presentation slides 5-6 slides

nnnnooo1
timer Asked: Aug 9th, 2017

Question Description

i want you to a presentation slides for me.

just focus on these attached file points.

it is a group presentation about hydrocarbon. i will send you a lecture that will show you an example. and i will send you another lecture that can show the fate and source of some chemicals.

we have list of pollutants, each group will talk about one , our group will be talking about hydrocarbon.

i will be focusing on these attached file points.

I attached two lectures;
1- One has ppt example of one pollutant ( flame retardants), so that it can help you in how you do the slides ( photos, pullet points, etc)
2- the other lecture is about the source and fate of some pollutants, that might be useful

lecture will be useful to the sources and the fates of pollutants

I will be talking about 6 minutes

Us at least two reliable sources

If u use picture write about it in the note

it is just about hydrocarbons all hydrocarbons


you can't say that there are heaps of hydrocarbons contamination

and mention the common of them if that's possible

attached example like that

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Source and fate of pollutants 3504ENV Marine Ecotoxicology How many contaminants? >130 million registered chemicals (18,000 since the last lecture!!) 1060 possible chemicals 100,000 used daily 10,000 in environmental samples 45 priority chemicals 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 2 of 52 Types of contaminants Slot Week 7 Week 8 Mon 1 1. Dioxins 10. Lead Mon 2 2. PCBs 11. Mercury Mon 3 3. Flame retardants 12. Cadmium Wed 1 4. Insecticides 13. Arsenic Wed 2 5. Herbicides 14. Nanoparticles Wed 3 6. Hydrocarbons 15. Radioactive isotopes Wed 4 7. Pharmaceuticals 16. Surprise guest Wed 5 8. Personal care products 17. Surprise guest Wed 6 9. Disinfection by-products 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 3 of 52 What types of contaminants??  Others?? » » » » » » Detergents and surfactants GMOs Plastics Inorganic ions Essential elements (Cu, Se, Zn, etc) Natural toxins 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 4 of 52 Detergents and surfactants  Detergent: water-soluble cleansing agent » Contain surfactants and other additives  Surfactant: common additive to reduce surface tension » Environmental issues: endocrine disruption, disruption of mucosal membrane, eutrophication, disruption of photosynthesis 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 5 of 52 GMOs  Genetically modified organism » DNA altered in a non-natural way  Insect resistant crops: » Reduce the need for insecticides » BUT, toxic to non target insects (e.g. bees, butterflies) » Reduced biodiversity (monocrop, fewer weed flowers) 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 6 of 52 Plastics  Plastics » Macro (plastic bags, rubbish) » Micro (< 5mm; plastic beads in cosmetics, broken down macroplastic)  Direct ‘toxicity’ » Entanglement, interference with feeding  Indirect toxicity » Plastic chemicals leaching from ingested plastic » Plastics adsorb chemicals from environment and transfer following ingestion 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 7 of 52 Inorganic ions  Phosphorus and Nitrogen: » Excess use from fertilizers can lead to eutrophication  Carbon dioxide (CO2): » Greenhouse gas › global warming, ocean acidification  Nitrous oxide (NOx): » Potent greenhouse gas, also leads to eutrophication  Sulfur compounds (S): » Sulfuric acid and acid rain  Fluoride (F): » A fine line between essentiality and toxicity 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 8 of 52 Essential elements  Non-essential elements: » Cd, Hg, Pb, etc » No function in the body » Can be toxic at low concs Health  Essential elements: » Copper, selenium, chromium, zinc, etc » Important biological functions » Toxicity above and below essential range » Bio-regulated Dose 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 9 of 52 Natural toxins  Animal sources (venoms, poisons, etc) » Specific to ‘prey’  Bacteria (e.g. cyanotoxin) dinoflagellate (e.g. brevitoxin) and algae (e.g. saxitoxin) sources » Not technically pollutants, but nutrient pollution can exacerbate these Low O2 Nutrients Harmful algal bloom 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants Fish kills 10 of 52 Sources of contaminants  Natural » Fires (dioxins), weathering of bedrock (metals)  Deliberate release » Pesticide use  Industrial operation » Coal plants, wastewater discharge  Accidental » Oil spills, shipwrecks  Secondary » Land fill leachate 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 11 of 52 http://community.titantv.com/blogs/lizadeguia/gyre.gif Even the most remote parts of the Earth… http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/editorial/p1Ima ges/20080205_p1_big.jpg 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 12 of 52 Point source vs diffuse sources 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 13 of 52 Pulse vs press release 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 14 of 52 Pulse disturbance  Transient in time and space http://www.theartofdredging.com/rainbowing.htm The Age Dredging plume due to sand extraction, Port Philip Bay ‘Rainbowing’ 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 15 of 52 Press disturbance  Can still have some daily periodicity in discharge intensity (e.g. sewage outfall) Sewage outfall at Luggage Point, Brisbane 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 16 of 52 Environmental factors? N pollution from sewage treatment plants September 1997 February 1998 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants Costanzo et al. (2011) 17 of 52 Fate of contaminants Transport & Migration Remobilization Degradation Degradation Bioaccumulation -magnification Sequestration 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 18 of 52 Fate of contaminants  Depends on properties of the chemical » Lipophilicity » Persistence » Volatility  Depends on prevailing environmental conditions » Temperature » pH » Wind speed and direction 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 19 of 52 Persistence  Highly persistent contaminants: » » » » Do not degrade or metabolise easily Can be present for years, decades, centuries Can undergo many transport cycles during their lifetime Accumulate to higher concentrations over time  Measured in half-life (in soil, air, water): » e.g., in soil >365 days: very persistent 100-365: persistent 30-100: moderately persistent permanent fishing ban throughout Sydney Harbour 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 36 of 52 Dioxins in Moreton Bay • Dioxin concentrations relatively high • Distribution influenced by sediment movement, bathymetry, hydrology, benthic cover •Brisbane pg/g PCDD/F dry weight 7 2000 8100 Hermanussen et al 2004 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 37 of 52 Dioxins & PCBs in marine turtles West West2 East 100 Moreton Bay 80 60 Shoalwater PCDD/F TEQ (pg/g lipid) 120 40 20 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 38 of 52 Pesticides and herbicides in GBR 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 39 of 52 Pesticides and herbicides in GBR A focus on chemical analysis 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 40 of 52 Methods for chemical analysis  Grab samples » 1L water samples collected in bottles » “Snapshot”: 1 point in time » Solid phase extraction  Passive samplers » Time integrated (e.g. Empore disks) » 1-3 months deployment  Quantification by GC/LC/HPLC-MS/FID 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 41 of 52 Sampling  Routine and event based sampling  Passive sampling at all sites  Snapshot sampling during events (flood) 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 42 of 52 Snap-shot sampling (temporal) 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 43 of 52 Snap-shot sampling (spatial) 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 44 of 52 Passive sampling  Time weighted average  Biologically available (dissolved)  Days or months DGT Chemcatcher 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants SPMD 45 of 52 Chemical analysis  Many ways to do this GC/FID LC/MS GC/MS  Essentially 2 steps: HPLC/MS LC/FID » Separation (chromatography) » Detection  You only find what you are looking for 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 46 of 52 Chemical analysis 120 Concentration 100 80 60 40 20 0 Contaminant Low contaminant concentrations 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 47 of 52 Bioassays Cytotoxicity Assess the mixtures Oxidative stress DNA damage Endocrine disruption Bioassay extraction Blood extract (chemical mixture) 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 48 of 52 Bioassays 100.0 % effect 75.0 55.0 50.0 25.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Backhaus et al. (2008) in Kummerer (Ed.) Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, pp. 257-276 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 49 of 52 Bioassays Mode of toxicity Endpoint Mechanism Bioassay Non-specific Basal cytotoxicity Cytotoxicity to gastro-intestinal cells Caco2-NRU Basal immunotoxicity Cytotoxicity to white blood cells WIL2NS TOX Basal hepatotoxicity Cytotoxicity to liver cells HepaTOX Mutagenicity Mutagenic potential Ames TA98 and TA100 Genotoxicity Micronucleus formation WIL2NS FCMN Hepatotoxicity MFO induction in liver cells HepCYP1A2 Endocrine interference Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity ERα-CALUX Endocrine interference Androgenic and anti-androgenic activity AR-CALUX Endocrine interference Glucocorticoid-like activity GR-CALUX Neurotoxicity Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase AChE assay Reactive Specific 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 50 of 52 But…..  What are the effects of these contaminants???? 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 51 of 52 Take-home message  Types of contaminants (more coming in the student presentations)  Source of contaminants  Fate of contaminants » Sequestration and decomposition » Bioaccumulation and biomagnification » Transport  Chemical pollution in Australia  Measuring pollution 3504ENV - Source and fate of pollutants 52 of 52 ..000 vodafone AU 9:51 pm bblearn.griffith.edu.au Mon 2 Mon 3 Wed 1 Wed 2 Wed 3 Wed 4 2. PCBs 3. Flame retardants 4. Insecticides 5. Herbicides 6. Hydrocarbons 7. Pharmaceuticals 8. Personal care products 9. Disinfection by-products 11. Mercury 12. Cadmium 13. Arsenic 14. Nanoparticles 15. Radioactive isotopes 16. Surprise guest 17. Surprise guest Wed 5 Wed 6 UNIVERSITY 3504ENV. Feedback + presentations 3 of 27 Example structure for your talks Scene setting / context What is it? Where does it come from? When was it discovered to present a environmental problem? • Environmental occurrence >> How much of it is there in the environment? What is its fate? How can it be removed? » How does it affect living organisms? • Case studies » Provide a few cases studies, and put it into context of our modern society . The take home message is ... Griffith 4 of 27 3504ENV - Feedback + presentations UNIVERSITY Research . • NOT Wikipedia!! Google Scholar (recent) • Journal databases (e.g. Scopus) - Use primary references (and reviews)
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