Description
what is DKA?
Explanation & Answer
hello buddyhere is the completed work, please go through itregards
Diabetes mellitus
Dr Gwer
Introduction
• An endocrine disorder characterised
essentially by hyperglycemia
• Two main types; type 1 where there is insulin
deficiency as a result of pancreatic beta cell
damage
• Type 2: Here there is insulin resistance in the
peripheral tissue with variable β-cell damage
Introduction
• Type 1 diabetes is the most common
endocrine disease of childhood and
adolesence
• Type 2 diabetes may also occur in childhood.
• There are other types of diabetes – MODY 1-6,
acromegaly, Cushings, post pancreatitis,
haemochromatosis, hyperthyroidism,
glucagonoma, drug related eg steroids,
pentamidine
type
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Introduction
• Commonest type in paediatrics
• Results from autoimmune destruction of the
pancreatic β-cell with resultant absolute
deficiency of insulin
• Previously called IDDM or juvenile DM
• Commoner in whites but least common in
Chinese . In high incidence areas 2 peaks at 46 yrs and 10-14 yrs. Incidence increases with
distance from equator
Etiology
• The disease results from interaction between
environment and genetics in a susceptible
individual.
• This results in progressive β-cell damage with
symptoms appearing after 90% damage
• Genetic evidence: 2-3% chance if mother has DM,
5-6% if paternal DM and 30% both parents.
• Monozygotic twins lifetime concordance rate60% yet dizygotic risk or other sibling rate 8%.
• In the monozygotic the appearance occurring
after onset in one in 10 yrs is 30%
Etiology
• HLA II DR3 and DR4 are associated with DM
• Environmental factors thought to include viruses
(paradox- IDDM commoner in low infection
communities), cow milk proteins, chemicals , lack
of UV light exposure, Vit D lack
• Other causes include pancreatic damage of varied
causes
• There is increased risk in Downs, klinefelters,
prader willi and Turner’s syndromes
Prognosis
• With good control one may lead a full normal
life, but it is calculated that overall type 1 DM
reduces life expectancy by 13-19 yrs
• Long term complications include: Retinopathy
Cataracts, Gastroparesis, Hypertension,
Progressive renal failure, Early coronary artery
disease, Peripheral vascular disease.
Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy and
Increased risk of infection
Clinicals
• Hyperglycemia, Glycosuria, Polydypsia, weight
loss, mal...
Review
Review
24/7 Homework Help
Stuck on a homework question? Our verified tutors can answer all questions, from basic math to advanced rocket science!
Similar Content
Related Tags
A Passage to India
by E. M. Forster
Girl in Translation
by Jean Kwok
To Kill a Mockingbird
by Harper Lee
The Atlantis Gene
by S. A. Beck
Siddhartha
by Hermann Hesse
The Sixth Extinction An Unnatural History
by Elizabeth Kolbert
The Remains Of The Day
by Kazuo Ishiguro
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
by James Joyce
The Woman in the Window
by A. J. Finn