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1. How do state political actions influence patterns of higher education practice and progress? How do higher education leaders and characteristics of the higher education system mitigate these influences?
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American dream is fashioned along the idea that anyone can succeed in this great nation.
Ideally, those that work hard and make an effort to make good of their opportunities are certainly
bound to succeed. However, while the nation built on the idea of diversity, political perception of
diversity has a great effect on higher education? Intellectual identity and performance, political
stereotypes shape the former identity of students. “…from an observer’s standpoint, the
situations of a boy and girl in a math classroom or of a Black Student and White student are
essentially the same” (Steele, pg 1). Aforementioned in mind, one would ask if all factors are the
same and the students treated, the same is it possible that performance would differ. The answer
is yes. “…the present analysis sees social structures and stereotypes as shaping the academic
identities and performance outcomes of large segments of society” (Steele, pg. 2). Definitively,
political perceptions play a key role in performance of different students from different
backgrounds. Ideally, embracing the idea of diversity is integral in ensuring appreciation of the
minority groups.
Accountability and assessment within higher education assume political importance that
act as a tool for change. “…compared to other vehicles for change…assessment is an attractive
strategy to policy makers since tests are relatively inexpensive to construct and administer.
Moreover, assessment can be externally mandated and implemented rapidly, yielding visible

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results” (Council, pg 60). However, due to lack thereof, information on student performance and
quality of education offered, it is difficult to conjure efficiency. Empirical evidence suggests the
need to understand the thin line of diversity such that there is accountability from management to
political players within the government. Ideally, political policies in governance have a positive
effect and a negative reaction dependent on responsibility on diversity
Moreover, higher education faces major cutbacks and limitation of resources from the
state. Ideally, the political will to ensure that more students’ access higher education is not
exactly there. We look at some shocking statistics that prove the stagnation of access to higher
education. “…the current college attainment rate is about what it was in the 1970s. Today 32
percent of young people earn a college degree, compared to 31 percent back in the early 1970s
(HOUT, Pg 1).” As a fact, individuals with college education or simply higher education
generally live better lives. Ideally, such a person is more likely to keep their job, earn better pay,
and manage their taxes and various other aspects. While college education in the country built
upon the idea of upward mobility especially ensuring affordability to the non-affluent children,
the situation on the ground does not reflect the truth. Instead of expansions, major cutback on
higher education is a common thing across the board. Legislature often withdrew support to
higher education therefore limiting any growth and access to higher education.
Why is higher education important? Is it true that the more you read and gain knowledge
the better you become in solving world problems? Higher education applies the fundamentals of
capitalism as a drive of success. The notion that the better you do in your education, the more
likely that you land better opportunities. The concept is true in the current political environments.
To keep in mind, culture capital is in three forms, institutionalized state, embodied state and

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objectified state. Aforementioned forms the fundamental focal point of class fractions of students
in relation to their academic success. As mentioned, “this starting point implies a break with the
presuppositions inherent both in the commonsense vie, which sees academic success or failure as
an effect of natural aptitudes…”(Pierre pg 47). It implies that success and failure of a student is
not limited to investment to education, rather the holistic development of a student.
Mitigation of the aforementioned state of higher education is straightforward. First, is
implementation of diversity components in terms of appreciating differences of minority?
Moreover, elimination of stereotype thinking eludes the negativity of minority students and
therefore better performance. In addition, the state needs to allocate more resources to higher
education. Make higher education affordable and accessible to more students. The legislature
needs to reverse various regulations that affect funding in higher education. More funding and
diversification of higher education is required. Moreover, broadening higher education
institutions is an integral factor to ensure that more students be accommodated within the various
institutions in the country. Lastly, curriculum reviews such that a student develops holistically as
an independent entity with multifaceted ideas on how to solve world problems. Implementation
of culture capital concepts is integral (Ball, pg 173).

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References
Ball, Stephen J. "the struggles over a National Curriculum." Ball, Stephen J. Politics and policy
making in education: Explorations in sociology. Routledge, 2012. 173-187. Book.
Council., National Research. "6 Assessment and Accountability in the Education System."."
Council., National Research. Investigating the Influence of Standards: A Framework for
Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education. . Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press., 2001. 60. Book.
HOUT, MICHAEL. "Rationing College Opportunity." Prospect Org (OCTOBER 22, 2009): 1-6.
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