Criminal Justice Capstone

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ALL QUESTIONS BELOW WILL BE ANSWERED IN GIVEN DOCUMENT (TEMPLATE) BELOW ATTACHED THANKS

THESE QUESTIONS HAVE NO WORD COUNT, JUST ANSWER THEM THOROUGHLY WITH CREDIBLE REFERENCES

Field Research Example

Using the Internet, search for a journal article that illustrates criminal justice field research. (For example, the Journal of Criminal Justice offers abstracts for free online; the National Institute of Justice [NIJ] Journal offers full-text versions of many articles online. For more places to find articles, search online for “list of criminal justice journals.”) In your discussion post, address the following:

  • What role did the researcher assume and why? Do you believe the researcher could have been successful in another role? Why or why not?
  • How was the data gathered and organized? Was the data presented in a clear and concise manner? If not, what would you have done to make the findings clearer?

THESE QUESTIONS HAVE NO WORD COUNT, JUST ANSWER THEM THOROUGHLY WITH CREDIBLE REFERENCES

Field Research Example

  • We briefly described how Shuryo Fujita sampled street segments and conducted systematic observations using Google Street View. In a paragraph or so, summarize another way images from Google Street View can be used as a source of field observation data. What are some advantages and disadvantages of this data source? Describe one example of a concept that can be readily measured with Goggle Street View and one example of a concept that cannot.
  • The Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) sponsors a variety of activities to educate New York City students about urban policy and to involve students in field research projects. One group of students produced a booklet, titled Field Guide to Federalism: Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY. In describing their research, students wrote: “We started small and began by looking for signs of federalism in our wallets. Then we took to the streets looking for some evidence of what federal, state, and city government looks like in Bushwick” (Center for Urban Pedagogy 2011, 1). Download the booklet at the CUP website. Briefly describe how the students' research involves techniques of field observation described in this chapter. By the way, CUP projects address a variety of issues in criminal and juvenile justice. For example, see the poster by Danica Navgorodoff, “I got arrested! Now what?” (Navgorodoff 2010) at the following website: http://www.courtinnovation.org/research/i-got-arrested-now-what.

THESE 3 QUESTIONS HAVE TO BE A PAGE IN LENGTH TOTAL THANKS

As you read the supplemental reading (ATTACHED), think about how it can be applied to this lesson’s textbook reading on qualitative interviewing and field observation. In a new Word document, please write a 1-page journal entry that addresses the following:

  • What type of threat is posed by cybercrime? How does cybercrime fit into the criminal justice categories you have learned about previously?
  • What research methods were used in the studies mentioned in the supplemental reading?
  • How is cybercrime best studied? How do these data collection methods compare to the ones you are planning to use in your own research study? Do they change your perspective on your own research plans in any way? Explain.

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THESE QUESTIONS HAVE NO WORD COUNT, JUST ANSWER THEM THOROUGHLY WITH CREDIBLE REFERENCES Field Research Example Using the Internet, search for a journal article that illustrates criminal justice field research. (For example, the Journal of Criminal Justice offers abstracts for free online; the National Institute of Justice [NIJ] Journal offers full-text versions of many articles online. For more places to find articles, search online for “list of criminal justice journals.”) In your discussion post, address the following: 1. What role did the researcher assume and why? Do you believe the researcher could have been successful in another role? Why or why not? ANSWER: 2. How was the data gathered and organized? Was the data presented in a clear and concise manner? If not, what would you have done to make the findings clearer? ANSWER: THESE QUESTIONS HAVE NO WORD COUNT, JUST ANSWER THEM THOROUGHLY WITH CREDIBLE REFERENCES Field Research Example 3. We briefly described how Shuryo Fujita sampled street segments and conducted systematic observations using Google Street View. In a paragraph or so, summarize another way images from Google Street View can be used as a source of field observation data. What are some advantages and disadvantages of this data source? Describe one example of a concept that can be readily measured with Goggle Street View and one example of a concept that cannot. ANSWER: 4. The Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) sponsors a variety of activities to educate New York City students about urban policy and to involve students in field research projects. One group of students produced a booklet, titled Field Guide to Federalism: Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY. In describing their research, students wrote: “We started small and began by looking for signs of federalism in our wallets. Then we took to the streets looking for some evidence of what federal, state, and city government looks like in Bushwick” (Center for Urban Pedagogy 2011, 1). Download the booklet at the CUP website. Briefly describe how the students' research involves techniques of field observation described in this chapter. By the way, CUP projects address a variety of issues in criminal and juvenile justice. For example, see the poster by Danica Navgorodoff, “I got arrested! Now what?” (Navgorodoff 2010) at the following website: http://www.courtinnovation.org/research/i-got-arrested-now-what. ANSWER: THESE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ½-1 PAGE IN LENGTH ONCE THOROUGHLY ANSWERED As you read the supplemental reading (ATTACHED), think about how it can be applied to this lesson’s textbook reading on qualitative interviewing and field observation. In a new Word document, please write a 1-page journal entry that addresses the following: 5. What type of threat is posed by cybercrime? How does cybercrime fit into the criminal justice categories you have learned about previously? ANSWER: 6. What research methods were used in the studies mentioned in the supplemental reading? ANSWER: 7. How is cybercrime best studied? How do these data collection methods compare to the ones you are planning to use in your own research study? Do they change your perspective on your own research plans in any way? Explain. ANSWER: This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 licence. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. Please check individual images for licensing details. https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/philippa-garson/cybercriminals-find-wonderland-indeveloping-countries Cybercriminals find wonderland in developing countries Philippa Garson 10 December 2013 With increased Internet access and smartphone use across Latin America, Asia and Africa, organized crime networks are exploiting vulnerabilities to extend their reach - sometimes with violent results. What's the impact inside and outside cyberspace? Traditionally associated with affluent, hi-tech countries, cybercrime remains low on the priority list for donors and development agencies. But some organized crime policy experts believe this is a ‘head in the sand’ approach, given the rapid spread of Internet connectivity in the developing world and the increasingly global workings of organized crime. “Development actors should be looking more seriously at cybercrime and its impact on development goals. It’s a difficult act to sell though because donors don't see it as having a direct impact on the poor,” says researcher Camino Kavanagh, from New York University’s Center on International Cooperation, who has conducted research on cybercrime in Ghana. Most projected Internet growth is expected to occur in Latin America, Africa and Asia over the next decade and it is tech-savvy young people – those in the burgeoning ‘youth bulge’ demographic - who will be harnessing it. Currently, 2.7 billion people around the world are online (two thirds of whom are under the age of 35) and with 4G or wireless connectivity rolling out at a rapid pace in developing countries, that number will swell to 4.5 billion in five years time. Current users are already vulnerable to cybercrime but the bulk of newcomers, uneducated on the need for cybersecurity, will be even more vulnerable. Furthermore many of them will be unemployed young people, for whom cybercrime offers a tantalizingly quick, easy and low-risk way to make money. Already, cybercrime in developed countries is relatively low risk, given that it occurs in virtual space with no physical link between the criminal and crime. But in those countries where legal frameworks are not yet in place, and where there is no capacity to enforce them, the possibilility of detection is even lower. A wide-ranging report on organized crime in developing countries, co-authored by Kavanagh, shows that there is already a high prevalence of cybercrime and sakawa – Internet-based fraud combined with traditional Ghanaian practices – in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. According to the report, young Ghanaians from Accra suburbs, including Nima, Maamobi and Kotobaabi, are earning quick, easy money from Internet scams involving identity fraud, electronic and credit card fraud and other schemes. The trend is spreading quickly through Ghana and Nigeria: “In recent years popular media, radio, TV series and cinema both in Ghana and Nigeria have often glorified these forms of criminal activity, attracting a huge body of unemployed youth,” reads the report. But research shows that cybercrime is not simply confined to youths acting more or less alone. Cybercrime 'dons' who control regional and country-specific teams operating across the West African region are more organized than initially thought and can “far outpace state operatives in terms of tech-saviness and capacity to adapt to, and adopt, new technology, software and malware to further their interests” reads the report. More recently, 419 scams in West Africa “have spread from national-level operations to regional syndicated interfaces, with foreign nationals relocating their activities to neighboring countries”. Ghana, along with many other developing countries, has passed legislation to outlaw cybercrime and granted police the powers to act against it, but in the face of greater Internet and smartphone use, limited policing resources and a “corruptible bureaucracy”, the challenges will most likely mount. “In a sub-region as volatile as West Africa, where several countries are emerging from or immersed in conflict, and where organized crime, trafficking, money-laundering and terrorism increasing nurture each other, a lax approach to the prevalence of cybercrime vis a vis other forms of illicit activity may turn into a bigger problem in the years to come,” concludes the report. There is a misplaced perception that the cybercriminal is a 'geeky' computer wizard gone crooked. At a recent conference of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, McAfee vice president Raj Samani described how easy it is to commit online crimes with little or no technical expertise, given the vast array of dubious services for hire at relatively low cost. Cybercrime firms that supply stolen identification, hacking and code-breaking software and encryption devices brazenly advertise their services and, like legitimate online retailers, provide hotlines and live chat support. Tutorials on YouTube on how to commit basic fraud are freely available and criminal gangs are offering webinars on how to evade arrest, said Samani. Even assassins can be found on Facebook. “We talk about sharing ideas but they are already doing it,” he said. Other services for hire, often relatively inexpensive, include language translation services, spamming, hacking, malware, password cracking services and DDOS attacks (distributed denialof-service attacks) which involve shutting down sites by overwhelming them with information. There are also 'bulletproof' hosting services that cybercriminals can hide behind. In the last decade the number of Internet users has increased 10 times in Latin America and 15 times in Central America, according to a report on cybercrime in the region by The SecDev Foundation and Igarape Institute. “Latin America’s cybercrime problem is a direct consequence of the exponential growth of cyberspace across the region. Indeed, the Internet and related social media tools have not just empowered citizens to exercise their rights, but also enabled and extended the reach of gangs, cartels and organized criminals,” reads the report. Commented one of its authors, Robert Muggah: “When crime goes online it can generate serious challenges for poorer populations, many of whom are increasingly online. When fraud and identify theft occurs, banks inexorably transfer the costs on to customers, including those with modestsized accounts. Meanwhile, cartels and gangs are using digital means to extend their control over poorer communities, many of whom are avid producers and consumers of social media. They can intimidate and recruit new members more easily.” There have been horrific cases of people being targeted and killed in Mexico by the Zetas narco gang because of their online criticism. Gangsters are also using social media to track down, threaten and murder their opponents. And they are using the Internet to market and sell drugs. Silk Road, an online “eBay” for buying and selling drugs whose mastermind Ross Ulbricht was arrested in San Francisco and has now been accused of six murders-for-hire and denied bail, is another such site that has facilitated anonymous drug deals using bitcoins, a virtual currency. Then Interpol president Khoo Bon Hui said in May last year that most cybercrime is perpetuated by organized international gangs and that its estimated cost is greater than that of the combined proceeds of drug trafficking. Some bandy the figure of $1 trillion about but most experts acknowledge that it is impossible to put a price tag on a vast array of hard-to-define crimes that occur in virtual space. While the middle and upper income countries currently bear the brunt of cybercrime, this is true for developing countries in this category too – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Mexico in Latin America, for example; or Nigeria and Ghana in West Africa. Brazil is considered the hub of cybercrime in the region and cybercriminals are now using the same modus operandi as their counterparts in Eastern European. And the victims of cybercrime tend to be individuals and small and middle-sized companies, not the banks and large corporations that have the capacity to invest large resources on securing their online systems. In countries where detection and controls are lax or non-existent, cybercriminals are finding havens to operate with impunity. They are “landing in wonderland, with no-one to challenge them”, says Troels Oerting, head of Europol’s European Cybercrime Center. While the benefits of large-scale rollouts in developing countries are huge, so too are the risks, he says. “Many more people will be coming onto the Internet at a time when criminality online has matured.” The European Union has set aside $60-million for training programs, much of which will be used to build developing countries’ capacity to resist cybercrime. His unit is witnessing a steep rise in various forms of cybercrime, including online pornography that often targets the most vulnerable – women and children. While the general public tends to be blasé about the risks of using unsecured devices, they are more inclined to mobilize around crimes like child pornography, Oerting told the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime conference last month. In his view, the need for co-operation on a global level is paramount. “We are good at talking on an international level but not so good at acting,” he says. Political sensitivities between developed and developing countries aside, there are many other issues that thwart co-operation, not least the vexed question of whether cybercrime includes all the traditional crimes that have migrated online as well as an ever-growing list of new crimes conducted in virtual space. According to the report on Latin America, “The absence of a comprehensive and consensus-based framework for legislating on cybercrime has resulted in a global patchwork of responses and loopholes open to exploitation.” The Budapest Convention, which attempts to harmonize national laws against cybercrime, find ways to investigate and clamp down on it and promote international co-operation, has been ratified by 40 countries and signed by a further 11. But the process to get everyone on board has been slow since it formed in 2001. So far, both Russia and China have stayed away and although South Africa has signed it, no African country has yet ratified it.
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Explanation & Answer

question 6. The research methods used by Kavanagh and co-authors in developing a report on the impact of organized crime on developing nations were comprehensive reviews of both primary and secondary scholarly work on this subject matter (Kavanagh). The authors also gathered data through semi-structured interviews. In the report by SecDev Foundation and Igarape Institute on the cybercrime in Latin America, the research methods used were also reviews of grey and public literature from over 30 countries. In addition, interviews with experts across the sub-continent were conducted (Igarape Institute and The SecDev Foundation).question 7.Cybercrime is best studied through digital forensics and investigations. These data collection methods are similar to the ones I am planning to apply during my research study. Precisely, I will utilize literature reviews and interviews to identify, gather evidence and data in a professional manner before it can be used to prepare a crime report.

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THESE QUESTIONS HAVE NO WORD COUNT, JUST ANSWER THEM THOROUGHLY
WITH CREDIBLE REFERENCES
Field Research Example
Using the Internet, search for a journal article that illustrates criminal justice field research. (For
example, the Journal of Criminal Justice offers abstracts for free online; the National Institute of
Justice [NIJ] Journal offers full-text versions of many articles online. For more places to find
articles, search online for “list of criminal justice journals.”) In your discussion post, address the
following:

1.

What role did the researcher assume and why? Do you believe the researcher could have
been successful in another role? Why or why not?

ANSWER:
Carver and Harrie authored the Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences entitled “Framing
terrorists in Canada: A comparative analysis of two shootings.” They assumed the role of
analysts. Through this role, the researchers co...


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Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

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