Project 2-A Wastewater Treatment in Oman, engineering homework help

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The attached file are 5 reports I want you to re-write it in your own words so that when I submit it, it will not show similarity in turnitin.

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Strategic Management Portfolio Brief Part 1 Section A 1. The focus of strategic planning is on the long-term range planning Yes, the basic focus is on the long-term planning as it involves all the factors which can impact the decision making. 2. Is it important to distinguish between the objectives and strategies? Yes, it is important because the objectives are the checkpoints that needs ot be crossed well in order to attain the strategy at its best. 3. The most important corporate objective is to maximize the profits Yes, because the owners of the organization are the shareholders and it is an obligation to the organization to work in the interest of the shareholders. 4. Positioning is how a firm or business organization fights competition To some extent Yes, because the positioning creates a brand image in the minds of the consumers to make them purchase the product. 5. Logical incremental strategy is the process of developing detailed plan in a logical manner Yes, as it involves the detailed and explained steps that are used in the formulation of strategy. Section B The organization which I have chosen as a successful one is the Orpic, which is a petroleum exploration and production company of Oman. this is because the organization has adopted a change mechanism in order to formulate the strategy to be implemented in new location. As the macroenvironmental factors of each country is different from the other, so the organizations need to have different strategies for different location as per their environment. Orpic has always developed the strategies by keeping in view the environmental conditions of Oman which is a reason behind the success of the organization. As far as the unsuccessful organization has been concerned, I have chosen the Oma cement which is a cement manufacturing organization of Oman and highly dependent on the traditions and culture of the country as it contains 100% Omani staff employed. This has led the organization to focus only on the traditions and culture of the Oman even for the formulation of strategies. They do not consider the impact of the external and internal environment related to the organization on the activities of the organization which has become a prominent reason for the failure of the organizational strategies. Part 2 Section A Answers Strategic activities Strategic management decisions B 1. A computer manufacturer procuring a computer to be run independently A b. Product development 2. A food manufacturer acquiring the chain 3. A pharmaceutical company leveraging their research and development activities E 4. A tobacco company purchasing a computer software producer C 5. A sport gear and wear manufacturer starting to export through and overseas agent A 6. A computer producer acquiring a competitor whose products they will sell as their own C 7. A cinema and film production company licensing an overseas similar industry to produce their film c. Market development d. Related of franchise food industry A a. Consolidation diversification e. Unrelated diversification A 8. A computer company adapting its products to sell as a game machine A 9. A car distributor merged with a titanic car manufacturing industry E 10. A food chain industry converts another product line in cosmetics locally and internationally. Section B In order to have expansion of the business, the businesses require all kind of resources which includes the human resources, financial resource and the capital resources as well. As far as the strategic management decisions which are mentioned in the section A are taken into consideration, all of them are the business expansion strategies either in the same market or in the different market which requires all sorts of resources which are needed to run a new business. The is because the expansion is considered as a development of a new business and the development cannot be possible without the availability of the needed resources. Part 3 Section A Q no. 1: How might you answer the question: what business are we in? A luxury ice-cream manufacturer: “it is not tasty, its deliciously tasty” Q no. 2: Being a stakeholder of one of the above organization, what quantifiable measures would you consider to be most important way to judge the performance of the firm? As per the stake holder of the one of the above organization, I would be highly concerned about the profitability and growth of the form relative to its competitors. There are many measures through which I can assess the performance of the organization. The most prominent being the sales revenue of the organization which can be easily accessed by having a look at the annual reports of the organization. The annual reports give us too much information through which we can easily assess the organization’s performance through the quantifiable measures. These include the profitability ratios and the liquidity ratios as well. The profitability ratios through several techniques will tell us about the financial profitability condition of the organization while the liquidity ratios will tell us about the current assists of the organization out of which the cash is the most prominent. If the organization has enough cash and marketable securities than it means that the organization is doing very well. Part 4 Strategic evaluation of Orpic Orpic is an Omani petroleum and exploration company which is one of the largest and fastest growing organization of the Middle eastern countries. The organization has been established in 1974 and has been successfully working in Oman for 43 years. Mission To provide the customers with the best petroleum products while ensuring the environmental safety. Vision To become a leading petroleum exploration and production company all over the world. SWOT Analysis 1. Strengths Their most prominent strength is the high-quality products which has provided the organization with the huge customers. They have high brand recognition and reputation which has made its customers more loyal. It has acquired almost all of the market share of Oman which has provided it with huge profits (Slack, 2010). 2. Weaknesses The most significant weakness is no international expansion of the business which has led to no brand recognition outside the Middle Eastern region. It has no market share in the international market which has put a limit on its revenues (Jeswani, 2010). 3. Opportunities The organization has a significant opportunity to expand its business internationally. This will significantly increase the profits of the organization. It has the opportunity to adopt the product development strategies and the market development strategies so that it may gain more market share nationally and intern atonally as well (Slack, 2010). 4. Threats The high level of competition in the international market is a big threat to the organization. the market development strategies adopted by the competitors of the organization has led the organization at a risk of losing the market share (Jeswani, 2010). Conclusion In the light of the above discussion, it can be concluded that Orpic is an organization with huge strengths but it needs to focus on expanding its business internationally so that it may be able to gain more market share and can significantly improve its profits and financial position. References Gao, C.Y. and Peng, D.H., 2011. Consolidating SWOT analysis with nonhomogeneous uncertain preference information. Knowledge-Based Systems, 24(6), pp.796-808. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R., 2010. Operations management. Pearson education. Jeswani, H.K., Azapagic, A., Schepelmann, P. and Ritthoff, M., 2010. Options for broadening and deepening the LCA approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2), pp.120-127. Strategic Management Introduction In the recent times, the organization environment is so dynamic that it keeps on continuously changing due to which the organizations do to strategic planning as it involves a detailed analysis of all the factors while making the decisions, that may disturb the organization performance. the strategic planning is a toll that outline the ways which should be directed in order to accomplish the organizational goals. The strategic planning is a long process which starts with the formation of mission which leads up to the setting of goals, analysis of internal and external environment that may impact the business and ends up in making a highly effective strategy for the organization (Steiner, 2010).As in the case mentioned, there is a high need of strategic planning in order to formulate a strategy to improve its performance level and its profits while considering the external and internal factors that are responsible for the decline in the performance of the organization. Overview of the case As in the case, an organization named as Sara Lee has been mentioned which has started its business as a single unit 40 years ago and now, it has been diversified its hugely and has grown into a series of related and unrelated business units. The organization has now spread its business in more than 40 countries throughout the world. But in the recent years, the organization has been going through a serious problem due to which the organization is suffering an extreme economic downturn due to which the revenue of the organization has been decreasing continuously year by years and the sales as well. In order to take the organization out of this situation, the organization has adopted a strategy knows as retrenchment strategy in which it has decided to divest those business units which are no longer providing profits to the organization due to the increased operational cost of these businesses. All of this has happened because the extreme diversification of the business has divided the focus of the organization on all the business units die to which the management has not been able to manage all of thebusiness units effectively. The decrease focus of the management of the organization has led to decrease the performance of the business units as the environment in which the businesses operate is continuously changing and the strategies to perform the business should be changed accordingly which was the major reason behind the failure of some units of businesses. Objective The objective of the study is to have a critically evaluation of strategy adopted by the Sara Lee in order to regain its performance level. The Pestle analysis of the organization has also been given which will evaluate the macro environmental factors which may have an impact on the performance of the business units of the organization. The recommendation for the strategic planning cycle to be adopted by the organization in order to enhance its market and financial position in Oman is also given. Discussion Strategic retrenchment of Sara Lee As per the case, over the years of 40 years, the organization has been involved in high level of diversification which involves the related and unrelated diversification. The related diversification does not need much of the strategic planning and attention by the organization as most of the same policies and objectives can be adopted for it. On the other hand, the organization needs to have separate and distinct strategies because different business requires different strategic planning and this needs a lot of time and attention of the organization. But the organization was unable to provide that much focus to each of its business which has led to decrease the overall performance of the organization. In order to resolve the issue, the organization has adopted a strategy known as the retrenchment strategy. Through this strategy, the organization has decided to divest from some of its businesses so that it many have less business units to focus on. This strategy was adopted to increase the performance of the business units of the organizations. The organization has divested those business units of the organization which have been providing the organization with little profit and higher operational costs. The higher operational costs and the low profits have decreased the overall profits of the organization as the overall operating costs has been increased. So, the organization has decided that these business units should be sold out in order to implore the financial performance of the organization. After the implementation of this strategy, the organization has been able to focus on those business lines which are actually paying the organization with more profits and lower operational costs. These business lines include the beverages, household items and food products. After the separation of these business units from the rest of the organization, the management of the organization has been better able to allocate the resources of the organization to those businesses of the organization who are providing it with the increased profits and sales. This has actually increased the efficiency of those business units. There has been an increase in the sales volume and profits of the organization but that has significantly decreased again in the next two three years. This means that there are some other problems as well which are prevailing in the organization’s business units that are not letting the performance and profits of the organization to exceed. For this, the organization needs to do the environmental analysis so that it may come up with the factors which are creating problem for the organization. However, the organization should keep on mind that such strategies should only be adopted by the organization after a detailed analysis of how this strategy will help the organization in sustaining the growth and profit ratios. The organization needs to observe the performance of each individuals in order to motivate them to increase their performance levels. Pestle Analysis of Sara Lee’s Macro environmental factors Following is the pestle analysis performed for the Sara Lee 1. Political factors The most significant political factor which many impact the organization is the politically instable country. The business operations of Sara Lee can be affected by the political instability of the country in which they are operating. Adding on to this, there are many countries which imposes high governmental regulations which interfere with the smooth running of the business. The organizational activities are highly impacted by these regulations of the government. So, in order to reduce the impact of these factors, the organization should try to expand their business in those countries which have lower government regulation and interventions and are politically stables country (Steiner, 2010). 2. Economic factors There are many factors which can affect the business operations of Sara Lee, the most prominent being the exchange rate risks. This risk is associated with those organizations who are working in more than in location. Just as Sara lee has been working in more than 40 countries so, the organization is very high on the exchange rate risk which can have a huge impact on the organization’s cash flows. Apart from this, the earning and income level of the people in the country also has a great impact on the organization’s sales. This is because the people with high income level group are more likely to purchase more the products and services of the organization as compared to the people with the low-income levels. Another factor which may have a great impact on the profits earned by the organization is the general increase in the price of goods and services which is more commonly known as the inflation. Due to inflation, there happens and increase in the price of raw material used to produce the products which ultimately increases its operational costs. The rise in the operational cost lead to a decrease in the profits of the organization (Poister, 2010). 3. Social factors The society in which the organization operates has a great impact on the performance of the organization. This is because the consumer’s likeliness towards the organizational product directly depends upon the sales. If the consumers have a positive attitude towards the product of the organization, the they are more likely to purchase the product of the organization as compared to those who have some negative attitude or perceptions. As there are many countries who have a trend of serving the beverages to the guests at their religious and festive occasions, so these will be having a positive impact on the sales of the organization as on those occasions the sales of the organization’s products will be highly increased (Blythe, 2010). 4. Technological factors The technological factors have a great impact on the production efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. This is because the technology improves the ways an organization operates which saves the time as the latest technology is able to do the task more efficiently and in a better way as well. So, Sara Lee with the use of the latest technology, can increase its production capacity due to which it can make more product with in less time. this will also aid the organization in gaining more market presence as the increased supply of the organization’s product will have a positive impact on the consumers due to its high availability (Jones, 2010). 5. Legal factors The legal factors are different for different countries. This is because, every country has made its own set of rules and regulation which are to be followed by all the organizations working in the legal premises of that country. There are some countries who poses very strict regulations as per their law on the froing organization that tend to operate in some their country. The organization before entering into any market should focus on the legal requirements put in by the law imposing authorities of that country. Just as there are many Muslim countries which do not allow the organizations to sell those products which are considered to be Haram as per the religion of the Muslims so that the Muslim should not be engage in the buying or selling of Haram products. Just as in the case of Sara Lee, the organization has always sold Halal food in the Muslims countries in order to avoid any discrepancies made by the law enforcing authorities and the government of the countries in which it has been operating (Jeswani, 2010). 6. Environmental factors The environmental factors ensure that the organization have been working in a way that is not harmful for the environment in any case. There are many countries in which the government imposes high penalties on those organizations which are destroying the environment or the environment is getting affected by any case related to the organization. adding on to this, there are some countries which have banned the usage of plastic bags as the use of plastic bags is very harmful for the environment. So, Sara Lee, when moving in to the foreign countries with the intention to expand the business should keep in mined these regulations (Slack, 2010). Recommended strategic planning cycle As the organization has been going through a huge downturn due to which it needs a strong strategic planning process which will help it to make better decision while keep in view all the factors external and internal to the organization. Following is the recommended strategic planning cycle for the organization to improve its position in the Omani market. 1. The organization should first establish the goals that it wanted to achieve. These include the performance goals, financial goals and market or product development goals as well. 2. Then the organization should evaluate if there are any kind of issues that exist in the market related to the goals which are made at stage one. These issues can be internal and external to the organization. 3. Through the SWOT analysis, the organization can minimize the impact of these issues by utilizing its own strengths and opportunities. 4. After a careful examination, all the external and internal factors, the organization can easily make the strategy which will help it to gain the better market and financial position in Oman. Conclusion In the light of the above discussion, it can be concluded that the organization has started its business as a single unit 40 years ago and now, it has been diversified its hugely and has grown into a series of related and unrelated business units. The organization has now spread its business in more than 40 countries throughout the world. But in the recent years, the organization has been going through a serious problem due to which the organization is suffering an extreme economic downturn due to which the revenue of the organization has been decreasing continuously year by years and the sales as well. In order to take the organization out of this situation, the organization has adopted a strategy knows as retrenchment strategy in which it has decided to divest those business units which are no longer providing profits to the organization due to the increased operational cost of these businesses. All of this has happened because the extreme diversification of the business has divided the focus of the organization on all the business units die to which the management has not been able to manage all of the business units effectively. The organization should keep on mind that such strategies should only be adopted by the organization after a detailed analysis of how this strategy will help the organization in sustaining the growth and profit ratios. The organization needs to observe the performance of each individuals in order to motivate them to increase their performance levels. References Blythe, J. and Megicks, P., 2010. Marketing planning: strategy, environment and context. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Clarke, A. and Fuller, M., 2010. Collaborative strategic management: strategy formulation and implementation by multi-organizational cross-sector social partnerships. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, pp.85-101. Galbreath, J., 2010. Drivers of corporate social responsibility: The role of formal strategic planning and firm culture. British Journal of Management, 21(2), pp.511-525. Gao, C.Y. and Peng, D.H., 2011. Consolidating SWOT analysis with nonhomogeneous uncertain Haghighi, M., Divandari, A. and Keimasi, M., 2010. The impact of 3D e-readiness on e-banking development in Iran: A fuzzy AHP analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(6), pp.4084-4093. Jeswani, H.K., Azapagic, A., Schepelmann, P. and Ritthoff, M., 2010. Options for broadening and deepening the LCA approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2), pp.120-127. Jones, G.R. and Hill, C.W., 2010. Theory of strategic management: With cases. South-Western Cengage Learning. Kaklauskas, A., Zavadskas, E.K., Naimavicienė, J., Krutinis, M., Plakys, V. and Venskus, D., 2010. Model for a complex analysis of intelligent built environment. Automation in construction, 19(3), pp.326-340. Poister, T.H., 2010. The future of strategic planning in the public sector: Linking strategic management and performance. Public Administration Review, 70(s1). Preference information. Knowledge-Based Systems, 24(6), pp.796-808. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R., 2010. Operations management. Pearson education. Steiner, G.A., 2010. Strategic planning. Simon and Schuster. Managing and Leading Change Introduction The given article is about the change management process. in the article, the author focuses on bringing about the change in the organization. This is because the external environment in which the organization operates keeps on changing continuously due to which the organizations need to change them accordingly in order to survive in the highly dynamic and competitive environment. There are many organizations who use to take the services of the external consultants in order to bring about the change in the organization. But there are many organization who have permanently hired the professionals in order to continuously study the external environment and will bring about the change in the organization. The advantage with the internal change manager is that he understands the employees completely and should not only try to transform the organization and the processes related to the organization but he will also try bring about the change in the employees of the organization as well. he will be responsible for the training and development of the employees as per the new and improved systems of the organization. In addition, it is his responsibility to reduce the hurdles that are coming in the way of implementing the change management process and to lower the resistance of the employees towards adopting the change management by discussing their insecurities related to the change management process and try to solve it or reduce it to as minimum as possible. The change management will not only transform the organizational process but it will also transform the employees and their way of doing the work as well. The assignment will provide the summary of the article and it will also provide us who the use of the theory of the managing and leading the change in an organization. Adding on to this, the study will also be providing the critical evaluation of the article by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the article. Theory of managing and leading the change The most significant theory in order to bring about the change process is the communicative theory of leadership. This is because this theory encourages the organization to create a culture of organizational learning in which all the employees are benefited through the gain in the knowledge at every step and level of the organization (Anderson, 2010). In this system, the change management is carried out by the organizational internal managers as they know their employees and the organization the best. This will also facilitate the open communication system thorough which the employees will be openly communicating to the manager of the organization which will reduce the impact of the hurdles coming in the way of the organization (Thompson, 2010). Strengths and weaknesses of the article The strength of the article is that the author has deeply focused on the ways in order to reduce the impact of the hurdles and resistance of the employees towards the change management process. The weakness of the article is that the author has taken the organizational culture as a mean to bring about the change process as there are many organizations who are very conscious about their organizational culture and they do not want it to get changed. Positive and negative points The positive point related to the article is the way mentioned in order to bring about h the change and the suggestion that the internal manager of the organization is best suited to bring about the change in the organization. The negative point is thatthe author has taken the organizational culture as a mean to bring about the change process as there are many organizations who are very conscious about their organizational culture and they do not want it to get changed. My opinion As per my opinion the major factor behind the mismanagement of the change process is the lack of open communication between the managers and the employees. As employees are the change agents, so they need to be communicated all the necessary changes which are required to be brought about in the organization. The restrictive or authoritarian style of leadership do not facilitate the open communication which is the main reason behind the mismanagement of the change process. Conclusion In the light of the above discussion, it can be concluded that the external environment in which the organization operates keeps on changing continuously due to which the organizations need to change them accordingly in order to survive in the highly dynamic and competitive environment. There are many organizations who use to take the services of the external consultants in order to bring about the change in the organization. But there are many organization who have permanently hired the professionals in order to continuously study the external environment and will bring about the change in the organization. The advantage with the internal change manager is that he understands the employees completely and should not only try to transform the organization and the processes related to the organization but he will also try bring about the change in the employees of the organization as well. he will be responsible for the training and development of the employees as per the new and improved systems of the organization. References Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010. Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley & Sons. Smith, W.K., Binns, A. and Tushman, M.L., 2010. Complex business models: Managing strategic paradoxes simultaneously. Long range planning, 43(2), pp.448-461. Thompson, J.L. and Martin, F., 2010. Strategic management: awareness & change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Managing and Leading Change Introduction Change management refers to the technique which is used by the organization in order to transform organization, groups and individuals by redirecting the usage of organizational resources (Thompson, 2010). It is also referred to reshaping the organization in order to adapt new process and ways of doing business to improve the organizational performance and productivity. This process the organization as a whole which involves all the employees, teams and group formed at functional levels and all the processes and strategies going on in the organization (Chesbrough, 2010). Change management also focuses on how the individuals and teams are being affected by the change in the organization. Objective This study will critically evaluate the organization under observation in this case. In addition, it will also suggest a method for implementing the change management in the organization. The change and leadership theories are also discussed which can be beneficial in order to overcome the resistance of the people toward adopting the change. Discussion Background of the case The case was about the Gosfield park which is actually a country state located in North Berkshire. The total area of this state was 2500 hectares. The state was owned by the Kennedy family since the 15th century. Presently, the owners of the state are the two brother, of them one is named as Sebastian Gosfield. The state has almost 20 cottages and most of them are small cottages and huts. There is only one public house. For the maximization, the profits the family has been relying improving the leisure and entertainment activities to the people. There are many activities included in this event but the more common are the Veteran ad classic car shows, Jazz concerts, Opera in the park etc. The organization has adopted a change management strategy by opening up a showground which has the capacity of 2000 audiences which can be able to watch the show. This change management has poorly failed because of the non-coordination between the team members and the consultant who were hired to manage the event. All of this has done due to the lack of communication between the members. This has resulted in the dissatisfaction among the members and has led them to leave the organization. The Gosfield park wanted to make correction of all the mess that has happened. He wanted to being the change again and developed 30 lodges in the park with the intention that visitors can stay here for a longer time period to enjoy all the indoor and outdoor activities. This was intended because the management does not want it to be a failure that time. Type of change As mentioned in the case, the Gosfield wanted to being a change through the establishment of a new business which contain 30 lodges where the visitors can stay and relax easily. Theses lodges were intended to attract the visitors from far away places. In addition, the business does not require much of the external financing as they are already having a lot of money to be invest in the business. There is a huge opportunity for the Gosfield to start this business because the country is high on tourism and there is an increased trend in the people to spend on the recreational activities which also include the tourism activities. The organization only needs to have a proper implementation and management of the event so that it may lead towards the success. The employees of the organization need to work very hard, loyal and committed as the employees are the one who can bring about the change effective by acting as a change agent. Previously, the organization has hired the consultancy services of an external organization for the management and implementationof the change process which was named as Kay Associates. This was very obvious that Kay Associates does not have the needed expertise because of which the organization has failed to bring out the change management process in the organization. These external consultants were not having the idea that how to carry out the communication process in order to communicate all the necessary changes to the employees (Crawford, 2010). In order to bring about the change, the organization itself focus on bring about the change process. The organization should appoint its manager as a change agent in order to bring about the change process effectively. This is because the organization’s own manager is more aware of the organizational processes and procedures and the need for change on the organization as well. The internal manager of the organization can understand the employees in a more better way and can take out work from them more effectively. As he can associate the performance of the employees with some kind of rewards which will motivate the employees to improve their performance levels in order to bring about the change. It is the responsibility of the manager to encourage the employees by telling them the benefits of bringing about the change in the organization. The manager should assure the employees that the change process will not only benefit the organization but the employees will be benefited too. This will encourage the employees to work in a way that can easily improve the performance of the organization and hence the change process can easily be carried out (Doppelt, 2009). Change leadership theory and its application As per the issues discussed in the case, the appropriate strategy which can be used by the organization in order to bring about the change is the communicative leadership. This is because the communicative leadership is more like a participative style of leadership in which the organization use to engage their employees from all level of the organization in the decision-making process and the problem-solving process. This kind of leadership is effective while bringing about the change because this involves an open communication between the managers and the employees. It is the responsibility of the manager to communicate effectively the need for change in the organization and the benefits the organization will receive through the implementation of these changes. It is the responsibility of the manager to encourage the employees by telling them the benefits of bringing about the change in the organization. The manager should assure the employees that the change process will not only benefit the organization but the employees will be benefited too. This will encourage the employees to work in a way that can easily improve the performance of the organization and hence the change process can easily be carried out. This kind of leadership uses various non-financial recognition systems which act as a motivational tool in order to make the employees improve their performance levels. The communication of the managers with the employees will make them understand the need of the change process to the organization will motivate them to improve their performance levels (Doppelt, 2009). The basic reason behind the resistance of the employees towards the acceptance of change is that the employees may fear that with the implementation of the new system he organization may fire them or may be the organizational culture would be changed which would be not like the pervious one, or the workload may be increased. In order to reduce these perception of the employees, the managers are responsible to communicate the need for change is in the organization not the employees. it is the responsibility of the managers to make them feel that they will not get disadvantage from the change being implemented. The change which is going to implement will not only benefit the organization but it will benefit the employees too. All of this will be done when the organization is having a clear and open communication system (Smith, 2010). Communication Plan Information to be • communicated It should contain all the information related ot the change process. • The rationale behind the change process • It should be communicated to the employees that the need for change is to expand the business by building several lodges and more compartments for the visitors so that they can enjoy and relax much better. • The expectations of the company should be communicated to the employees so that they can work accordingly. • The benefits that the change will provide to the organization as well as the employees of the organization. • The employees should be well communicated the benefits that they will receive after the successful implementation of the change process. Communication objectives The objective of communication is to make the employees aware of the benefits and compensation which they will receive after the successful implementation of the change process. To whom information will The information will be communicated to the employees as be communicated they are the change agents which are responsible o bring about the change in the organization. This communication plan will also aid in reducing the hurdles which are faced by the resistance of the employees towards the change process Format and delivery The mechanism will be delivered to the employees with the mechanism for help of the meeting conducted by the managers of the communication organization in which there will be set pf round of discussions through which the managers and the employees will communicate the queries about the change process openly. When to communicate the First of all, the information should be communicated before information the start of the process. The managers should be there in order to provide the relevant and needed information to the employees during the process of change as well. Responsible for The change manager is responsible for communicating all communicating the the necessary information related to the plan. information Who will authorize communicate information to As the communication process has been carried out by the the organizational internal managers so, the internal managers of the organization and the owners of the organization will be responsible for the communication of the information How changes in The change process can be managed by creating a learning communication process be culture in the organization with the help of which every managed? employee will get the benefit. Flow of communication The organization should be flow at different level in the organization which usually involves two types of flow 1. Form the top management to the employees 2. In between the employees Escalation process to In case of any problems or issues during the process of resolve any communication implementing the change, it should be well communicated based conflict or issues with the top level of management and the issues related to the employees will be personally discussed with the employees, so that these can be reduced to a minimum level. Conclusion In the light of the above discussion, it can be concluded that change management is a technique which is used by the organization in order to transform organization, groups and individuals by redirecting the usage of organizational resources. It is also referred to reshaping the organization in order to adapt new process and ways of doing business to improve the organizational performance and productivity. As mentioned in the case, the Gosfield wanted to being a change through the establishment of a new business which contain 30 lodges where the visitors can stay and relax easily. Theses lodges were intended to attract the visitors from far away places. In addition, the business does not require much of the external financing as they are already having a lot of money to be invest in the business. There is a huge opportunity for the Gosfield to start this business because the country is high on tourism and there is an increased trend in the people to spend on the recreational activities which also include the tourism activities. The organization only needs to have a proper implementation and management of the event so that it may lead towards the success. The employees of the organization need to work very hard, loyal and committed as the employees are the one who can bring about the change effective by acting as a change agent. The communication of the managers with the employees will make them understand the need of the change process to the organization will motivate them to improve their performance levels. References Chesbrough, H., 2010. Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers. Long range planning, 43(2), pp.354-363. Crawford, L. and Nahmias, A.H., 2010. Competencies for managing change. International journal of project management, 28(4), pp.405-412. Doppelt, B., 2009. Leading Change Toward Sustainability-: A Change-Management Guide for Business, Government and Civil Society. Greenleaf Publishing. Drew, G., 2010. Issues and challenges in higher education leadership: Engaging for change. The Australian educational researcher, 37(3), pp.57-76. Finnigan, K.S. and Stewart, T., 2010. Leading change under pressure: An examination of principal leadership in low-performing schools. Journal of School Leadership, 19(5), pp.586-618. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J.F., 2010. The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985), pp.1523-1528. Smith, W.K., Binns, A. and Tushman, M.L., 2010. Complex business models: Managing strategic paradoxes simultaneously. Long range planning, 43(2), pp.448-461. Thompson, J.L. and Martin, F., 2010. Strategic management: awareness & change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Zhu, Q., Geng, Y., Fujita, T. and Hashimoto, S., 2010. Green supply chain management in leading manufacturers: Case studies in Japanese large companies. Management Research Review, 33(4), pp.380-392. Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010. Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley & Sons. A Study on Human Resource Planning in Oreedoo 1. Introduction In academic research, Human resource planning could be defined as one of the growing areas.The human resources are being regarded by the organizations as their own core factors as they would lead towards the good performance of the company. There is real significance of the human resource planning in the telecom sector as it is known as the main key driver regarding the maintaining and building the performance of the organization. In the telecom sector, the performance of HRP has enhanced and with the licensing to most of the MNC’s from those of the countries which are developed the modern practices. 2. Research Objective To highlight the human resource planning in Oreedoo company. 3. Literature Review (Calfskin, 2010)In the current days, the HRM is defined as one of the main significant tool for the HR specialists and also for obtaining the higher performance and the achievement. In the past HRM, there is not high value that has been employed as the labor, but it has also been realized by the managers that they can gain the efficient control by having the proper management on the staffing progress. But as the thinking of the business has been changed considering the employees as it has been found by the expenses that if the human resource practices have been followed that such employees could bring the most positive change in the terms of the company success, the growth and the profitability in the market. It has been stressed by Delery and Doty (2005) that by adopting the different best approaches in choosing and inflowing the best quality of the skill set would be inducted so it would add value to the organizational inventory skills. It has also been stressed out regarding the significance as the balance of the selected practices by which the culture of the organization and the employee behavior could also be aligned for making the positive results. It has been argued by Guest (2002) that the employee would exert the optional effort if there is any system of the proper management of the performance is kept and that has been supported by the compensation system which has been associated with the system of management performance. (Mello, 2005)The job definition could be defined as the combination of the job specification and the job description. All of the responsibilities and the duties are clearly outlined, the working conditions and also the expected skills of the individual performance of the company. Parceled al. (2003)at the time when they were observing the productivity of the steel workers, it has been found that the HR practice System effects which are complementary would be placed on the performance of the workers. So, in the research of the similar nature, the Caliskan (2010) would be targeting the small business that places the effects on the HR practices impacting the outcomes of the employees meaningfully. It has been declared by Daud (2006)that there would be the four steps for the efficient training:(1) that planning that adds the value of the provision, assessment and the selection of the instructors; (2) meaning, organizing the preparation of the techniques, the instructional strategies, the course manuals and the lesson plans and also the curriculum program for training (4)the following up and the evaluation, the meaning of the measurement of the productivity and the accountability. There is need of careful attention and careful consideration that lead to the effective program of training. Moreover it has also been argued by Abdalkrim (2012),that there are four alternative steps which must be built into the training programs like the creation of the right environment, the explanation has been made that why things expected are considered more significant and also precisely demonstrating that "how to do" instead of being polite and professional and then eventually getting from the others by having the new employees and also working with the staff members who are more experienced. Training helps the new staff to adjust in the company and perform as per expectations whereas experienced staff can develop their skills through training to further improve their performances. 4. Research Philosophy Approach and Strategy a) Research Philosophy Positivism: The philosophical framework or the theory which defines that there is a sensible positive concern and it has also been assessed by way of empirical and the statistical tools and also the techniques. It has been incorporated into the thinking of the positivist investigation “for the energizing the replication they exceeding sorted out and subsequently the rent less quality that is obliged for high and so it has been expected that “the reality has been really given and could be depicted by the properties which are quantifiable that are also considered self-governing of the onlooker. b) Research Approach Inductive approach: by this approach, it means to get at the stage for taking the decisions or finding out the conclusions regarding the reviewing of some of the earlier studies while the conclusion is being tested by the deductive approach by considering the empirical and the statistical approach techniques. All of the understanding could be gained by research regarding the association of the examination and the licenses which are more versatile structured regarding the investigation by way of accepting the different inductive procedures. c) Research Strategy In this research study, the selected strategy is being surveyed for this case of the research study as in the form of the qualitative strategy of the research that has been emerged as the quantitative strategy disapproval. 5. Ethical Implication of this Research There are some of the ethical issues which are considered the noteworthy parts in the case study as it is mainly backing in the reliability in the comprehension and all of the inclusive statements. So, classification and the self-sufficiency are known as the significant part for the fruition of the study. 6. Research Methodology a) Research Design In the case of this research study, the whole of the data has been gathered from the human resource department in the form of the objective and the questionnaire for the collection of the information so that it could get the understating or the idea about the Oreedoo HR planning. The Questionnaires has been composed of the Oreedoo customers, the practices of the Oreedoo business and the Oreedoo quality of the products and the services. This research has been designed by conducting the questionnaire in which HRP’s has been having been included regarding some of the constructive information and also, of course, the performance of the organization that could help for the achievement of the objectives of the research. b) Sampling The data analysis technique could be defined as the framework or the model that gathers the information. There are different questionnaires and the interviews from which the information could be gained and could be analyzed and also evaluated by using the various models. c) Data Collection Method For this research one of the primary information was achieved through the questionnaires, meetings and the also the different interviews. So, for this research one of the secondary information has been gained from the available assessment of the internet data, the other issues of the business magazines and the annual reports. d) Tools used for Analysis In this research, the HR planning has been discussed in the telecom sector, and it has also been found out that there are different ways which could help for enhancing the performance of the company Oreedoo. So, due to this reason, it has been checked firstly the field of the Management and the planning that whether all of the modern practices of the HR management are being followed or not. Moreover, it has also been checked out that the determinant effects of the HRP like training, selection, the different incentives on the basis of measures of the performance of the organization like the satisfaction regarding the job, the motivation of the employees and the technology of the Oreedoo.There are some of the statistical tools on which the analysis has been based on which some qualitative variables and the HRP variables are included for measuring the performance of the organization. e) The Structure of Questionnaire These are the close-endedquestions (for the objective of conducting the quantitative analysis) & and some of the Open-ended questions (for the objective of conducting qualitative analysis). 7. Data Analysis and Interpretation Question No. 1: Is there any contribution of HR planning in getting the competitive advantage? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 40% 30% 20% 10% Is HR planning contribute in getting competitive advantage 10% Strongly Agree 40% 20% Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 30% The assessment has been made in this survey that there are total 40% participants that have shown the strong intentions of making the contributions in the planning. While on the other hand there are 30% respondents that have been agreed with the statement that it is the HR planning that mainly contributes to the succession planning of the company. While on the other hand there were 10% and 20% who are strongly disagreed and agreed. Question No. 2: Is there any significant contribution of HR planning to organizational the succession planning? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 30% 30% 20% 10% Contribution of HR Planninng in organizational succession planning 10% Strongly Agree 30% Agree 20% Disagree Strongly Disagree 30% It was the HR planning contribution on which the question has been based on gaining the competitive advantage as the total number of the percentage who are agreed are 30%, and those who are just agreed are 30% while the 20% and 10% are strongly disagreed and agreed respectively. Question No. 3: Is there any contribution of the HR planning in getting the commitment of the employees? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 40% 40% 10% 10% Contribution of HR planning in getting commitment of employees 10% 10% Strongly Agree 40% Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 40% There was strong agreement of the majority of the respondents, and the total percentage has been calculated as 40% and that the main contribution has been made by the HR planning in the learning process is 40% while, on the other hand, there are 10% and the 10% who are strongly disagreed and disagreed. Question No. 4: Is there any contribution of the HR planning in encouraging the individual learning process? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 40% 20% 30% 10% Contribution of HR planning in encourging individual learning process 10% Strongly Agree 40% 30% Agree Disagree 20% Strongly Disagree With the help of the effective planning of the HR, the employee’s commitment could be improved. And it has been agreed strongly by 40%and there are total 2-% who just agree. 10% and 30% are those who are strongly disagreed and disagreed. Question No. 5: What is the influence HR Planning on overall organizational performance? HR planning is the basic management function significantly contributes in achieving the organizational objectives and goals. 8. Conclusion (Reliability and Validity) As a concern of this topic, human resource planning and its contribution in Oreedoo’s performance, the reliability and validity test for this research was 0.802 as per Cronbach Alpha value is significantly revealing that HR planning is the main aspect considered for improving the overall organizational performance. The value of 0.802 reliability coefficient signifies that the analysis is more reliable or repeatable for the test scores. Furthermore, the validity test reveal that, there is greater importance of HR planning in the telecom sector as the main key driver regarding the maintaining and building organizational performance. In the telecom sector, HR planning has enhanced Oreedoo’s performance with the licensing to most of the MNC’s from those of the countries which are developed the modern practices. The practices, policies and the HR Planning, have the huge impacts on the human resources the relation of the industry and organizational psychology. There is a huge association of the HR in building the strong relation with the customers that is considered as the main factor for the competitive edge to one of the companiesover the other company. There are significant impacts of the HR management over the performance of the company as the business has been connected intensity with the help of the resource based view. There is optimistic association of the Human Resource Management practices and performance of the employees as all of the HRM practices would assist in the creation and gain the competitive advantage. 9. References • Caliskan NE (2010). The impact of strategic human resource management on organizational performance. J. Nav. Sci. Eng., 6(2): 100-116. • Delery JE, Doty DH (2005). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency and configurationally performance predictions. Acad. Manage. J., 39 (4): 802-835. • Guest D (2002). ‘Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employeewellbeing: Building the worker into HRM’. The Journal of Industrial Relations 44:3 335-358. • Mello JA (2005). Strategic Human Resource Management (2nd Ed.). South-Western College. • Purcell, J., Kinnie, N., Hutchinson, S., Rayton, B., & Swart, J. (2003). Understanding the people and performance link: Unlocking the black box. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. • Caliskan, E.N., 2010. The Impact of strategic human resource management on organizational performance. Journal of Naval Science and Engineering, 6(2): 100-116. • Daud, N.B., 2006. Huma Resource Management Practices and Firm Performanc: The Moderating roles of Strategies and Environmental Uncertainities. • Abdalkrim, G.M., 2012. The impact of human resource management practices on organizational performance in Saudi banking sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(21): 188-196. 10: Questionnaire Question No. 1: Is there any contribution of HR planning in getting the competitive advantage? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Question No. 2: Is there any significant contribution of HR planning to organizational the succession planning? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Question No. 3:Is there any contribution of the HR planning in getting the commitment of the employees? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Question No. 4:Is there any contribution of the HR planning in encouraging the individual learning process? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Question No. 5: What is the influence HR Planning on overall organizational performance? Your Opinion:
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Kindly see attached the first three filesI'll try to upload the other two as well tonight but it depends on the thunderstorm :s

Strategic Management
Portfolio Brief
Part 1
Section A
1. The focus of strategic planning is on the long-term range planning
Yes, strategic planning focuses on long-term planning because it takes into account all the
possible variables that might affect the decision-making process.
2. Is it important to distinguish between the objectives and strategies?
Yes, since they are completely different concepts. In this regard, the objectives are the
quantifiable checkpoints that need to be pursued in order for the company to be able of
complying with the established strategy.
3. The most important corporate objective is to maximize the profits
Yes, because maximizing the profits is the ley motif of the company’s strategic management.
4. Positioning is how a firm or business organization fights competition
Positioning is one of the strategies used by the firm to fight competition. In this regard, it
creates a brand image in the customers’ mind such that they will prefer to purchase the product
of the company rather than that of the competing companies.
5. Logical incremental strategy is the process of developing detailed plan in a logical
manner
Yes, since it considers the logical relationship existing between the different steps that end up
in the formulation of the company’s strategy.
Section B
For this assignment, I have selected the company of Orpic. This Omani company is a
successful company in the field of petroleum exploration and production. The key to their
success is the adoption of a change mechanism that establishes the new strategies required to
open a new extraction location. Thus, it should be noted that one important aspect to consider

in this field is the macroenvironmental factors. In this regard, and since these factors vary
significantly between the different countries the companies are forced to adapt their strategies
to match the existing local macroenvironmental factors in order to be successful. Orpic has
always been successful in adapting their strategy to the different countries in which the
company operates, hence maximizing their profit according to the existing environmental
conditions.
On the other hand, I have selected the company of Oma cement as an example of an
unsuccessful organization. Oma cement is a company operating in the cement manufacturing.
Being formed by 100% of Omani staff, the company has a significant dependency on the
culture and traditions of Oman, which has repeatedly led the management team of the company
to focus on the respect of such traditions rather than on the company’s success and strategic
vision. Thus, they normally fail to consider aspects such as the impact that the internal and
external macroenvironments have on the company’s performance, therefore leading to the
failure of the business.

Part 2
Section A
Answers Strategic activities

Strategic

management

decisions
B

1. A computer manufacturer procuring a
computer to be run independently

A

b. Product development

2. A food manufacturer acquiring the chain

3. A pharmaceutical company leveraging
their research and development activities

E

4. A

tobacco

company

purchasing

a

computer software producer
C

5. A sport gear and wear manufacturer
starting to export through and overseas
agent

c. Market development
d. Related

of franchise food industry
A

a. Consolidation

diversification
e. Unrelated
diversification

A

6. A

computer

producer

acquiring

a

competitor whose products they will sell
as their own
C

7. A cinema and film production company
licensing an overseas similar industry to
produce their film

A

8. A

computer

company

adapting

its

products to sell as a game machine
A

9. A car distributor merged with a titanic car
manufacturing industry

E

10. A food chain industry converts another
product line in cosmetics locally and
internationally.

Section B
Companies require to use all the available resources when they’re considering an expansive
plan. In this regard, a company which desires to expand the business will need to use a different
set of resources including the human resources department, the available budget and the
existing budget constraints. Taking the main administration choices presented in section A into
account, each of these resources will represent a different development technique, according
to which expansion of the company will be more beneficial on the existing market, a similar
market or a completely new market. Thus, the decision of where to expand to will significantly
depend on the available budget for the expansion process.
Taking this into account, the expansion of the company should be considered as an
improvement that couldn’t be conceived if the required assets were not accessible.
.

Part 3
Section A
Q no. 1: How might you answer the question: what business are we in?

As a luxury ice-cream manufacturer, my answer would point towards the fact that the luxury
ice cream should be regarded as a specialty due to its extraordinarily good taste. Taking this
into account, I would answer something such as “the best taste you’ve ever experienced”.
Q no. 2: Being a stakeholder of one of the above organization, what quantifiable measures
would you consider to be most important way to judge the performance of the firm?
If I was a stakeholder of a luxury ice cream manufacturer, on the other hand, I would be
especially worried about the relative strength of the company itself and that of its competitors.
I think that this represents a critical quantifiable measure of the performance of the company
considering the small size of the luxury ice-creams.
In order to evaluate the relative strength of the company in comparison to its competitors, I
would use several indicators such as the sales revenue of both the company and its main
competitors, and the different profitability and liquidity ratios. These indicators are either
present in the annual report of the company or can easily be calculated from the data contained
in the report. As a result, and considering that the annual report of most American firms is
publicly available, it would provide the stakeholder with an easy access to relevant financial
and organizational information about both the company and the competitors.

Part 4
Strategic evaluation of Orpic
As had been stated earlier, Orpic is one of the biggest and most profitable Omani petroleum
extraction and distribution company. In this regard, Orpic has proven to be one of the largest
and fastest growing companies in the 43 years during which the company has been operating.
Mission
The company’s mission is to provide the customers with the best petroleum products while
ensuring the environmental safety.
Vision
To achieve this mission, the company plans to become a leading petroleum exploration and
production company all over the world.
SWOT Analysis
1. Strengths

Their most outstanding strength is the high-quality petroleum-based products. In this regard,
Orpic has a very high brand recognition and reputation in Middle eastern countries, such that
its customers are generally more loyal than those of its competitors, enabling the company to
acquire most all of the market share of Oman petroleum distribution and achieving a high profit
(Slack, 2010).
2. Weaknesses
The lack of international expansion plans appears to be one of the most significant weaknesses
of the current macroenvironment of Orpic. This is a significant weakness considering that the
company is scarcely known outside the Middle Eastern region. As a result, the extremely
limited market share in the international market puts a ceiling limit on its revenues (Jeswani,
2010).
3. Opportunities
Taking the above weakness into account, one of the biggest opportunities for the company
would be to consider its international expansion. In this regard, the company would
significantly profit from the expansion of the company by gaining a significant amount of the
international market share. Considering that it is a highly reputed company in the Middle
Eastern region, such international expansion is presumed to be relatively easy (Slack, 2010).
4. Threats
Nonetheless, the company should still consider that the competition on the international
petroleum market is generally bigger than that existing in the Middle Eastern countries. Taking
this into account, the company should consider the development of the necessary marketing
strategies to counteract the competitors in order for the international expansion to be successful
(Jeswani, 2010).
Conclusion
The main conclusion that can be done considering the environmental analysis done is that even
while Orpic is currently a strong company in the Middle Eastern region, it should carefully
consider the possibility of an international expansion to further increase its revenues.

References
Gao, C.Y. and Peng, D.H., 2011. Consolidating SWOT analysis with nonhomogeneous
uncertain
preference information. Knowledge-Based Systems, 24(6), pp.796-808.
Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R., 2010. Operations management. Pearson education.
Jeswani, H.K., Azapagic, A., Schepelmann, P. and Ritthoff, M., 2010. Options for broadening
and deepening the LCA approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2), pp.120-127.


Strategic Management
Introduction
The company’s organization internal and external environment has nowadays become so
dynamic that it is continuously evolving to adapt to the changing environmental conditions. Taking
this into account, the company’s strategic management system must include a thorough analysis
of the different variables that might affect the decision-making process or have a significant impact
on the company’s functioning. Strategic planning thus becomes the basis of the company’s
management system.
To be able of effectively counter-reacting to the changing conditions of the company’s
environment, strategic planning should be oriented to the fulfillment of the company’s strategic
objectives. Taking this into account, the strategic planning process is a long-term process that
covers the different steps from the definition of the company’s mission at its foundation to the
establishment of the different objectives, the analysis of the macroenvironment of the company by
the evaluation of the different factors that might affect the company’s performance and the
definition of the strategy of the company according to the identified company’s goals and
considering its internal and external environments (Steiner, 2010). Strategic management enables
the company both to remain competitive by adapting the strategy to the changing environment
according to the changes done in the competitors’ strategies. As a result, the company’s
profitability that is able of applying strategic management will increase.

Overview of the case study
The case study explains how a company (Sara Lee) has diversified its business so much in
the last 40 years during which it has operated that it has expanded its brand into a multiple series
of different business units. Furthermore, the company had successfully expanded into 40 different
countries.
However, the case study explains how this once successful company had faced a serious
problem in the last years that has ...


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