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Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1 Green text boxes contain explanations of APA style guidelines. The title should summarize the paper’s main idea and identify the variables under discussion and the relationship between them. Blue boxes contain directions for writing and citing in APA style. Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Elizabeth L. Angeli The author’s name and institution should be doublespaced and centered. State University Author Note Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University. Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant Program. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555. Contact: author@boiler.edu The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and dissertations.. An author note should appear as follows: First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any) Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail) The running head is a shortened version of the paper’s full title, and it is used to help readers identify the titles for published articles (even if your paper is not intended for publication, your paper should still have a running head). The running head cannot exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. The running head’s title should be in capital letters. The running head should be flush left, and page numbers should be flush right. On the title page, the running head should include the words “Running head.” For pages following the title page, repeat the running head in all caps without “Running head.” VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2 Abstract The abstract is a brief summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly review the main points and purpose of the paper. The abstract should be between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper should be defined in the abstract. This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as “email,” in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, offer different results. This paper examines Cummings, Butler, and Kraut’s (2002) research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication The word “Abstract” should be centered and typed in 12 point Times New Roman. Do not indent the first line of the abstract paragraph. All other paragraphs in the paper should be indented. The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. The introduction presents the problem that the paper addresses. See the OWL resources on introductions: http://owl.en glish.purdue.e du/owl/resou rce/724/01/ VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 3 Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and the frequency of use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). However, contradictory results are suggested within this research because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. To understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to In-text citations that are direct quotes should include the author’s/ authors’ name/s, the publication year, and page number/s. If you are paraphrasing a source, APA encourages you to include page numbers: (Smith, 2009, p. 76). The title of the paper is centered and not bolded. better understand how online communication affects relationships. If an article has three to five authors, write out all of the authors’ names the first time they appear. Then use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” Literature Review In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone APA requires you to include the publication year because APA users are concerned with the date of the article (the more current the better). VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 4 communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal Use an appendix to provide brief content that supplement s your paper but is not directly related to your text. relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002). If you are including an appendix, refer to it in the body of your paper. found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5.2 times Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the HomeNet project (see Appendix A for more information on the HomeNet project). In this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month) (as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their nonInternet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an inferior mode of personal relationship communication. Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., selfdisclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection between intimacy and relationships through CMC. Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 5 environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC modality. Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives. In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the limitations of CMC, e.g., the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to overcome the barriers of CMC. In their 2002 study, Tidwell and Walther measured the perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 6 partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more intimate than their FtF relationship. Discussion In 2002, Cummings et al. stated that the evidence from their research conflicted with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies. Limitations of These Studies A Level 2 heading should be flush with the left margin, bolded, and title case. The discrepancies identified may result from a number of limitations found in the materials reviewed by Cummings et al. These limitations can result from technological constraints, demographic factors, or issues of modality. Each of these limitations will be examined in further detail below. Technological limitations. First, one reviewed study by Cummings et al. (2002) A Level 3 heading should indented 0.5” from the left margin, bolded, and lower case (except for the first word). Text should follow immediately after. If you use more than three levels of headings, consult section 3.02 of the APA manual (6th ed.) or the OWL resource on APA headings: http://owl.en glish.purdue. edu/owl/reso urce/560/16 / examined only email correspondence for their CMC modality. Therefore, the study is limited to only one mode of communication among other alternatives, e.g., IM as studied by Hu et al. (2004). Because of its many personalized features, IM provides more personal CMC. For example, it is in real time without delay, voice-chat and video features are available for many IM programs, and text boxes can be personalized with the user’s picture, favorite colors and text, and a wide variety of emoticons, e.g., :). These options allow for both an increase in self-expression and the ability to overcompensate for the barriers of CMC through customizable features, as stated in Tidwell and Walther A Level 1 heading should be centered, bolded, and uppercase and lower case (also referred to as title case). Because all research has its limitations, it is important to discuss the limitations of articles under examination . VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 7 (2002). Self-disclosure and intimacy may result from IM’s individualized features, which are not as personalized in email correspondence. Demographic limitations. In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies that focused on international bank employees and college students (see Appendix B for demographic information). It is possible the participants’ CMC through email was used primarily for business, professional, and school matters and not for relationship creation or maintenance. In this case, personal self-disclosure and intimacy levels are expected to be lower for non-relationship interactions, as this communication is primarily between boss and employee or student and professor. Intimacy is not required, or even desired, for these professional relationships. Modality limitations. Instead of professional correspondence, however, Cummings et al.’s (2002) review of the HomeNet project focused on already established relationships and CMC’s effect on relationship maintenance. The HomeNet researchers’ sole dependence on email communication as CMC may have contributed to the lower levels of intimacy and closeness among Internet relationships as compared to nonInternet relationships (as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). The barriers of non-personal communication in email could be a factor in this project, and this could lead to less intimacy among these Internet partners. If alternate modalities of CMC were studied in both already established and professional relationships, perhaps these results would have resembled those of the previously mentioned research. VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 8 Conclusions and Future Study In order to gain a complete understanding of CMC’s true effect on both online and offline relationships, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all aspects of CMC. This includes, but is not limited to, email, IM, voice-chat, video-chat, online journals and diaries, online social groups with message boards, and chat rooms. The effects on relationships of each modality may be different, and this is demonstrated by the discrepancies in intimacy between email and IM correspondence. As each mode of communication becomes more prevalent in individuals’ lives, it is important to examine the impact of all modes of CMC on online and offline relationship formation, maintenance, and even termination. The conclusion restates the problem the paper addresses and can offer areas for further research. See the OWL resource on conclusions: http://owl. english.pur due.edu/ow l/resource/ 724/04/ VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION References Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108. Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48. Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348. Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140. Start the reference list on a new page, center the title “References,” and alphabetize the entries. Do not underline or italicize the title. Double-space all entries. Every source mentioned in the paper should have an entry. 9 VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 10 Appendix A The HomeNet Project The first paragraph of the appendix should flush with the left margin. Additional paragraphs should be indented. Started at Carnegie Mellon University in 1995, the HomeNet research project has involved a number of studies intended to look at home Internet usage. Researchers began this project because the Internet was originally designed as a tool for scientific and corporate use. Home usage of the Internet was an unexpected phenomenon worthy of extended study. Each of HomeNet’s studies has explored a different facet of home Internet usage, such as chatting, playing games, or reading the news. Within the past few years, the explosion of social networking has also proven to be an area deserving of additional research. Refer to Table A1 for a more detailed description of HomeNet studies. Table A1 Label tables and figures in the appendix as you would in the text of your manuscript, using the letter A before the number to clarify that the table or figure belongs to the appendix. Description of HomeNet Studies by Year Year  of  Study   1995-­‐1996   1997-­‐1999   1998-­‐1999   2000-­‐2002   Contents  of  Study   93 families in Pittsburgh involved in school or community organizations 25 families with home businesses 151 Pittsburgh households National survey Begin each appendix on a new page., with the word appendix in the top center. Use an identifying capital letter (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) if you have more than one appendix. If you are referring to more than one appendix in your text, use the plural appendices (APA only). VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION Appendix B Demographic Information for Cummings et al. (2002)’s Review If an appendix consists entirely of a table or figure, the title of the table or figure should serve as the title of the appendix. 11 Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays How does the internet influence on society nowadays JUNHAO WANG State University 1 Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 2 Abstract This article explores three published articles that report on the results of the Internet for human beings to provide free forums and the development of the Internet to provide a huge business opportunity for mankind. This article also provides a different study of the results of the Internet on the human body and other aspects of the harm. Through these descriptions to show the importance of the Internet in today's times. Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 3 How does the internet influence on society nowadays The process of Internet development is the process of global networks and information, the impact of the future society is difficult to describe accurately, but experts believe that although some things still feel the novel, perhaps ten years later, it will become indispensable to our lives a part of. Some of the changes in the Internet today provide people with a lot of reflections on social life, economics, science and technology, and politics. That is why I think the internet is so important in today's society. Why is the impact of the Internet today on society so important, because of the Internet for human society to provide the first global library, is also the first global forum? Anyone, no matter anywhere in the world, at any time, no one can access the internet, the internet will never shut down. And, no matter who you are, will be welcome. You will not be different from the color, wearing different, various religious beliefs are excluded. In today's world, the only no border, no discrimination, no political life circle belongs to the Internet. Through the dissemination of network information, any one person in the world, regardless of nationality, race, gender, age, the gap between wealthy and poor, to teach each other's experience and knowledge, expression of ideas and views. Social Networking Life certainly has changed and evolved with social networking being in the epicenter of everything. People are far better connected than ever. Gone are those days Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 4 when you can only be connected to a selected few. The youth believes in social networking and is very well connected. Websites like facebook, twitter etc have had a major impact. Reaching anyone has become so easy.( Sarkar,,2016) The second reason why the impact of the Internet on society is so important because the Internet offers a lot of business opportunities. Because one of the important signs of human social progress is the innovation and invention of tools. The Internet has a great tool with the advantages and characteristics, it can determine the traditional enterprises to bring "income, savings, efficiency, hedge" role, so that enterprises in creating network brand, expand sales channels, promotion and Promote enterprises and products, to strengthen communication with consumers, to collect all kinds of business information, accurate market research, improve after-sales service, reduce costs, integration of resources and so play a critical role. The following are the same as the "Times in development, the business can be traditionally, but tools must be updated. This is the traditional enterprises must be in line with the urgency of the Internet. From which also contains a lot of business opportunities! For example, e-commerce is one of the opportunities. E-commerce has changed the way we have done shopping and I believe the youth today is using it the most. Shopping has become a matter of clicks and it is the internet that has helped us to do, Exists today only because of such a model. ( Dentzel,2014) Therefore,The Internet is one of the key factors driving today’s Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 5 economy. No one can afford to be left behind. Even in a tough macroeconomic framework, the Internet can foster growth, coupled with enhanced productivity and competitiveness. The third reason why the impact of the Internet on society is so important because Youth relies on internet to gather information. Learning and sharing of knowledge has become so easy only because of internet. There are thousands of website working towards the same mission and I do not want to start noting them down. One need not wait to purchase a book to start absorbing knowledge, material is now openly available and also, there is no shortage of assistance and mentorship through various means. The Internet has clearly impacted all levels of education by providing unbounded possibilities for learning. Dentzel (2014) believe the future of education is a networked future. People can use the Internet to create and share knowledge and develop new ways of teaching and learning that captivate and stimulate students’ imagination at any time, anywhere, using any device. By connecting and empowering students and educators, we can speed up economic growth and enhance the well-being of society throughout the world. We should work together, over a network, to build the global learning society. However, there are still some unfortunate phenomena in the network. If we keep personal privacy on the computer, and perhaps some people will be Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 6 illegal means to steal our personal privacy and some valuable information. News that feature almost on a daily basis around money laundering and looting, exposing someone’s private life through various means, stealing sensitive government information are disturbing for everyone of us and is the negative side of the internet. The Internet is open, and there is no shortage of people who access the internet only with malicious intent. Such is the magnitude of this problem that Cyber Security now is a full-fledged career option. ( Dentzel,2014) Since the Internet is a free forum, so we will see a variety of information on the Internet, and some wrong information is needed for us to resist. Such as violence and pornography. Some students are addicted to games and online dating because of their lack of awareness of society and self-protection awareness. On the Internet at the same time, we need to pay attention to the Internet time can not be too long, if the long time to keep watching the computer, computer radiation will endanger people's health. Internet Addiction Disorder - The biggest negative impact has to be that it makes one addictive. It is hard to be a frequent n regular use without falling into its addiction. There is a disease too that the scientists believe it can give rise to and is termed as “Internet Addiction Disorder” and it can have its adverse effects. Sedentary Lifestyle - It has also largely contributed to the sedentary lifestyle.( Eqo,2016) Who would want to do physical movement when almost everything is possible through a couple of clicks. Be it banking, shopping, booking hospital, paying bills or even searching your dream home, it's all so simple and fluidic on Internet. But this has made the youth disease prone. We are prone to Obesity, Heart Ailments, and Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 7 even depression. Compare the youth with the previous generation, and we all know for a fact that they are far more happier and healthier than we are. In conclusion. The Internet has become an indispensable part of the world today; it makes the earth into the information network village. It can not only allow you to interact with friends at any time but also can achieve the sharing of resources, so that we save the cost also improve the efficiency of the Internet or a transcendental shuttle, it is not time and space constraints, you can achieve chat, Watching movies, watching news and other activities. The Internet or a personalized platform, any strange ideas can be on the Internet to get a proper development and survival. At the same time the Internet industry is an open platform, that is, we publish and accept information on the Internet is equal, not subject to various restrictions. Such as status, identity and so on. Thus enabling us to obtain a fair treatment. Running head: How does the internet influence on society nowadays 8 References Dentzel, Zaryn. "How the Internet Has Changed Everyday Life." OpenMind. N.p., n.d. Web. May 10 2014 Sarkar, Soham Soumya. "What Is the Influence of Internet on Society?"Https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-influence-of-internet-on-society. N.p., n.d. Web. Sept 12 2016. Eqo. "Essay on Negative Impact of Internet on Society." Short Essays on Famous Quotes. Short Essays on Famous Quotes, Nov 26. 2016. Web. Rubric (Junhao wang) Final research paper 20% of your course grade Similar to essay #2, but it's longer, has more research sources, APA instead of MLA ORGANIZATION Clear thesis: Topic (what you will talk about) Focus (is this causes? effects? comparison?) Gives the main points that you are going to cover in the thesis For every point in your thesis, you need a topic sentence in the body of the paper that's connected to that point, with evidence to support the point. Put your topics in the same order as the thesis statement. Don't repeat exact same words = that's "redundant." You have to paraphrase yourself. Good introduction and a good conclusion. Skilled and appropriate transitions--when you move from one topic to another or start a new paragraph, you usually need a transition of some kind. Look at Grammar Handout 04. CONTENT You really understood the subject. You did independent thinking about the subject. We can see what your ideas are, in addition to what you got from research. You have to support your own ideas with research. RESEARCH Look at the research paper assignment for the directions. They have to be good, reliable sources. In-text citations where you need them. Your sources have to be appropriate for your topic GRAMMAR 20 points--I can understand just fine. The mistakes are little mistakes that most non-native writers make. APA 20--points = no more than a few little mistakes What is the most important thing about MLA or APA? 1) When I see facts in the paper, there is an in-text citation that tells me where to look on your reference page. The first word in your reference must match the beginning of the entry on the Reference/Works Cited page. If are using a source with no author, you begin the Reference listing and the in-text citation with the title instead of the author. The important thing about the reference page is that your reader needs to be able to find the source easily wherever you found it. It's a big problem if you have facts in your paper if you have facts in your paper that need a citation and there is no citation. APA requirements. Cover sheet with title, student name, Laney College, running head, page number Your second page is an abstract = a one-paragraph summary of your paper You can use subtitles for different sections of your paper, but they are not required. They will help you to organize your own thinking and help your reader to follow your organization. "References" at the end are the same thing as "Works Cited" in MLA. The information and the order of the information is just a little bit different. Appendix = something added to the end for more information. You are not required to have these. POINTS OFF FOR PLAGIARISM! Rule -- do not quote more than four words in a row without quotation marks and a citation. A really good research paper does more paraphrasing than quotation, but you still need to cite the sources.
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HOW DOES THE INTERNET INFLUENCE SOCIETY NOWADAYS

How does the internet influence on society nowadays

Student’s Name: JUNHAO WANG

Institution’s Name: State University

Course Title:

Instructor’s Name:

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1

HOW DOES THE INTERNET INFLUENCE SOCIETY NOWADAYS
Abstract
This article investigates three published articles that elaborate about the after-effects of the
Internet for people to give free gatherings and the advancement of the Internet to give an
immense business chance to humanity. This article likewise gives an alternate investigation of
the impacts of the Internet on the human body and different parts of harm. Through these
portrayals, the significance of the Internet in today's life is shown.

2

HOW DOES THE INTERNET INFLUENCE SOCIETY NOWADAYS

3

How does the internet influence on society nowadays
The process of Internet development is the process of global networks and information.
The impact of the internet on the future society is difficult to describe accurately, but experts
believe that although some things still feel the novel, perhaps ten years later, it will become
indispensable as part of our lives. Some of the changes in the Internet today provide people with
a lot of reflections on social life, economics, science and technology, and politics. That is why I
think the internet is so important in today's society.
The major significant effect of innovation on our general public today is that as a result of
the Internet for human culture, is has given the main worldwide library, which is likewise the
principal worldwide gathering. Anybody, regardless of any place on the planet, whenever, he or
she can get to the web, the web will never close down. What's more important also is that,
regardless of your identity, the internet will still be welcome. You won't be unique in relation to
the shading; wearing distinctive, different religious convictions are avoided. In this d...


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