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This week we read in depth about the NCVS and the UCR and the victimization data that they provide. This information is important to victimologists during the course of their studies of victimology. you notice that all of the NCVS and UCR data show that victimizations have been decreasing since the 1990s. Identify and discuss two reasons you feel could be possible for the decrease in crime and victimization.

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CHAPTER FOUR: Social Construction of Serial Murder ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. ▪ To evaluate sociological theories as they pertain to violent behavior ▪ To understand the role of family and maladaptive childhood ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ behaviors that may portend adult criminality, especially violence To examine the incidence of school shootings by juveniles compared to adults To examine the Myers and Kirby typologies of juvenile serial killers To explore the etiology of serial murder as it relates to Hickey’s Trauma-Control Model To review the case studies as they relate to the process of becoming a serial murderer To understand the facilitators that influence the construction of serial murderers ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Have you ever committed a crime for which you could have been arrested but did not get caught? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Social Structure  Neutralization  Social Class  Social Control  Social Process  Labeling ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. According to Roth (2013) homicide rates in the United States do not correlate well with many social factors including per capita income, unemployment, prison populations, household gun ownership, police presence or rates of substance abuse. Rather, he correlates homicide with feelings and beliefs toward government and society. They are, he maintains, fundamental facilitators or deterrents to homicide. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. On April 09, 2014, Alex Hribal, 16, entered Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania and wielding two kitchen knives slashed and stabbed 21 fellow students. Ordered to drop the knives by an assistant principal, Hribal refused and stated: "My work is not done, I have more people to kill,” Later, in a search of his locker, evidence of his plans to commit the mass stabbing was found in some of his writings: "I can't wait to see the priceless and helpless looks on the faces of the students of one of the 'best schools in Pennsylvania' realize their previous lives are going to be taken by the only one among them that isn't a plebeian." ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Less than 10% of all homicides in the United States are committed by juveniles.  They frequently come from abusive family backgrounds where they often witnessed acts of violence or were the recipients of abuse. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. One theme that often arises with juvenile school shooters is their experiences with rejection, social marginalization, public humiliation, being designated by peers as an outcast, developing a sense of personal victimization such as bullying and being demeaned by fellow students. (See the Columbine profile.) ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. School Type No. of Schools Total No. of with Shootings Dead No. of Schools Ave. No. of with No Dead per School Fatalities with Fatalities College 43 122 10 3.7 High School 85 91 35 1.8 Middle School 24 27 6 1.5 Elementary 18 43 9 4.7 Preschool 1 1 0 1.0 171 284 60 2.6 TOTAL ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  There are numerous cases of youth making death threats, bringing weapons to school, and sometimes killing classmates and/or teachers but seldom on the mass scale of deaths played out at Columbine High School.  Youth who commit school shootings may intend to kill many but due to lack of preparation and sophistication often fall short of their objectives. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. THE MYERS TYPOLOGIES THE KIRBY TYPOLOGIES  Explosive  Primary Juvenile Offenders  Predatory   Revenge Maturing Juvenile Offenders  Displaced Matricide  Secondary Juvenile Offenders See the Craig Price profile. Which typology does he best fit into? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Myers and Chan (2009) examined 22 convicted juvenile sexual murderers who had been released back into their communities. All had been tried in adult court and 59% had been given one or more life sentences. Most commonly found amongst this group were personality and conduct disorders, sexual sadism, and psychopathic traits. More than half of them recidivated in slightly more than 4 years. Of specific interest is that of those who reoffended most of them reported higher PCL-R scores. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Serial killers have been linked to childhood maladaptive behaviors such as ▪ torturing animals; ▪ enuresis, or chronic bed-wetting; ▪ and fire-setting.  The presence of the MacDonald Triad indicates a pattern of creating hurt because of hurt: ▪ The victim becomes the victimizer. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Triad is not a good predictor of later adult violent behavior, nor is it a valid instrument to measure future violence.  However, there does exist a correlation between youth with such behaviors, and they do appear more often among the serial-killer population than among non-offenders. (See the Edmund Kemper case.) ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Overton, Tallichet and Hensley (2012) in their study of 180 prison inmates that included demographic characteristics, childhood abuse and relationships of abused animals to their abusers found differences between urban and rural offenders. Rural animal abusers were more likely to have witnessed family members or friends abuse animals. They were also more likely to abuse both personal pets as well as strays unlike urban offenders who tended to target their own pets. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. To control the animal To retaliate against the animal To satisfy a prejudice against a specific species or breed To express aggression through an animal To enhance one’s own aggressiveness To shock people for amusement To retaliate against another person Displacement of hostility from a person to an animal Nonspecific sadism (Kellert & Felthous) ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. ▪ Learning problems  Attention seeking ▪ Poor school behavior  Impulsiveness ▪ Poor concentration  Preoccupation with fire ▪ Lying  Impatience ▪ Excessive anger  Unhappiness in dysfunctioning family  Pronounced need for security and affection ▪ Fighting with siblings ▪ Disobedience ▪ Being influenced by peers ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The trauma-control model of violent behavior describes, in effect, the cyclical experience of serial offenders. ▪ Fantasies, possibly fueled by pornography or alcohol, reinforced by “routine” traumatizations of day-to-day living, keep the serial killer caught up in a self-perpetuating cycle of fantasies, stalking, and violence. (See the Edmund Kemper profile.) ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  For serial murderers the most common effect of childhood traumatization manifested is rejection, including rejection by relatives and parent(s). ▪ It must be emphasized that an unstable, abusive home has been reported as one of the major forms of rejection. (See Jeffrey Dahmer profile). ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Addiction  Escalation  Desensitization  Acting Out ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Contrary to popular belief, video games are not cathartic in releasing pent-up emotions but rather increase aggression. ▪ Such false beliefs influence angry people to play violent games.  Participants exposed to media violence and who identified with violent characters were more prone to participate in aggressive behavior prior to exposure to violence. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Dr. Michael Welner (2013), a New York forensic psychiatrist, argues that American video culture influences our behavior and argues that violent video games encourage violence more directly than illegal drugs such as cocaine. What do you think? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Unsaid ▪ Story of a teenager with a deeply troubled past.  Point of Origin ▪ True story of a prolific serial arsonist who writes his own novel.  Cape Fear ▪ Story of a convicted rapist, released from prison, who stalks the District Attorney who prosecuted him.  To Catch a Killer ▪ True story of prolific serial killer John Wayne Gacy. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Psychology Today: When is Bad Behavior Really BAD?, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/childmyths/200909/when-is-bad-behavior-really-bad.  Biography: Belle Gunness, www.biography.com/people/belle-gunness-235416.  TruTV: Clifford Olson, www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/ols on/1.html. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Victimization
Victimization and crime reduction is due to improved economic conditions in the
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