives can affect the types of food that a person LITERATURE ON OBESITY 4 and consumes. Others, like the family's living situation, such as inactive or physically dynamic, have been linked with the cases of obesity (Rudolph, 2013). High consumption of fast food has been linked with obesity in the current era. Numerous families, particularly those with both parents employed far from home, settle on fast food restaurants. The selection of these fast foods is also facilitated by the sense that most kids like fast food. In the US today, there are more than 300,000 fast food outlets. These fast food high calorie food restaurants provide an easy avenue to access fast food. For instance, classic Americans chuck down four plates of French fries and three burgers every week. This is just a small example of the actual problem. However, it must be noted that most fast food has a high amount of calories with little health qualities (O'Dea & Wilson, 2006). As such, the excess energy from these foods are stored as fat on body linings, muscles, and along blood veins. This must be noted as a health hazard. Many parents with obese children consider it as just baby fat. However, if they continue to be obese throughout their adolescent years, then there is likelihood that they will be obese as adults. This may cause detrimental health problems such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Challenges developed when a child is obese latter turn to be diseases at adulthood. The health problems transferred by being obese include heart diseases, gallbladder issues, diabetes, cancer, sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis. The American Obesity Association pointed out that children and teenagers with obesity are 12.6 times more likely to have high amounts of fasting insulin, which is a threat for type-2 diabetes (O'Dea and Wilson, 2006). When a person develops this condition, it becomes difficult to control other opportunistic diseases related to the contracted disease. When eventually one is put under medication, the survival chances start to decline due to medicinal side effects. Having LITERATURE ON OBESITY 5 a large weight may also cause bone and joint problems facilitate by the lack of strength. The American Obesity Association says that children grow bone and sinews, which might not be adequately strong to hold excess weight. published it Reilly (2005) an author of other obesity journals, indicated that obese girls and young women are at a higher risk of experiencing negative socio-demographic encounters. Women are more likely to develop psychological and social problems whenever they have an abnormal condition as compared to men. As such, obese women have a likelihood to develop challenges propagated by obesity due to their psychological torture. Annually, since the advancement of technology and availability of televisions in almost all homes in the United States, obesity has been rising steadily. With more channels, interesting programs, and video games, most children after schools and during holidays opt just to sit and watch these programs. The parents do not schedule them for exercise or a daily chore, which becomes a chance to develop obesity. According to the CDC, obesity has more than doubled from 15% in 1980 to 31% in 2000 (Sharma, 2006). This rise can be tied to the technological developments during this period. As a simple example, many times people choose the elevator over stairs for even as small as ten steps. This scenario spells a problem and demonstrates how lazy people have become in the technologically advancing world. Further, children cannot undertake few activities, since most of them, including the most basic chores have been automated. As such, there are no provisions where people especially children can work to maintain proper body development. Unfortunately, people often fail to see the real problem or only turn their head to the solutions. When a person becomes obese many health factors are put at risk. Obese children and LITERATURE ON OBESITY 6 teenagers have a higher possibility of developing health issues like heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis. Sadly, these are just a few of the long list of health troubles. However, obesity does not always have to be the result. It should be a personal initiative to schedule exercises in a daily or frequent activities. Recommendations Obesity in today’s society needs to be tackled with urgency. It has been identified as one poor health outcomes of the health peril associated with several wellbeing dangers. There are sociological ties related to obesity and is dispassionately characterized by body weight list that appears to be extremely constrained. However, there might be space for sociological examination into how social elements affect the view of weight within families. There has been identified a striking difference between gender and the variables of obesity as it has been reported. To achieve an obese free society, it is important to analyze the conceivable causes in the look for sustainable solutions. The level of these causes also varies, and the approach would be different with unique solutions. Studies have set the change of social life as the major approach to minimizing obese cases. Further, the approach towards obese people should be such that there is no rebuking or being sluggish towards them as there is likelihood of lowering their self-esteem. Programs should be created by specialists to attempt and obstruct the main causes of childhood obesity. This exertion should be facilitated by all stakeholders. Since there are different causes of childhood obesity, it should be managed by the entire society. LITERATURE ON OBESITY Conclusively, the people need to schedule diets that are more beneficial and ensure that there are adequate physical exercises all the time. The media, advertisers, parents, and schools need to assume their roles through the advancement of physical action and adhering to a proper diet, and not have garbage food and computer games as promptly accessible to the kids. 7 LITERATURE ON OBESITY 8 References Adegboye, A. R. A., Andersen, L. B., Froberg, K., Sardinha, L. B., & Heitmann, B. L. March 08, (2010). Linking definition of childhood and adolescent obesity to current health outcomes. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 5, 2, 130-142. Baur, L. A., Hazelton, B., & Shrewsbury, V. A. (January 01, 2011). Assessment and management of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 8, 11, 635-45. Burrell, S., Alexander, S., & Baur, L. A. (July 01, 2011). The management of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Modern Medicine: The Journal of Clinical Medicine, 36, 7, 16. McFarlane, J., Scott, H., Robertson, V., Gleeson, C., Vanderkroft, D., & Wilson, K. (2009). General practitioner and paediatrician self-reported capacity for the diagnosis and management of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. Nutrition & Dietetics. 66, 176-185. Murray, R., & Battista, M. (January 01, 2009). Managing the risk of childhood overweight and obesity in primary care practice. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 39, 6, 146-65. O'Dea, J. A., & Wilson, R. (January 01, 2006). Socio-cognitive and nutritional factors associated with body mass index in children and adolescents: possibilities for childhood obesity prevention. Health Education Research, 21, 6, 796-805. LITERATURE ON OBESITY 9 Reilly, J. J. (January 01, 2005). Physical activity and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Lancet (london, England), 366, 9482, 23-29. Rudolph, L., Caplan, J., Ben-Moshe, K., & Dillon, L. (2013). Health in All Policies: A guide for state and local governments. American Public Health Association. Sharma, M. (August 01, 2006). School-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. Obesity Reviews, 7, 3, 261-269. Sweeting, H. N. (January 01, 2008). Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Nutrition Journal, 7. Van, . M. M. T. (May 01, 2012). Obesity in childhood and adolescence : editorial. South African Medical Journal, 102, 5, 289. Food Waste and Obesity 1 Food waste and obesity Mileidy Jimenez West Coast University Food Waste and Obesity 2 Food waste and obesity Food is a very essential resource and in as much as many across the globe can afford it, a significant number of others can barely feed themselves. Those who can easily acquire the food appear somewhat reckless both in their eating habits and way of life. Most often, people will prefer low-quality, cheap and calorie-dense foods to the healthy ones which are rather expensive. cause metabolic The calorie-dense foods come with body complications such as obesity as the body seems to more fat store most of the food in form of fat under the skin. This coupled to the sedentary lifestyle that many most Americans put themselves into only make an obese-friendly environment in the entire the American country. About one- thirds of all edible parts of food produced globally for human consumption go to waste annually (Gustavsson et al., 2011). A study by SIWI noted that food losses and wastage could be as high as 50% from field to fork ( Lundqvist, 2008). Thirty - fifty percent of all food produced (1.2 to 2 billion tons) is lost before being consumed by man ( Fox, 2013). accessibility is dependent on Food in this case is the independent variably whose characteristics stretches from availability in terms of cost, nutrient quality and the amount of calories it gives. Obesity on the contrary is the dependent variable. It is a lifestyle disease that only sets in depending on the food one eats and the life one live. The entire American population was used as the control experiment as depending on the lifestyles led and food ate, the population will either end up obese or not. In the United States many stores and supermarkets usually dump food which is good enough to be taken by the less fortunate in the society. Many dumpster divers which include the students and the slum dwellers usually try to find their way to the dumpsters to acquire a good amount but this is not allowed by the stores management. Food Waste and Obesity 3 could policy The United States can borrow from other countries which have reforms and legislations be redistributed on how food should or should not be disposed. A typical example is France. In France, the president, Francois Hollande passed a reform that no store should dump away good food that is only past the sell-by date but not the expiration date. In fact, any store that is more than 400 square meters should file a donation contract with the charitable organizations which will be expected to collect any food that has passed its sell-by date. These charity organizations take the mandate to deliver the food to the less fortunate in the society and thus promoting charity. Similarly, the food producers can be given a specific amount of food to grow and with aid in the the measures reduce any surplus food. This will come in handy in the quest to reduce the food disposal from the source and the end consumers too. This can be enhanced by controlled farming which is closely monitored by the government and all the produce is collected from farmers by one collector who will later distribute to the factories for processing instead of the factories directly buying from the farmers. Factors affecting food loss Methodology A retrospective study was used. Food loss was the dependent variable. Study area was in the USA and France Period: 1960 -2015 Data collection: Literature review (secondary sources) and internet Pie chart showing type of food and percentage waste Food Waste and Obesity 4 Column2 Type of food Fresh fruits and vegetables Dairy Meat poultry and fish Grains Caloric sweeteners Processed fruits and vegetables Fats and oils Eggs 2% 0% 0% 7% 22% 8% 10% 19% 14% 18% Processing decreases food wastage as seen in fruits and vegetables where waste is lowered from 22% to 8%. Fresh fruits and vegetables are the most wasted type of food by 22% . Below is the list from highest to the lowest. Laws gapping food wastage by preventing throwing away of food by supermarkets, and grocery stores (as it is in France). It was found that the US supermarkets and groceries throw away food amounting to 40 billion LBs worth $46.7 billion were thrown (NRDC pdf, 2010). Same source indicates that one in seven Americans lacks a reliable access to food. Instead of throwing away food, supermarkets and groceries should be donating to groups that are unfortunate. Food Waste and Obesity 5 A law that allows importation of locally produced food was found to increase wastage. Such laws should be changed to ensure that local foods are fully utilized. Enacting of law to lower tax on exportation, transportation, processing and storage of food to minimize wastage during surplus Comprehensive studies should be done by the US government to determine food wastage due to dating. This can be accomplished standardization and clarification of food date labels. As a result, consumers will not throw food due to misinterpretation or earlier expiration date. Businesses can adopt means that reduces food waste especially ones dealing with perishable food. Consumers can learn to notice when food goes bad, better ways of cooking and storing food to minimize food waste. Agricultural revolution has brought food surplus in Mexico and USA (IATP, 2009). Increased food surplus increases food intake and hence calories. Increased calories may cause obesity. My research will be a retrospective study. The data in column % food loss was converted to % by assuming x was 10% (It has no impact on the rate of change) thus 10 % in 1990 and an assumed 15% in 2015 Year % of obese % of food loss 1990 11.12 10 2015 29.3 15 Food Waste and Obesity 6 Scatter plot showing % of obese people against % of food loss % of obese 10 15 There is a strong and positive correlation between food wastage and obesity. An increase in the rate of food loss is correlated to but not necessarily a causation of obesity. Food Waste and Obesity 7 References J. Buzby, and J. Hyman. “Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States”, Food Policy, 37(2012):561-570. K.D. Hall, J. Guo, M. Dore, C.C. Chow, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its environmental Impact,” PLoS ONe 4(11):e7940, 2009. K.D. Hall, J. Guo, M. Dore, C.C. Chow, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its environmental Impact,” PLoS ONE 4(11):e7940, 2009 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), economic Research Service, economic Bulletin No. (eIB-16), “Agricultural Resources and environmental Indicators,” Chapter 2.1, July 2006, http://www.ers. usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/. USDA economic Research Service, “Major Uses of Land in the United States,” Pub. 2002/eIB14, 2002, http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications/eIB14/eib14a.pdf. Webber, “How to Make the Food System More energy effcient,” Scientifc American, December 29, 2011 Food Waste and Obesity 8 Running head: FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY Food Waste and Obesity Mileidy Jimenez West Coast University 1 FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 2 Abstract a need to The increase in population contributes to increase in food insecurity and necessitates for address of the dietary needs. Food insecurity impacts are high and this leads to the formulation of strategies in increase of access to healthy foods. Food insecurity is impacted by the increase in poverty and unemployment rates and it reduces the access to quality foods. Food insecurity is related to the increase in cases of obesity as the foods that people afford have less dietary quality caloric intake leading to the increase of obesity cases. It is important that there is observation of the climatic changes that contributes to food insecurities. The use of various technologies in the production of food is known to contribute to increased cases of obesity, as the dietary needs of the foods are not considered has become a health epidemic The increase in the level of obesity in society is becoming a problem, as it is associated with different diseases. Unemployment and poverty rates are known to contribute to increase in obesity as a large percentage of the population is unable to afford quality food. It creates need to come up with measures that will help in the reduction of the risks that the society continues to face. The identification of the calorie levels of food is important, as it helps in elimination of the continued risks to the health of the individual. The consideration of the risks that obesity causes assists in coming up with the right measures that will help in the creation of awareness of the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle. There is focus on increase of food security and education of farmers on specific needs of the population. FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 3 Conclusion With the increase in population in the world, there is an increase in the levels of hunger. It means that many people suffer from deficiencies in micronutrients. It creates the need to ensure maintenance of food security and that production of food in the economy is observed. The focus on the consumption of food is important in order to estimate supply. It helps in the estimation of the number of wastes and the need to eliminate the wastes (Van, 2012). There is an increase in the wastage in all categories of foods, which shows a co-existence of obesity with hunger as there is a lack of access to food that is nutritious. There is an increase in concern about the lack of access to vegetables and fruits. It means that the foods that people eat are high in calories, and this leads to the increase in cases of obesity. Obesity is one of the burdens in food security, creating a need for awareness on the challenges that people face. It leads to reduction in life expectancy, and this creates a need to ensure proper implementation of measures in reduction of malnourishment cases. The implementations make sure that the population is aware of the need to reduce their risks through the elimination of wastes in foods. The use of education increases the commitment to eliminate the healthcare issues that continue to face the society (Reilly, 2005). This will help educate the community on the issues that the community faces. The reduction of the risks of obesity entails the use of legislation and, in this case, the address creation of policies that help in the reduction of the cases of obesity as well as food insecurity. It leads to the reduction of the risks of chronic diseases, because the policies use nutrition to control and prevent obesity by ensuring access to nutritious food. The coordination of the different strategies places focus on the dietary composition of the foods that people consume and evidence that the foods help in the reduction of cases of obesity (Sweeting, 2008). The legislative FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 4 actions taken include the education of the population on the risks of obesity and changes in the society that contribute to increase risks. There is the identification of the impacts of the decisions made in the society by manufacturers and the terms helpful in the elimination of wastage of foods. In addressing malnutrition practices, the strategies laid out are important as focus is on formulation of policies that look at the planning in the long term. The improvement in production and equity in distribution of foods assist in increasing purchasing power. Guiding the farmers in the production process helps in increasing yield and marketing of their produce. With the information they focus on the reduction of wastes and in the needs of the community in terms of the nutrition levels (Sweeting, 2008). Having a health care system helps in addressing the issues of malnutrition and especially in the cases of obesity and guiding on the foods that people should consume. Food initiatives such as the education programs assist in elimination of the chronic diseases that are related to the consumption of unhealthy foods. Focus is on support of the needs of the individuals and decrease of the insecurities in food. The intake of the nutrients is considered and this helps in protection of the increasing population. Nutrition education is focused on the rates of deficiencies in the intake of nutrients and the effect that it has on people with low incomes (Sweeting, 2008). Public policies and the observation of the changes in the environment assist in focusing on the change of behavior and promotion of food security. There is the analysis of the choices that consumers make and the ability of accessing healthy foods. The unification of efforts in production of healthy foods increases the sustainability of the methods used and making food affordable and accessible to all. FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 5 The increase in the genetically modified foods a case in point of the Agribusiness Multinational Corporations identifies the role that food plays in the markets. The progressive techniques are meant to increase food security and but the considerations on safety of consumption is debated. The increase in resources helps in making sure that there is constant supply but its contribution to increase in cases of obesity is considered. The control of the quality of foods helps in the consideration of the calorie intake and consideration of the needs of consumers in terms of the costs of food. The control of use of chemicals in the production process helps in reduction of methane production and this embraces the need to protect the environment in the face of global warming. The processes that underlie obesity and food insecurity are derived from the shared system of food. In addressing the in issues, the complexities of the system need to be considered as it helps in sustaining the reduction of wastage of food and health promotion. The alignment of the food initiatives with the goals of nutrition assists in solving the issues of food insecurity and efforts applicable in maintenance of natural resources and in promotion of diversity (Van, 2012). The availability of options in accessing healthy foods assists in following of guidelines in good distribution and reduction of costs of access. It also helps in identification of the gaps that exist in the integration of the different strategies. For the people that are suffering from the cases of obesity, having food schedules is important as it helps in making aware of the calorie consumption levels and needs to observe the balanced diets. It ensures an analysis of the importance of leading a healthy life helping in improvement of life expectancy level. The increase in the physical activities is also one of the methods of embracing healthy lifestyles as the focus is on maintaining a diet that is healthy. The knowledge of the farmers on the effects of the chemicals used in foods means that there is the FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 6 assessment of the need to uphold the measures that focus on food security in the economy and at the same time meeting the needs of the people. FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY 7 References Adegboye, A. R. A., Andersen, L. B., Froberg, K., Sardinha, L. B., & Heitmann, B. L. March 08, (2010). Linking definition of childhood and adolescent obesity to current health outcomes. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 5, 2, 130-142. Baur, L. A., Hazelton, B., & Shrewsbury, V. A. (January 01, 2011). Assessment and management of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 8, 11, 635-45. Burrell, S., Alexander, S., & Baur, L. A. (July 01, 2011). The management of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Modern Medicine: The Journal of Clinical Medicine, 36, 7, 16. McFarlane, J., Scott, H., Robertson, V., Gleeson, C., Vanderkroft, D., & Wilson, K. (2009). General practitioner and pediatrician self-reported capacity for the diagnosis and management of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. Nutrition & Dietetics. 66, 176-185. Murray, R., & Battista, M. (January 01, 2009). Managing the risk of childhood overweight and obesity in primary care practice. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 39, 6, 146-65. O'Dea, J. A., & Wilson, R. (January 01, 2006). Socio-cognitive and nutritional factors associated with body mass index in children and adolescents: possibilities for childhood obesity prevention. Health Education Research, 21, 6, 796-805. FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY Reilly, J. J. (January 01, 2005). Physical activity and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Lancet (London, England), 366, 9482, 23-29. Rudolph, L., Caplan, J., Ben-Moshe, K., & Dillon, L. (2013). Health in All Policies: A guide for state and local governments. American Public Health Association. Sharma, M. (August 01, 2006). School-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. Obesity Reviews, 7, 3, 261-269. Sweeting, H. N. (January 01, 2008). Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Nutrition Journal, 7. Van, M. M. T. (May 01, 2012). Obesity in childhood and adolescence: editorial. South African Medical Journal, 102, 5, 289. 8
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Running head: FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

Food Waste and Obesity
Mileidy Jimenez
West Coast University

1

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

2
Abstract

The problem of food insecurity is one that is caused by the food wastages that is limiting
the access of certain members of the population to access the nutrients for their development.
This issue has necessitated regarding the dietary deficiency of the people has increased the need
to formulate strategies that would increase access to healthy foods. Food insecurity is impacted
by the increase in poverty and unemployment rates, and it reduces the access to quality foods.
The problem of shortage of food supplied to a segment of the population that needs them is
related to the increase in cases of obesity as the foods that people can afford have less dietary
quality leading to the increase of calorie intake. It is important that there is observation of the
climatic changes that contributes to food insecurities. Therefore, changes in public policies
regarding the practices of the entities and individual responsible for food insecurity through
wastages can help address the problem.
The increase in the level of obesity in society has become a health epidemic, as it is associated
with different diseases. Unemployment and poverty rates are known to contribute to the increase
in obesity as a large percentage of the population is unable to afford quality food. It creates a
need to come up with measures that will help in the reduction of the risks that the society
continues to face. The proposed policy changes for addressing the problem of food insecurity are
prohibition of the disposal of certain food products by supermarkets, increased distribution of
food items trough charitable causes, and limitation of food production levels by industrial farms
through utilization of consumer preference data. Also, there is focus on the increase of food
security and education of farmers on specific needs of the population.

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

3
Literature Review

Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States. As a health issue, it has continually
put people at risks of associated health disorders regardless of their age or socio-economic status.
It has been identified as one cause of a poor, unhealthy population. In recent years, the
prevalence among the population has been reported to decline (McFarlane, 2009). However, the
number and the level of obesity among preschool-aged children are still high. In a study
conducted recently, it was established from a sample population that children between the age of
5 and 19 were obese, and 70% tested positive for one or more opportunistic diseases.
People with obesity are more likely to be pre-diabetic, which is a condition that involves
an increase in the level of blood glucose in the blood. Children and adolescents that are
overweight have a high risk of developing other ill-health conditions such as joint pains and
sleep apnea problems (Adegboye et al., 2010). In most cases, obese individuals are likely to have
social and psychological problems like poor self-esteem and stigmatization.
Obesity has affected children across all classes, but it is more dominant among children
from the middle and low classes. The health department has moved in to minimize the cases of
type-2-diabetes, stroke, heart disease, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. It has also been
established that 80% of obese children and adolescents will be obese at adults, exposing them to
the above health risks (Baur, Hazelton, & Shrewsbury, 2011). The aim of this paper is to analyze
the literature behind obesity.
Social health scientists have been working on methods of reducing the increasing rates of
obesity, but the fight has born little results. There are many causes of obesity among children and
adolescents. First, hereditary factors are among the greatest elements analyzed as a source for

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

4

obesity. According to Van (2012), the result of various empirical studies showed that children
with a body mass index of 25 that represent 40percent of all case of child obesity had inherited
genes that predispose them to become overweight. Meanwhile, Sweeting (2008) argued that the
genetic element in the development of childhood obesity is negligible since there is no evidence
to show a rate higher than 5percent. Therefore, genetics can assume a part in the advancement of
obesity, but it is not the reason for the increasing rate childhood obesity in the United States.
Rudolph (2013) explained that the lifestyle of people is an additional dimension that is
connected to the increase in the number of cases of obesity. Also, the food accessibility and the
inclinations of relatives can affect the types of food that a person consumes. In other instances, it
is the family's living situation and physical inactive that contribute to the development of obesity
(Rudolph, 2013). Meanwhile, the high consumption of fast food has been linked with obesity in
the current era. Numerous families, particularly those with both parents employed far from
home, settle on fast food restaurants. The selection of these fast foods is also facilitated by the
sense that most kids prefer the addictive taste of the food items served in these restaurants. For
example, statistical data from different sources show that there are more than 300,000 fast food
outlets in the United States today. These fast food restaurants provide an easy avenue to access
high-calorie meals that increase the chances of weight gain by consumers.
O’Dea & Wilson (2006) stated that despite the preference of most Americans for meals
served by quick service restaurants, the high-calorie diets rarely provide much health benefits to
the people that consume them. Rather, they acquire excess energy from them that are not
required for the inactive lifestyle. Therefore, the foods components after digestions are stored as
fat on body linings, muscles, and along blood veins thereby constitute health hazards to the
consumers of unhealthy meals.

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

5

Many parents with obese children consider it as just baby fat. However, if they continue
to be obese throughout their adolescent years, then there is the likelihood that they will be obese
as adults.This may cause detrimental health problems such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Challenges developed when a child is obese later turn to
be diseases at adulthood. The health problems transferred by being obese include heart diseases,
gallbladder issues, diabetes, cancer, sleep apnoea, and osteoarthritis.
The American Obesity Association pointed out that children and teenagers with obesity
are 12.6 times more likely to have high amounts of fasting insulin, which is a threat for type-2
diabetes (O'Dea and Wilson, 2006). When a person develops this condition, it becomes difficult
to control other opportunistic diseases related to the contracted disease. When eventually one is
put under medication, the survival chances start to decline due to medicinal side effects. Having
a large weight may also cause bone and joint problems facilitate by the lack of strength. The
American Obesity Association says that children grow bone and sinews, which might not be
adequately strong to hold excess weight.
In his article on childhood obesity, Reilly (2005) noted that overweight girls and young
women are at a higher risk of experiencing negative socio-demographic encounters. Women are
more likely to develop psychological and social problems whenever they have an abnormal
condition as compared to men. As such, women suffering from obesity have the potential to
develop challenges propagated by obesity due to their psychological torture.
Annually, since the advancement of technology and availability of televisions in almost
all homes in the United States, obesity has been rising steadily. The sedentary lifestyle that is
characterized by increasing television time or playing of video games has contributed to the
rising cases of childhood obesity (Hall, Guo, Dore, & Chow, 2009). The trend these days is to

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

6

see children preferring to watch television all day than going to the park for recreational and
physical activities that would increase the rate of combustion of excess calories. According to
information from the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), obesity had more than
doubled from 15% in 1980 to 31% in 2000. Sharma (2006) argued that this rise can be tied to the
technological developments during this period, which is supported by the fact that individuals
would rather use the elevator than climbing the stair in high rise buildings. Further, an additional
explanation for the above data is the automation of most basic household chores that would
require physical activities. The consequence is the failure of children to engage in physical
activities that would help maintain the proper body development.
Unfortunately, people often fail to see the real problem or only turn their head to the
solutions. Obese children and teenagers have a higher possibility of developing health issues like
heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis (Buzby & Hyman, 2012).
Sadly, these are just a few of the long list of health troubles. However, obesity does not always
have to be the result. It should be a personal initiative to schedule exercises in a daily or frequent
activities.
Recommendations
Medical experts posit that there is a need to tackle the obesity epidemic immediately
since it has been identified as one of the causes of several poor health outcomes in the society.
There are sociological ties related to obesity and is dispassionately characterized by body weight
list that appears to be extremely constrained. However, there might be a need to examine how
social elements affect the view of weight within families. There has been identified a striking
difference between gender and the variables of obesity as it has been reported. To achieve an
obese free society, it is important to analyze the conceivable causes in the look for sustainable

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

7

solutions. The level of these causes also varies, and the approach would be different with unique
solutions.
Studies have set the change of social life as the major approach to minimizing obese
cases. Further, the approach towards obese people should be such that there is no rebuking or
being sluggish towards them as there is a likelihood of lowering their self-esteem (Murray &
Battista, 2009). Conclusively, the people need to schedule diets that are more beneficial and
ensure that there are adequate physical exercises all the time. The media, advertisers, parents and
schools need to assume their roles through the advancement of physical action and adhering to a
proper diet, and not have garbage food and computer games as promptly accessible to the kids.
Methods and Results
Food is an essential resource for human survival but not readily available to people in
certain parts of the world due to the activities of others. Gustavsson et al. (2011) stated that food
wastages in some developed countries that are caused by several factors including cultural and
economic ones are resulting in food insecurity in nations that lack the capacity to produce the
required quantity due to environmental conditions. The fact that some of the environmental
problems, such as drought and flooding are caused by the industrial processes used to generate
foods that are not consumed makes the situation unfair to these developing nations.
Meanwhile, the resource-dependent industrial farming practices of developed nations are
producing food products that are not only contributing to the overweight crises experienced by
their citizens but leading to wastages that exacerbate the current climate problems that nations of
the world have to deal with (Gustavsson et al., 2011). They contend that almost one- third of the
edible parts of food produced globally for human consumption go to waste annually. A study by

FOOD WASTE AND OBESITY

8

SIWI noted that food losses and wastage could be as high as 50percent from the field to fork
while thirty - fifty percent of all food produced (1.2 to 2 billion tons) is lost before being
consumed by man (Fox, 2013).
Food accessibility is dependent on cost, nutrient quality and a number of calories it gives
while obesity is the dependent on food availability. The entire American population was used as
the control experiment as depending on the lifestyles led and food eaten, the population will
either end up obese or not. Lundqvist (2008) explained that in the United States, many stores and
supermarkets usually dump food, which is good enough to be taken by the less fortunate in the
society. Many dumpster divers which include the students and the slum dwellers usually try to
find their way to the dumpsters to acquire a good amount, but this...


Anonymous
Very useful material for studying!

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