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Assignment 3: Position Paper

Due Week 8 and worth 220 points

This is a continuation of the first and second assignments and uses your accumulated research. Imagine you are two different lobbyists, supporting two different sides of the policy issue you wrote about in Assignment 2.

Submit your Assignment 1 and 2 revisions based on your professor’s feedback. You will be graded on your revisions. Then, write a 4-5 page paper in which you:

  1. Write a one-page position in favor of the policy.
  2. Write a one-page position against the policy.
  3. Write a one-page response to the argument in favor of the policy.
  4. Write a one-page response to the argument against the policy.
  5. Use at least two (2) of the following arguments from Chapter 10 in your paper: normative, positive, anecdote, and evidence arguments. Clearly label these to receive credit.
  6. Include at least four (4) peer-reviewed references (no more than five [5] years old) from material outside the textbook. Note: Appropriate peer-reviewed references include scholarly articles and governmental Websites. Wikipedia, other wikis, and any other Websites ending in anything other than “.gov” do not qualify as peer-reviewed.

Note: The Assignment 1 and 2 revisions must flow together with Assignment 3 as one seamless paper.

Your assignment must:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the tile of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length. The Assignment 1 and 2 revisions are not included in the required page length.


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Running head: THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis Rodriko Sankey Rick Humphress Public Policy Analysis May 14, 2017 1 THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 2 Executive Summary Affordable Care Act (ACA), alias the Obama Care Act, is a healthcare policy in the developed and implemented in the US. The three government arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive actively involved themselves in its development approval and implementation. ACA was a significant healthcare reform made by the government of US under former President Obama since the creation of Medicaid as well as Medicare in the year 1965. The ACA was developed to aid the poor, the elderly and the disabled that were unable to afford medication bills to have access to the required healthcare by increasing the coverage of Americans who could access medication and other healthcare aspects. Affordability, quality, and accessibility were healthcare issues the ACA was intended to achieve. For more than the past four years, many Americans had no access to medical care due to unaffordability. The number of American individuals who were uninsured was high as 49 million in 2010. The uninsured population was not able to pay for medical care bills, and this made their health poor. Apart from, the government of US, other players have been involved in the process of enhancing the application of the ACA, and they include, the public, interest and lobbying groups, pharmaceutical firms among other stakeholders. Recommendations and suggestions of the ACA include increased coverage of people who were able to afford the cost of healthcare through insurance cover, improved quality of the medical care and accessible care to all individuals including the disabled, the poor and the elderly. The policy also recommended those small businesses with less than 50 full-time employees and made below $ 250,000 would benefit more from a new affordable quality cover. THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 3 Introduction ACA is a healthcare policy in the developed and implemented in the US. The three government arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive have actively involved in it development approval and implementation (Coffin & Rak, 2013). The cost of healthcare services significantly affects the economy of America, the state budget, and virtually every family's health. When the cost of healthcare are high-priced, schooling for children, adult employment, and health lives of the elderly become difficult to endure. This made the government of US develop and the ACA. The policy advocated for improvement of health insurance that has enabled children access schooling without difficulty, grown-ups to work in a more productive way and the elderly live a healthier longer life (Obama, 2016). According to Garunay (2016), the ACA has reformed the health care through expansion and improvement of medical coverage since the population or the uninsured American had been reduced from 16 percent (9 million people) in 2010 to 9.1% (29 million) in 2015. This a significant decrease of 46%. This paper outlines players alongside the roles and functions played, who enhance the development approval and implementation of the ACA that was purposely made as a health reform in the health sector to save and improve lives of the Americans who could not afford the medical costs. Players Involved in the Policy There are many players who have made ACA deliver as planned. Actors that participated in the creation, approval, and execution of the ACA are both government and private stakeholders. These actors played different roles and functions in the insurance policy of the ACA. Examples of these players include the US government, pharmaceutical firms, insurance companies, physicians, employers, patients, interest or lobbying groups, and the general public (Saint Joseph's University, 2017). The government is the overall body that controls all activities THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 4 involve in the creation, authorization, and execution of the policy. Pharmaceutical firms are companies that manufacture and sell medicine and other medical products and facilities. They can either be public or private. Insurance companies can also be run on either private or public basis. They offer protection services in the healthcare sector. Employers are owners of businesses who provide employment opportunities to American citizens and pay them for labor services they provide to their firms or companies. Physicians are one of the service providers in healthcare facilities. Patients are citizens who are customers to some of the actors such as doctors and pharmaceutical firms. On the other hand, interest groups are significant players in the creation as well as the implementation of ACA. They push for legislation while focusing on their targeted benefits. The functions and roles played by these actors are interrelated in nature as highlighted next. Roles and Functions of the Players Patients Patients receive medical services from the physicians (Saint Joseph's University, 2017). They are customers to healthcare providers such as doctors, and they consume medical care services and products. They have a right to health services, and they are responsible for ensuring they are healthy. Their function in the ACA was raising issues of quality of services given in healthcare facilities as well as accessibility to medical care. Also, they provided opinions on medical costs that make it difficult for them to have medical care. Physicians Physicians can be grouped as employees because they provide services they are paid for. They provide services to patients since it is their fiducial responsibility to do so (Shipherd, Walton, & Johnson, 2016). Although they are different from other actors in the healthcare THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 5 system, they are paid for services they provide to patients but a connection between a patient and physician sacred faith that surpasses monetary payment. In the ACA doctors played a great function in soliciting for policies that improved their working environment to improve patient care and protection. Employers under the Obama Care Act provided provide the medical insurance covers to their workers and varied with deductibles and co-pays. According to Garunay (2016), ACA insurance policy also provided that those small businesses with less than 50 full-time employees and make below $ 250,000 would benefit more from a new affordable quality cover. In this manner, employers enhanced access to healthcare to people who could not afford the cost of medical services. Insurance Companies Insurance companies offered insurance services by selling the series in from premiums to Americans. The sales of insurance covers were done either directly to patients or indirectly through intermediaries of the government. They prioritize insurance covers in such a way that they make high premiums sold. The firm link between insurance companies and the government formed one of the major parts of the implementation of the ACA (Abraham, Simon, & KaracaMandic, 2015). Pharmaceutical Firms Pharmaceutical companies manufacture and sell medicines and other medical products recommended by professional medical doctors. Just like insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms can either be private or public. The played the role of ensuring the manufacture products are of met the required health standards quality and quality. They also ensure the product are available at the time of need. The companies receive salaries through the lawmaking drug-benefit THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 6 programs of health insurance as necessary by the ACA. It helped the government make medical costs affordable. (Philipson, Koijen, & Uhlig, 2016). Government The government is the core driver of the insurance policy in the ACA. Its response to the poor, disable and elderly American who were unable to afford medical bill was the primary trigger towards the health reform. The role of government in the ACA policy ran throughout the process its development and adoption. The government has three arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive that helped gear towards ACA implementation. The legislative branch created and enacted the ACA, the judicial interpreted the policy, and the executive played the role of implementing it (Joshi, 2015). Interest Groups Interest groups can be other actor discusses above or any other associations that help in the entire process of enacting and adoption of the ACA policy while pursuing interest benefits. Lobbying groups that include political individuals, some legislative, judicial and executive members were also helpful in enforcing the legislation and implementation if the policy. Pharmaceutical firms are interest groups that put pressure on legislation and execution of the ACA insurance coverage so that at the end of it all they have profited through the sale of medical product the improve the quality of healthcare. Political Influence of the Players Interest Groups or Lobbying Groups THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 7 Interest and groups had the energy to face the government and exert pressure on the legislation and policy adoption. Interest groups such as pharmaceutical firms have the motive of gaining more profits in their businesses apart from meeting the requirement of the ACA policy, of manufacturing quality medical benefits and availing them accordingly. Pharmaceutical firms are interrelated with the government since it is the government that sets the standards required for the products. There have been conflicts in the prices established by private and public firms about the products manufactured. They affect the ACA policy by enhancing quality healthcare through production and sale of quality products. Insurance Companies These firms affected the prices of premiums they offer to individuals. Their primary motive is to ensure all the poor, disabled and low-income earners in America have access to healthcare by providing subsidized insurance covers. They also have the purpose of making profits from the sales of insurance covers. They have an interrelation with the government in a way that they receive funds from the government to cater for a given percentage of premium prices on medical covers for the poor, disabled and elderly Americans. Conflict in fluctuation of premium prices due to inflation as well as disputes among insurance firms themselves due to negotiated rates of premiums. These businesses have an influence on the policy in that it fosters healthcare access (Abraham, Simon, & Karaca-Mandic, 2015). Conclusion The ACA policy was enhanced by many actors. The government, insurance firms, pharmaceutical industries, physicians, patients and interest groups are among the players in the adoption of this policy. The various functions and role played by these actors were essential tools for the success of the ACA policy. Establishment of the policy, enacting, and implementation, THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 8 provision of insurance covers, manufacturing and sale of medical products are among the roles that realized expansion and in the delivery of healthcare among the American. In turn, the ACA positively impacted the health of American by increasing the coverage of people who have access to quality and affordable medical care. THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 9 References Abraham, J. M., Simon, K., & Karaca-Mandic, P. (2015, January 01). IS The Medical Loss Ratio a Good Target Measure for Regulation in the Individual Market for Health Insurance? Health Economics, 24(1), 55-75. Coffin, J., & Rak, S. (2013). Affordable Care Act. , 28, 5.). The Journal of Medical Practice Management : Mpm, 28(5). Garunay, M. (2016, July 11). President Obama Writes on Health Care Progress in the Journal of the American Medical Association _ whitehouse.gov. Retrieved from obamawhitehouse.archives.gov: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ Joshi, N. K. (2015, March 01). Party Politics, Governors, and Healthcare Expenditures. Economics & Politics, 27(1), 52-78. Obama, B. J. (2016, August 2). United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps. Journal of American Medical Association: Clinical Review and Education, 525532. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797 Philipson, T. J., Koijen, R. S., & Uhlig, H. (2016, January 01). Financial Health Economics. Econometrica, 84(1), 194-245. Saint Joseph's University. (2017, January 27). Institute of Catholic Bioethics: Health Care Reform. Retrieved from sites.sju.edu: https://sites.sju.edu/icb/health-care-reform-dutiesand-responsibilities-of-the-stakeholders/ Shipherd, J., Walton, H. M., & Johnson, L. (2016, January 01). The Psychologist's Role in Transgender-specific Care with U.S. Veterans. Psychological Services, 13(1), 69-77.
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Running head: PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis
Name
Institution

1

PUBLIC
2

POLICY-THE

AFFORDABLE

CARE

ACT

Contents
Position in favor of the policy.................................................................................................... 3
Position against the policy ......................................................................................................... 4
Response to the argument for the policy.................................................................................... 4
Response to the argument against the policy ............................................................................. 5
Anecdote .................................................................................................................................... 6
Evidence ..................................................................................................................................... 6
References .................................................................................................................................. 7

PUBLIC
3

POLICY-THE

AFFORDABLE

CARE

ACT

The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis

Position in favor of the policy
Among many diseases that affect people, the childhood obesity has been considered
to be a major problem for the United States citizens. Despite the recent decline, childhood
obesity is still found to be high. According to Birkland, (2011), the health institutions such as
the CDC (The Centre for diseases and control) for the children and the young group aged
two to nineteen (2-19) years there has been the stable rate of the prevalence of the childhood
obesity. This is considered to be about seventeen percent (17%) and largely affects about
twelve million adolescents and children for the last decades. In favoring the “Affordable Care
Act,” several lower and middle-class Americans has found to be benefiting from the act due
to the affordability of the health insurance initiated by the Act. The affordable care act
primarily aims to ensure reduction of the rate of childhood obesity and increment in tobacco
consumption through education (Coffin & Rak, 2013). The grants of the Act are used by the
department of the public and private health in enhancing the emergency medical services to
the kids. In addition t...


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