Figure 2.1 The product life cycle.
•
Systems engineering concentrates on what the entities are intended to do before
determining what the entities are composed of.
•
This set of needs drives the life-cycle phases of acquisition and utilization, made up
of design, construction or production, maintenance and support, renovation, and
eventually ending with phase-out and demolition/disposal.
•
Any useful system must respond to identified functional needs.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
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Figure 2.2 Life cycles of the system.
Product competitiveness is desired by both commercial and public-sector producers worldwide.
Thus, the systems engineering challenge is to bring products and systems into being that
meet customer expectations cost-effectively.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
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Figure 2.3 Technological activities and interactions within the system life-cycle process.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
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Figure 2.4 System process activities and interactions over the life cycle.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2.5 Some systems engineering process models (sheet 1).
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.5 Some systems engineering process models (sheet 2).
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.6 Some system design considerations.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.7 Decomposing system design requirements.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.8 A hierarchy of system design considerations.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2.9 The relationship of synthesis, analysis, and evaluation.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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TPMs, DDPs, DIPs
•
Applicable criteria regarding the system should be expressed in terms of
technical performance measures (TPMs) and exhibited at the system level.
•
Attributes that depend directly on design characteristics are called designdependent parameters (DDPs), with specific measures thereof being the TPMs.
In contrast, relevant factors external to the design are called design-independent
parameters (DIPs).
•
Technical performance measures (TPMs)—predicted and/or estimated values for
DDPs. They also include values for higher level (derived) performance
considerations (e.g., availability, cost, flexibility, and supportability).
•
Design-independent parameters (DIPs)—factors external to the design that must
be estimated and/or forecasted for use during design evaluation (e.g., fuel cost
per pound, labor rates, material cost per pound, interest rates, and others).
•
Design-dependent parameters (DDPs)—attributes and/or characteristics inherent
in the design for which predicted or estimated measures are required or desired
(e.g., design life, weight, reliability, producibility, maintainability, pollutability, and
others).
•
Technical factors may be expressed in terms of system effectiveness, which is a
function of performance, operational availability, dependability, and so on.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.10 Systems engineering morphology for product realization.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.11 Application domains for systems engineering.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.12 Life-cycle commitment, system-specific knowledge, and incurred cost.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2.13 Systems engineering versus engineering discipline influence on design.
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Homework
Go to the INCOSE website and find the page about the journal Systems
Engineering. Pick an article that touches upon a topic in this chapter and relate it
thereto in no more than one paragraph.
Go to the INCOSE website and identify one individual from the Fellows group
who most closely matches your own interest in systems engineering. Say why
you would like to meet this person.
What is the full meaning of the phrase “designing for the life cycle”?
How are requirements related to technical performance measures? What is the
remedy when requirements and TPMs are not in agreement?
Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard • Wolter J. Fabrycky
Copyright ©2011, ©2006, ©1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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