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DESCRIBE THE ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Surface features of the anterior abdominal wall
 The outline of the anterior abdominal wall is approximately hexagonal.
Superiorly
1. Xiphisternal junction (process) at the summit of the arch
2. Arched costal margin on both sides
Lateral boundary
1. Vertical mid-axillary line on either side extending between the lateral part of the costal
margin and the summit of the iliac crest
Inferiorly
 On each side, the anterior abdominal wall is bounded in continuity, from lateral to medial, by
1. The anterior half of the corresponding iliac crest,
2. The ipsilateral inguinal ligament and
3. The upper surface of the pubic bone and
4. The pubic symphysis
Layers of the anterior abdominal wall
1. Skin
 The skin of the anterior abdominal wall is capable of undergoing enormous stretching.
 Undue stretching may result in the formation of whitish streaks in the skin of the lower part
of the anterior abdominal wall; these are known as lineae albicantes.
2. Superficial fascia
 Below the level of the umbilicus, the superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall is
divided into
1. A superficial fatty layer (fascia of Camper)
2. A deep membranous layer (fascia of Scarpa)
 The various contents of the superficial fascia run between these two layers.

 The membranous layer is continuous below with a similar membranous layer of superficial
fascia of the perineum known as Colles’ fascia.
 In the median plane, the membranous layer is thickened to form the suspensory ligament of
the penis or of the clitoris
 The fascia contains:
1. An extremely variable quantity of fat, which tends to accumulate in the lower part of the
abdomen after puberty;
2. Cutaneous nerves:
3. Cutaneous vessels; and
4. Superficial lymphatics.
3. Musculo-aponeurotic layer
 The anterior abdominal wall is made up mainly of muscles.
 On either side of the midline there are four large muscles. These are
1. The external oblique,
2. The internal oblique,
3. The transversus abdominis and
4. The rectus abdominis
 Two small muscles, the cremaster and the pyramidalis are also present.
 The external oblique, the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis are large flat
muscles placed in the anterolateral part of the abdominal wall.
 Each of them ends in an extensive aponeurosis that reaches the midline.
 Here the aponeuroses of the right and left sides decussate to form a median band called the
linea alba.
 The rectus abdominis runs vertically on either side of the linea alba.
 It is enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the flat muscles named above.
4. Fascia transversalis
 The Inner surface of the abdominal muscles is lined by fascia which is separated from
peritoneum by extraperitoneal connective tissue.
 That part of the fascia which lines the inner surface of the transversus abdominis muscle is
called the fascia transversalis
5. A properitoneal adipose layer (containing a variable amount of fat)

6. Parietal peritoneum
BONY PELVIS
Introduction:
 The pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones that marks the distal margin of the trunk
 The 2 major pelvic divisions are the pelvis major (upper or false pelvis) and the pelvis minor
(lower or true pelvis).
 The pelvis major consists primarily of the space superior to the iliopectineal line, including
the 2 iliac fossae and the region between them.
 The pelvis minor, located below the iliopectineal line, is bounded anteriorly by the pubic
bones, posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, and laterally by the ischium and a small
segment of the ilium.
Outlets of the True Pelvis
 The true pelvis is said to have an upper "inlet" and a lower "outlet."
 The pelvic inlet to the pelvis minor is bounded, beginning posteriorly, by
1. The promontory of the sacrum;
2. The linea terminalis
3. The upper border or crest of the pubis, ending medially at the symphysis.
 The conjugate or the anteroposterior diameter is drawn from the center of the promontory
to the symphysis pubica, with 2 conjugates recognized:
1. The true conjugate (obstetric conjugate), measured from the promontory to the top of
the symphysis, and
2. The diagonal conjugate (false conjugate), measured from the promontory to the bottom
of the symphysis
 The transverse diameter is measured through the greatest width of the pelvic inlet.
 The oblique diameter runs from the sacroiliac joint of one side to the iliopectineal eminence
of the other
 Subtracting 1.5 cm from the diagonal conjugate gives a satisfactory estimate of the true
conjugate (conjugata vera), or the true anterior diameter of the pelvic inlet.
 The pelvic outlet, which faces downward and slightly backward, is very irregular.
 Beginning anteriorly, it is bounded by
1. The arcuate ligament of the pubis (in the midline),
2. The ischiopubic arch,
3. The ischial tuberosity,
4. The sacrotuberous ligament, and
5. The coccyx (in midline)

 Its anteroposterior diameter is drawn from the lower border of the symphysis pubica to the
tip of the coccyx.
 The transverse diameter passes between the medial surfaces of the ischial tuberosities.
 The cavity of the true pelvis can be described as an obliquely truncated, bent cylinder with its
gr...


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