How to complete Content Questions Review questions are also be provided at the end of the tutorial. The following is an example of a review question format. Since type the answer in provided grey or colored box. 1. What is the purpose of a partitioned data set? Answer: Type in the answer to the question into the grey or colored box. It is recommended that you use Table of Contents at the beginning of the tutorial to review and navigate to the concept presented in the review question. Students will find that using the document FIND tool or searching GOOGLE may also be valuable for researching the review question answer. Requirement 1 – Hardware Components, Instruction Cycle and Hexadecimal 1.1 Questions - Data Processing – Manual to Computers You MUST type or paste your answer in the box or table area provided, else you will receive ZERO credit. Simply position the cursor inside box or table and type or paste your answer. Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture Document The Advantages of Manual Vs. Computerized Accounting - http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-manualvs-computerized-accounting-4020.html Computerized Accounting System: Advantages and Disadvantages http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/computerized-accounting/computerized-accounting-systemadvantages-and-disadvantages/63264/ 1a. Describe the concept data processing using the analogy of sales clerk preparing a manual sales invoice at a local hardware store as compared to "Bob's analogy" in the document. Answer: . 1b.Which computerized component would replace the sales clerk manual procedures in the preparation of a sales invoice that is similar to "Bob's" example in the document? . 1c.Which computerized component would store the sales invoices after they were completed that is similar to "Bob's" example in the document? . 1d.Which computerized component would store the sales invoices during the preparation that is similar to "Bob's" example in the document? . 1e. If the sales clerk is replaced by a computer to prepare a sales invoice at a local hardware store, how will "teach" the computer to follow the procedures necessary to prepare a sales invoice as compared to computer in "Bob's" example in the document. Answer: . Page 2 of 43 1f. Compare the advantages of manual information (accounting) processing versus computer information (accounting) processing. Answer: 1.2 Questions – Input, Processing and Output 1g. Specify a few input, processing, and output "details" for various manual and computerize processing systems similar to the example provided in the previous document. Answer: Information System Input Requirements Sample Processing Requirements or Tasks Output or Information Requirements An Internet Browser program A Wireless Network Card An Instructor Calculating a Final Grade A doctor making a patient diagnosis Expedia Online Flight Reservation System Air bag deployment in an automobile A Barcode scanner at Walmarts Computer Architecture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture Video - Computer Architecture: Bits and Bytes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSelKbP4sc Video - Introduction to Computer Architecture - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w Video – Introduction to Computer Architecture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TzMyXmzL8M Video - Introduction to Computing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leWKvuZVUE8&feature=channel 1.3 Questions - Computer Architecture 2a. Define the meaning of computer architecture. Your answer is . 2b.Provide the three main subcategories of computer architecture and provide examples of each. Your answer is . 2c.What are the three major factors that affect the choice of a computer architecture? Your answer is . Page 3 of 43 1.4 Computer Hardware Components Review the videos under the Video Folder/ Introduction to Computer Hardware, Introduction to Operating Systems, and Buying a Home Computer The Review Quiz named "Overview of Computer Hardware" under Quiz 1 folder will also be Very helpful. 3. Provide a detailed description and function for each of the following major computer hardware components using the following table. Be Specific. In addition, cut and paste a graphic that in your opinion best illustrates these hardware components. (Use Google images (see image on the top menu bar of Google. Don’t' be lazy and use the first image that you find. Use an image that will help you understand the concept after this class is over.) The Motherboard - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/mother1.php Motherboard Expansion Interfaces - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/mother2.php Choosing a Motherboard - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/mother3.php Video - An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7A9z33Qj7M Video - What is a Chipset? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gfA3H5XTAE Video - Introduction to Solid State Drives (SSD) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AB-JUyQYxIw Video - Parts of the Motherboards and its Functions - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvboTSpVyfc Video - Motherboard Chipsets – A+ 220-901 1.2 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk9LkGhyH-0&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9gSId5 Video - Motherboard Jumpers and Connectors – A+ 220-901 1.2 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7zpen6GerQ&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9gSId5&index=2 Video - An Overview of Display Devices – A+ 220-901 1.10 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iskJiF3qdSY&index=26&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Video- Display Specifications - A+ 220-901 1.10 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlduNHKpWfM&index=27&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Video - Display Connectors and Cables - A+ 220-901 1.11 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsApiE1-6VM&index=28&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Video - An Overview of PC Input Devices – A+ 220-901 1.12 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKDTeKGUdEA&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq&index=31 Video - An Overview of PC Output Devices - A+ 220-901 1.12 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZ_D1EQuX80&index=32&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Video - An Overview of Input and Output Devices – A+ 220-901 1.12 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jqruYcnCm4&index=33&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Page 4 of 43 Computer Hardware Components Nano –ITX Mother or System Board Intel I7 Processor (CPU) Detailed Description and Function Google Image Intel I7 CPU Socket CPU Fan Main memory (RAM) SSD Drive Chipset Back Panel Connectors and Ports Slots PCIe Expansion x1 Slots USB port CMOS Battery BIOS Video - Hardware Basics - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-KUm9YpPm0&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj Video - Operating System Basics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GDX-IyZ_C8&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Part 1 of 11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN7aO81pktU&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Programming Model - Part 2 of 11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT2DKuI6U14&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj Video - See How the CPU Works in One Lesson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA&list=TL5Su7angStNmDPzohCK7y3tEXYT_mrKe7 Video - See How Computers Add Numbers in One Lesson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBDoT8o4q00 Video - Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM4lGflQFvA Using the Processor Presentation, the Processor Handout, and using the links at Microprocessors - http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm Page 5 of 43 Microprocessors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor Instruction Set Architecture - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture Address Bus - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_bus Operation Code - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_code http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operand 1.5 What is a Processor? A processor is an electronic device that can translate and execute computer instructions to accomplish a specific task. Essentially a processor does the work in a computer system. There are many different specialized processors in any computer system. Some processors specialize is displaying an image on your monitor or LCD panel. Other processors specialize in communicating with a network or the Internet. A computer system has many processors or workers. Just like at my home - there are many workers (individuals) specializing in various functions. For example, my kids mess up the house and I clean up after them. In order to coordinate these activities at my home someone needs to be the "boss". Someone needs to be in control. At my home, we call it the "wife", but in computers we call the "boss" processor - the Central Processing Unit (CPU). To get any work out of a processor one must tell the processor what you want it to do - what task you want it to electronically perform. Unlike humans, processors can only perform a predefined set of electronic tasks. This limited set of tasks that a processor can perform is called an Instruction set. To force the processor to perform a specific electronic task, we humans must give the processor a specific instruction, e.g., add these two numbers. The processor looks up method to add two numbers in its instructor set much like we look up a telephone number in a telephone book. This function of looking up instructions is call Interpretation. Then the instruction is executed. So what does an ADD instruction look like? The only language a processor understands is binary. Therefore, the add instruction might look like this: 1110010001000100 (a 16-bit instruction). Can you imagine memorizing thousands of binary instructions like the one previously? Can you imagine the mistakes that you would make just typing those 1s and 0s? Wouldn't it be simpler to give the instruction "ADD", instead of binary value of "11100". Notice that the processor can only interpret and execute instructions contained within its instruction set. Since there are many different types of processors, manufactured by various different companies, there is no single universal processor instruction set. Therefore, each application program or operating system is written for a specific instruction set or processor. Any programming language and instruction translator must be compatible for a given instruction set.10001000100. The desire to avoiding the tedious nature of binary data and instructions is why we developed computer programming languages. A computer programming language simply substitutes English-like commands, e.g., ADD, for one or more computer instructions. But, again processors do not understand English. Hence, the program language statement ADD must be translated into 1110010001000100 before it can be given to the processor. The Instruction Cycle describes the sequence that a processor uses to: ▪ ▪ ▪ Instruction Fetch - fetch the computer instruction from memory, i.e., RAM or L1 Cache Decode (Interpret) computer instructions using the instruction set. Execute - computer instructions, which may involve a math or I/O operation. In this example, we will assume that each part of the instruction cycle must be performed before the next step can begin. This assumption is called non-pipelining. Page 6 of 43 1.6 Questions - Processor Performance Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document Video - Understanding CPU Characteristics - A+ 220-901 1.6 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PliMca_kVQ&index=15&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9gSId5 Video - An Overview of CPU Socket Types – A+ 220-901 1.6 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWxtFTHO1ak&index=17&list=PLQryb-FUreLBsGjFDmMZfmaCa-0XV-geq Video - CPU Sockets - A+ 220-901 1.6 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTq2b5_1EGI&index=5&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9gSId5 Video - CPU Cooling - A+ 220-901 1.6 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbQpPFcJ8k&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9gSId5&index=19 The Review Quiz named "Review of Processor Technology" under Quiz 1 folder will also be Very helpful. Video - How a CPU Works - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA Factors Affecting CPU Performance - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/processor2.php Choosing a CPU - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/processor3.php Random Access Memory - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram1.php Choosing RAM - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram2.php Pictures of Selected RAM Form Factors - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram3.php Processor Clock Speed - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_speed MIPS - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second Ghz to MIPS? - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16154676/ghz-to-mips-rough-estimate-anyone Benchmark (computing) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_%28computing%29 Advantages of Benchmark testing - http://www.passmark.com/products/pt.htm 5. Your computer's processor is rated at clock speed of 3.2 GHz. How does the processor's clock speed affect the processor's performance? Answer  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_pipelining_and_the_system_clock_affect_processing_speed 6. Besides the processor's clock speed, list other factors that will affect your processor's overall performance. Answer  7. Both Clock Speed and MIPS may be used are used to describe how fast a processor operates. What is the relationship between Clock Speed and MIP? Answer  Why is Benchmark testing of CPUs and other computer components a better indicator of performance than historical performance factors such as Clock Speed, MIPS, flops, etc.? Answer  Page 7 of 43 1.7 Questions - Native Language versus Native Code Native language - http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/natilang.htm Video - Native Code in Programming - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GqlTsjAPQw 8. As a computer major we are required to learn one or more programming languages, e.g., C/C++, Java, COBOL, Assembly, etc. What is the native language of the processor – the only language the processor understands? Answer  What is different between the concept of a processor's native language and native program code? Answer  9. List and describe the three basic functions of a processor. Answer  1.8 Questions - Processor Components Be sure that you review the Blackboard presentations to answer the following ➢ Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture Document ➢ Processor Architectures and the Instruction Life Cycle PDF Types of Buses in Computer Architecture - https://turbofuture.com/computers/buses Difference between Frontside Bus and Backside Bus - http://www.differencebetweens.com/difference-betweenfrontside-bus-and-backside-bus/ Video - Components of a CPU - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cnWqmiJ8p4 Video - Computer Buses and their types - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdd4ama-SkQ Video - What is CPU Cache? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHqNMHf2UNI Video - CPU Cache Explained - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0FhRqDJfo Video - L2 vs L3 Cache memory - In Short - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CPcirW22tM Page 8 of 43 10. Complete the following table and explain the function of the following Processor components. Processor Components Function Control Unit ALU Unit I/O Unit Register Backside Bus Front Side Bus (FSB) or System Bus L1 Cache L2 Cache L3 Cache Video - Intro to Computer Architecture - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w Page 9 of 43 Complete the following table and provide an IMAGE of the following Processor components. Processor Component Google image Control Unit ALU Unit I/O Unit Register Back Side Bus Front Side Bus (FSB) L1 Cache L2 Cache L3 Cache 11. What is the difference between an address bus and a data bus? Answer  12. What is difference between storing a computer instruction in a memory address as compared to storing the computer instruction in a register? Your answer is Video - Machine Code Instructions - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv2XQgpbTNE Video - How does CPU execute program - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42KTvGYQYnA Video - The Fetch Execute Cycle - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfJbpCJSpd8 The presentation on the Processor Architecture and the Instructor Cycle is very helpful. 13. Describe the function of the following processor registers. Registers Instruction Register Instruction Pointer Data Registers Program Status Word Accumulator Page 10 of 43 Function 1.9 Questions - Instruction Cycle 14a.What is a computer instruction? . 14b.What is the relationship between an operation code and an operand? Answer  14c. List the steps of the instruction cycle. Answer  Microprocessor instructions are based on an Assembly Language Format? Use a table like Slide 20 in the Processor presentation and look at the example starting at slide. A Variable Name, e.g., NUMBER1 used below, is a symbolic name of a memory address, e.g., 1005. Page 11 of 43 1.10 Questions – Pseudo Assembly Language 15. Write an assembly language program that provides the following task to calculate your average test score for two test scores. Remember, assembly language programs use memory addresses instead of variable names. It uses simple codes to represent operations, e.g., MV, to move or store data. Test 1 = 80 Test 2 = 85 Total Test Scores = Test 1 + Test 2 Average Test Score = Total Test Scores/ 2 15a. The previous program will calculate a test average test does have a problem with interfacing to users who use this program. What is the cause of this problem? Answer  Use the yellow addresses to store the computer instructions. Use the blue addresses to store the data, i.e., hours, rate and pay, Memory Address 999 another program Contents . 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 Inside the Processor ( Instruction Pointer, Instruction Register, Data Register 1, Data Register 2, Accumulator Register IP IR REG1 REG2 ACC . 15b. Using the above program describe the steps of the instruction cycle. (Your processor presentation will help. Hopefully, the instruction life cycle image you pasted will also help. ) Answer  . Page 12 of 43 15c. From the computer's hardware point of view what is the function of a program language variable? Answer  15c.Given the following program statements. HOURS=40 RATE=10 PAY=HOURS*RATE From the previous program code how the processor know that someone worked 40 hours? (Your processor presentation provides you this answer.) 16. Copy-and- paste an image that best illustrates the concept of an Instruction Cycle => Page 13 of 43 Insert image below 1.11 Questions - Hexadecimal Notation Why do we use Hexadecimal? http://digiassn.blogspot.com/2006/02/why-do-we-use-hexadecimal.html Hexadecimal Numbers Explained - http://vlaurie.com/computers2/Articles/hexed.htm Video - How To Do Decimal To Hexadecimal Conversion - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgVc1Tl-JDA Video - How to convert hexadecimal to binary to decimal? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFY8YuBLNKc Video - Binary Tutorial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qjEkh3P9RE Video - Hexadecimal Tutorial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1JtWKuTLR0 16. Why do we use hexadecimal notation, e.g., to identify a memory address? Answer  17. Using the following tables convert a decimal value to a hexadecimal value, and a hexadecimal value to decimal l value. Decimal Value Hexadecimal Value 291 1223 1492 1024 16480 61523 65535 Decimal Value Hexadecimal Value 40 D7 F6900000 1000 100 80 FFFF Page 14 of 43 1.12 Using Hexadecimal to display hidden characters The following example displays a section of COBOL code in the z/OS editor named ISPF. All data or computer instructions is stored in binary code, and series of on and off electronic pulses that text books represents as 1s and 0s.Since you and I cannot understand binary data, computers use binary representation codes that symbolically represents binary code . In the example, that follows IBM is storing characters as EBCDIC code and displays the content (this is called mapping) as display characters that we see in ISPF or Word. The following looks like simple English to me. The problem is computers do not understand English. There are many characters that cannot be displayed in an editor or your Word document, but they are displayed as a space. For example, when you told Word to bold a letter, word of phrase, you do not see any bold commands. This is because Word using non-displayable characters. How can we see non-displayable characters? The next example will use the hexadecimal code to convert the displayed character to a hexadecimal value. Using the ISPF HEX command we can use the hexadecimal code to see the stored ECDBIC. Notice that a displayed space on Line 400 is hexadecimaal value 40 and a displayed P is hexadecmal mvalue of D7 Page 15 of 43 Let's review the following examples. You see the letter displayed on (or mapped to) the screen as capital letter "P". But, in the computer's memory he actual on/off electronic pluses stored are the following 8-bits: 11010111, or on-on-off-on-of-on-on-on. What would prefer to see a P or 11010111? Now we must understand that computers were not originally designed to work with letters of the alphabet or special characters. Hence, the binary character codes, i.e., ECBDIC, ASCII, and UNICODE, where designed to overcome this problem. The binary value, actual stored variable is 11010111 or in decimal the number 64. Sooooo, one day 80+ years ago some IBM engineers went to the local sports bar and made a set of rules called ECBDIC. Or if the computer see 11010111 or binary 64 display the capital letter P. If I was at the sports bar, I would have chosen decimal value 37 for the letter P, but I wasn't invited. Therefore, character codes were created to symbolically store characters using a system of binary numbers. O.k. where does hexadecimal come in? Those ECBDIC values became so complex and some valuse were not even displayed hexadecimal was used to see something even if the character was not displayed. Again review the space on line 400. You do not see the space, but you do see the Hex value of 40. How do you know that is really was a space and not a hidden escape or tab character? Because these characters would have a different Hex value. Page 16 of 43 17. The following table is some examples for line 400. Using the conversion convertors discussed previously fill in the missing values for the shaded areas. Displayed Character - a space P Capital Letter 1 the number . a period Hexadecimal Value summarizes 40 D7 ECBDIC decimal value 64 215 Binary value which is actually stored 0100000 11010111 F1 241 11010111 4B 75 01001011 E3 * an asterisk 230 The only difference between IBM mainframes and your cell phone, tablet or personal computer is that they use ASCII or Unicode. The principles are exactly the same, but the ASCII engineers went to a different sports bar. 1.13 Using Hexadecimal to display memory addresses used by computer components One more hexadecimal example of the use of hexadecimal - memory address. The following is a display of the memory locations use by various Windows hardware devices as displayed in Windows Device Manager. Page 17 of 43 The following is a Device Manager display of the memory location used by my network card. Notice the use of hexadecimal. So which would you prefer the Hexadecimal value of F6900000 or 11110110100100000000000000000000 as a memory address? 1.14 Questions - Pipelines and Superscalar Architectures http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_pipelining_and_the_system_clock_affect_processing_speed http://www.csi.ucd.ie/staff/jcarthy/home/alp/alp7.pdf http://www.scs.gmu.edu/~jwallin/c702s06/lecture/l02/lecture2.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_level_parallelism Instruction pipeline - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline How is superscalar design different from pipelining design? What are their advantages and disadvantages? http://www.cs.umd.edu/~meesh/cmsc411/website/projects/microproc/topics.html The Microarchitecture of Superscalar Processors - http://garga.iet.unipi.it/II/the-microarchitecture-ofsuperscalar.pdf 21. Using Google Images copy and paste an image that best illustrates the concept of instruction pipelining. 22. Describe how will instruction pipelining help the performance of your processor? Be specific Answer  23. Describe how superscalar processing will improve the performance of your processor? Answer  Page 18 of 43 1.15 Questions - Control Blocks and Tables Read the Introduction to Memory and Task Management document Process Control Block http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system6.htm z/OS Control Blocks for Beginners ( a little advanced) http://www.trainersfriend.com/Papers/SHARE-Denver-Control-blocks.pdf What are control blocks? (a little advanced) http://idcp.marist.edu/pdfs/ztidbitz/31%20zNibbler%20%28zOS%20Control%20Blocks%29.pdf Control Blocks for Beginners Pt 1: The Basics http://www.longpelaexpertise.com.au/ezine/CtBlksBeginners1.php Control Blocks for Beginners Pt 2: z/OS Control Blocks http://www.longpelaexpertise.com.au/ezine/CtBlksBeginners2.php ABCs of Control Blocks http://idcp.marist.edu/pdfs/ztidbitz/31%20zNibbler%20(zOS%20Control%20Blocks).pdf Process control block http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control_block Task Control Block http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Control_Block How do Process Control Blocks work? (in IBM known as a Task Control Block) http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system6.htm Resource Control http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r11/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.zos.r11.ieaa600/ienqrt.ht m Control blocks are special areas of memory which enables the operating system to remember where it left off. But, every time the operating system switches between processes it incurs a performance or overhead penalty. Control blocks may also contain status information. For example, how many processors and cores do I have? (A System Control Block) How storage devices do I have? (A Resource Control Block) How many jobs do I have waiting to be processed or currently executing? (A Job Control Block) An operating system can be viewed as an executing program managed by the data stored in the control blocks. Tables are constructed to store information for each category of control block the operating system manages Many Definitions may be found in the Glossary of the Introduction to the New Mainframe: Z/OS Basics books Page 19 of 43 24. What is the function of an operating system control block? Answer: 25. The address space executing an application program (a process or task) normally contains program instructions and data. Control blocks are NOT stored within the address space of the executing program. In which program address space will control block data be stored? (Hint: Which program is control of the managing executing applications? When you are working at your desk at work who is iin charge of managing your work schedule? ) http://www2.cs.uidaho.edu/~krings/CS240/Notes.F13/240-13-06.pdf 26. What type of information is stored in a process control block? Answer: 27. Describe the data stored in each of the following types of Control blocks. Data Stored in Control Blocks or Tables Category of Control Block or Table Data Stored Process Control File Control Tables I/O Tables Memory Tables 28. What is the difference between a Job-related control block and a Task-related control block? Answer: Page 20 of 43 1.16 Questions - Program Status Word (PSW) Control blocks contain operating system data for ALL system features, resource, jobs and tasks. However, the Process Status Word (PSW) stores data in a control register within in a processor or processor core for only the currently executing program, not for ALL programs. The content of the Program Status Word is copied to the task control block during a context switch. The PSW controls the processor during execution. The actual control data stored in a PSW varies by the computer architecture. A System z PSW will store multiple Storage Protect Keys (discussed shortly), the address on the currently executing instruction, and the address of next instruction to be executed. In addition, the PSW will store following data ➢ Access data and registers - Specifies the ASID where the data is to be found ➢ General data and registers - Binary numeric and text data that is being executed by the processor at this time ➢ Floating point registers - Floating-point the binary numeric data that is being executed by the processor at this time A computer ABEND is an abnormal termination of software, or a program crash. To diagnose the cause the computer crash, the information stored in PSW may be useful. Program Status Word - http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-programstatusword.html Program Status Word https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSB27U_6.3.0/com.ibm.zvm.v630.hcpc1/psw1.htm Abnormal end (Abends) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_end Reporting abends https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.gim0000/repabnd.ht m 29. What is the purpose of the information stored in a Program Status Word (PSW)? Answer: . 30. What is the difference between a control block or table, and the Program Status Word.? Answer: . Page 21 of 43 Requirement 2 - Processors and Process Architectures 2.1 Instruction Sets – The Vocabulary of a Processor Also called a command set, the basic set of commands, or instructions, that a microprocessor understands. One of the principal characteristics that separates RISC from CISC microprocessors is the size of the instruction set - RISC microprocessors have relatively small instruction sets whereas CISC processors have relatively large instruction sets. Instruction Set - http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/instruction_set.html CISC Instruction Set - http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CISC.html RISC Instruction Set - http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RISC.html x86 Instruction Set - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86 Intanium - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium X86-64 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64 EPIC - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing 64-bit - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit The difference between 64 and 32 bit processorshttp://www.softwaretipsandtricks.com/windowsxp/articles/581/1/The-difference-between-64-and-32-bitprocessors Video - How the CPU Works In One Lesson - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA Video - What is x86..??What is an Instruction Set Architecture..??32-Bit vs. 64-Bit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_o-nUzbWR0 Video - 32 Bit vs 64 Bit - The Advantage - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgiMzKb8dD0 Video - Instruction Set Vocabulary of the Machine part 01 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KK9dbkeMzE8 Video - Instruction Set Vocabulary of the Machine part 02 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phy9nV4D9GU Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Programs and memory - Part 3 of 11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dObS7zTAcCY&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Processor Registers, RAM and Auxiliary Storage Part 4 of 11 - 2.2 Questions - Instruction Set Architectures Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document 1. What is function of an instruction set? Answer  2. Assume that your computer's processor is based on a 32-bit Motorola Instruction Set. What are the requirements and limitations of will this or any other instruction set have on you using your computer? Answer  Page 22 of 43 3. Use the following table to provide a practical a detailed definition of the following popular instruction sets. Instruction Set DETAILED Definition and Functions CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) x86 EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Set Computing IA-64 x86-64 3a.What are the primary advantages of a CICS instruction set as compared to a RISC instruction set? Answer  3b.What are the primary advantages of a RICS instruction set as compared to a CICS instruction set? Answer  3b.What are the primary advantages of an EPIC instruction set? Answer  Page 23 of 43 2.3 32-bit versus 64-bit Architectures Many modern laptops and servers are based on a 64-bit architecture. Compared to a 32-bit processor a 64-bit processor can process more data with each computer cycle, has a larger and more powerful instruction set, and can “theoretically” access 16 extabytes (EB) of physical or virtual memory. But, most laptops have only 8 or 16 gigabytes (GB) of physical memory. While a 64-bit processor can access 16 extabytes of memory, no server can have 16 extabytes of "installed" physical memory. IBM introduced a virtual memory management operating system (OS/360) in mid-1960s to enable a system to execute programs larger than the installed physical memory. Decades later most other computer hardware and operating systems also introduced Virtual Memory Management. Technical Review – Virtual Memory Management (VMM) is a technique that enables a computer system to execute programs and data larger than the installed physical memory. During program execution unused pages (sections) will be temporally stored on disk or in flash memory storage and automatically returned to physical memory as needed during execution. The advantage of VMM is to be able to execute larger programs or a greater number smaller programs with limited physical memory. Using the analogy of a student preparing a major research paper on their classroom desktop one may better understand how Virtual Memory Management works. During the process of preparing the research paper, the student has mountains of borrowed library research books, document copies, and other reference material so physically large that not all of these reference materials can fit on the student’s desktop. As a result the student may temporarily place some of the overflow research reference materials on a separate table, book bag, or even the floor to be read later. The student does not want to return the borrowed research books to the library because they are in the "process" of working on the research paper. An application program similarly needs to be stored in physical memory, like a desktop, to be executed. When the physical memory is full, a virtual memory operating system will temporarily store pieces of the program called "pages" on a disk or in flash memory. Each executing program page will be assigned a unique identifier called a virtual memory address. During program execution an operating system table will remember the current location of the page. Is the page, or virtual memory address, stored in physical memory? Or is the page, or virtual memory address, stored on the disk? When the page is required to be executed, the virtual memory operating system automatically returns the application program page to be executed. Virtual memory operating system can execute larger or a greater number of programs that exceed the capacity of physical memory. The bad news is that using the disk for the virtual memory overflow slows down the net processing performed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory Applying a library analogy, is the library book on the book shelf or is the book "out on loan" being read by another student? The library book has an identifier similar to a virtual memory address. The librarian maintains a book inventory which lists the current status and location of the book similar to the use of a virtual memory list which specifies the status and location of a program page in physical memory or on disk. Page 24 of 43 Comparison of System z13 and HP Server Hardware Platforms Returning to the 64-bit processor example, the more physical memory a processor can access, the greater the amount of virtual memory, either real or disk, an operating system can manage. No other 64-bit server can approach the processing performance of an IBM z13, 64-bit server. The bottom line not all 64-bit architectures are the same! System z13 architectures can: 1. Manage up to 10-extabytes of physical memory and 16-extabytes of virtual memory 2. Assign 32 processors and 141 processor cores per system to execute tasks, and 3. Execute at a processor speed of 5-gigahertz without any errors associated with all other faster processor speeds. As a comparison ach high performance HP server architectures can: 1. Manage up to 512 GB of physical memory and 16-extabytes of virtual memory, 2. Assign two processors and 5 – 18 cores per system to execute tasks, and, 3. Execute at a processor speed of 3.4 gigahertz. One 64-bit z13 System z Server will have the comparable processing capacity comparable up to 800 HP high performance Linux servers. There is no other server alternative to System z servers in terms of performance, scalability, and reliability. HP high performance Linux or Windowsbased servers may be cost-effective alternatives for smaller workload requirements, but cannot compete with 64-bit z13 System z Z/OS or Linux servers for intermediate to large workloads. Video - 32 Bit vs 64 Bit Architectures - The Advantage - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgiMzKb8dD0 Advantages of 64-bit hardware and software - https://technet.microsoft.com/enus/library/dd630755%28v=office.12%29.aspx What are the advantages of a 64-bit processor? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/607322/what-arethe-advantages-of-a-64-bit-processor What advantages do 64-bit processors have over 32-bit? - http://www.viva64.com/en/k/0002/ Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document 2.4 Questions -32-bit versus 64-bit Architectures 4. What is the maximum amount of memory a 32-bit instruction set and processor can access? Answer  5. What are the theoretical advantages of using 64-bit processors, hardware and applications? Answer  Page 25 of 43 6. A 64-bit processor can access more memory (RAM) than a 32-bit processor. In which type of applications would that be very important? Answer  7. Mary has a laptop that uses a 64-bit processor. She complains that she cannot run older 32-bit applications on her laptop, but her friend can run these older applications on her 64-laptop. What is the problem? Answer  8. Which type of instruction set MUST be used by a multicore processor? Answer  9. Assume that your computer's processor is based on a 32-bit Motorola Instruction Set (hint: compare Motorola processors and Intel Processors). What are the requirements and limitations of will this or any other instruction set have on you using your computer? Answer  List of Intel Core i7 microprocessors - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_microprocessors Intel Core - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core About Intel® Processor Numbers - http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/processor-numbers.html CPU Processor Comparison – Intel Core i7 vs. i5 vs. i3 - http://helpdeskgeek.com/how-to/intel-core-i7-vs-i5vs-i3/ Intel® Core™ i7 Mobile Processor Extreme http://www.asipartner.com/Microsites/Intel/MobilePlatform/tabid/703/Default.aspx [1443]. IBM POWER8 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER8 IBM POWER7 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER7 IBM z13 (microprocessor) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z13_%28microprocessor%29 IBM zEnterprise System - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_zEnterprise_System Comparison of AMD processors - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_AMD_processors Intel vs AMD: which processor is best? http://www.techradar.com/us/news/computingcomponents/processors/intel-vs-amd-which-processor-is-best-936589 AMD A-Series Desktop APUs - http://www.amd.com/en-us/products/processors/desktop/a-series-apu# AMD Athlon™ Processor - http://www.amd.com/en-us/products/processors/desktop/athlon-cpu# Samsung Exynos 5 Octa 5410 - http://system-on-a-chip.specout.com/l/328/Samsung-Exynos-5-Octa-5410 Page 26 of 43 2.5 Questions - Sample Processor Specifications 10. List the type of hardware platform, instruction, processor speed, number of cores, memory architecture, type and amount of cache, server/desktop/mobile category for each of the following processor families or names. Primary Hardware Instruction Processor Number Memory Type Server, Processor Platform Set, CICS Speed (s) of Cores Architecture and Desktop (family/name) Support versus amount or RISC) of Mobile Cache Intel Core i7 IBM AIX POWER7 IBM AIX POWER8 IBM z13 AMD Bulldozer Family AMD K.0.5 Family AMD Pile Driver Family AMD Zen Samsung Exynos Page 27 of 43 2.6 Desktop versus Mobile Processors What Is the Difference Between a Mobile CPU & Desktop CPU? http://www.ehow.com/facts_6896038_difference-mobile-cpu-desktop-cpu_.html Why are mobile processors not used (or modified to fit) in laptops? - https://www.quora.com/Why-are-mobileprocessors-not-used-or-modified-to-fit-in-laptops Intel Mobile Processors - http://www.intel.com/support/processors/mobile/pm/sb/cs-007967.htm The Benefits of Multiple CPU Cores in Mobile Devices http://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/tegra_white_papers/Benefits-of-Multi-core-CPUs-in-MobileDevices_Ver1.2.pdf 11. List the reasons that are mobile microprocessor architectures are different than desktop microprocessor architectures. Answer  2.7 Processes (Background and Foreground), Tasks and Threads What is the difference between a process and a thread - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/200469/what-isthe-difference-between-a-process-and-a-thread Process Computing - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29 Parent Process - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_process Child Process - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_process Process Forking - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29 What is a Task? - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_%28computers%29 What is a Thread? - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_%28computer_science%29 What is Multitasking? - http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/a/multitasking.htm Daemons versus Background processes http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_difference_between_a_daemon_and_a_background_process Process States - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_states Video - Introduction to Processes & Threads - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsERPf9k54U Video - Part 5 A quick review of threads states and DLLs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U6dtRtSuFo&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Video - Processes - Part I - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIa2mhKCeYo Video - Processes - Part II - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5EV7isUJ6k Video - Basic Windows Task Manager Tasks Tutorial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPg_puU1G_Y Video - Why Do Computers Get Slower? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9_MoKIlPso Video - Fix Programs Slowing Your Computer Tutorial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EL_y_Ucq3nY Video - Linux Processes (Will be used later in the course) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDyeGw31A0 Video - Part 1 Why do we need processes (intermediate level) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2cjpw2UJgo&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Video - Part 2 What are Processes (intermediate level) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVDPU5xsjmM&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Video - Part 3 Deeper Dive into Processes (intermediate level) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3fDDFi4tsY&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Video - Part 4 Deeper Dive into Processes (intermediate level) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXgz9vKsObE&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Video - Part 5 A quick review of threads states and DLLs (intermediate level) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U6dtRtSuFo&list=PLC0XADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK Page 28 of 43 2.8 Questions – Processes and Windows Task Manger Read the Introduction to Memory and Task Management document 13. What is the difference a Daemon and a Background Process? Answer  14. What is the difference a Parent Process and Foreground Process? Answer  15. Start the Windows Task Manager on your computer. For example, right-click on the task bar at the bottom of your Window's desktop or press Ctrl-ALT-Delete and select Task Manager. Delete the example listed below. Switch to the Task Manager. Use the snipping tool to document the view of your Task Manager's Applications Tab. Page 29 of 43 Use the snipping tool to document the view of your Task Manager's Processes Tab. What's the difference between an Application, Process, and Services? http://superuser.com/questions/209654/whats-the-difference-between-an-application-process-and-services What is the difference between a process and a thread? - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/200469/what-isthe-difference-between-a-process-and-a-thread 16. Provide a detailed definition of the following Concepts Concepts Definition Application Process Thread Service Daemon 2.9 Questions - Multitasking and Multithreading Concepts Computer multitasking - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking What is computer multitasking? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081013191502AAih6mU Multiprogramming - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprogramming Time-sharing - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing Context Switch - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch Cooperative multitasking - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking Preemptive Multitasking - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document Page 30 of 43 17. Provide a detailed definition of the following Multitasking, Multiprogramming, or Time Sharing concepts. Multitasking and Multiuser Concepts Definition Multitasking Multiprogramming Context Switching Cooperative Multitasking Preemptive Multitasking Time Sharing http://www.blogsdna.com/2336/enable-multiple-user-accessconcurrent-user-sessions-for-remote-desktop-onwindows-7.htm 18. All multitasking and multiuser operating systems require a multitasking processor. But not all operating systems permit multiple concurrent users. Does Windows 7 provide for multiple concurrent users? Answer  19. What Windows 7 feature provides limited support for multiple users? (Hint: Look at your Shut Down Button in Windows 7) Answer  20. List a name a popular multiple-user operating system? Answer  2.10 Questions - Multiprocessing Multitasking, Multiprocessing and threads - http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc767883.aspx Multiprocessing - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-processing Symmetrical Multiprocessing - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing Advantages And Disadvantages of Multiprocessing http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_multiprocessor_systems Advantages And Disadvantages of Multiprocessing p://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_Multiprocessing Video - Operating System Defined - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBjtp9zWxyk Video - Operating System Terminology - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Id78Ja_RgY Video - Multi-Core Processors Demystified - Lab Rats #25 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg5atUmjcyA Video- Hyper Threading Vs Dual Core / Multi-Core http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B_XgIVfyl0&list=PL52BB2E9DDAB724E9 Video Picking an Intel Core Processor: What is Hyper-Threading Good For? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHtda4mJjxc&list=PL52BB2E9DDAB724E921. Provide a practical a detailed definition of the following Multiprocessing Concepts. Page 31 of 43 Multitasking and Multiuser Concepts Definition Asymmetric Multiprocessing Symmetric Multiprocessing 22. In order to take advantage of multiprocessing architectures what changes must be made to your computer hardware? Answer  23. Using the following table list the advantages and disadvantages of Multiprocessing Architectures. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiprocessing Architectures Advantages Disadvantages 24. Explain the concept of Hyperthreading or SMT. Answer  25. Hyperthreading is an Intel Concept. AMD choose not to implement Hyperthreading into their processors. What architectural approach did AMD use instead of Hyeprthreading? Answer  26. What is Hyper Transport? Answer  27. AMD uses Hyper Transport Architectures, Intel does not. What does Intel use instead of Hyper Transport? (Hint: Be careful, these concepts have nothing to do with Hyperthreading or internal architecture of the processor.) Answer  Page 32 of 43 2.11 Questions - Multicore Processors Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document Technical Review – Do not just focus of Processor Speed and Number of Cores A traditional comparison measure of processor performance has often been based of clock speed, for example the 5-gigahertz speed of the System z13 processor family. Many technical experts may accurately claim that they have over-clocked their microprocessor to 8 or 9-gigahertz. However, the danger of "over-clocking" a processor speed is similar to traveling over 100 miles on an Interstate highway. At higher speeds there is always an increased risk of a collision at any level of excessive speed. IBM guarantees the 100% accuracy of their processors for continuous operations for 40 years or more. Processor speed is only one factor that affects overall system performance. For example, Intel and AMD produce "general purpose" microprocessors, while System z provides a family of specialized processors optimized for special roles. Recently, IBM introduced a specialized zIIP and cryptographic processor which provides unprecedented performance to support real-time data analytics and encryption. The architectural design of the processor and system are often more important than processor speed. Response Time. Encountering a response time greater than one or two seconds may be unacceptable for major online retailers, credit card and commercial bank processing. Only System z platform can provide scalable and reliable response time for large-scale transaction requirements. Video - How Do CPUs Use Multiple Cores? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3I5WNHbnJ0&index=15&list=PLQMVnqe4XbictUtFZK1-gBYvyUzTWJnOk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor http://www.networkdictionary.com/howto/Advtantages-and-Disadvantages-Multi-core.php http://www.networkfactor.net/newsdualcore.html http://www.ehow.com/list_7420612_disadvantages-multi_core-cpus.html 28. Explain the architecture of a Multicore Processor. Answer  Search Google images and past one or two images that best presents the concept of Multicore Processors. Paste a copy of this image below. Page 33 of 43 What is the difference between MultiCore and MultiProcessor? http://superuser.com/questions/214331/what-isthe-difference-between-multicore-and-multiprocessor. 29. Contrast the architectural differences between a Multicore and a Multiprocessor Answer  30. Using the following table list the advantages and disadvantages of Multicore Architectures. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multicore Architectures Advantages Disadvantages Page 34 of 43 2.12 Questions - Grid versus Cluster Computing Architectures Read the Introduction to Data Processing and Processor Architecture document Comparison of Grid Computing vs. Cluster Computing http://www.jatit.org/research/introduction_grid_computing.htm The Distributed Computing Paradigms: P2P, Grid, Cluster, Cloud, and Jungle http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1311/1311.3070.pdf Cluster Computing - http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/cluster-computing.htm Computer Cluster - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster Why Would Anyone Need a Computer Cluster? - http://obscuredclarity.blogspot.com/2008/10/why-wouldanyone-need-computer-cluster.html Advantages of Cluster Computing Architectures - http://www.ccgrid.org/the-advantages-of-clustercomputing-and-internet-computing.html Downsides of Cluster Computing Architectures - http://www.ccgrid.org/downsides-of-cluster-computing.html High Availability Clusters - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-availability_cluster ENTERPRISE GRID COMPUTING VS. CLUSTERING - http://www.avarsys.com/clustering.html 31. Explain the architecture of a Cluster Computing (Computer Clusters). Answer  Please search Google images and past one or two images that best presents the concept of Computer Clusters. Paste a copy of this image below. 32. Use the following table and provide a practical and detailed definition of the following types of Cluster Architectures. Cluster Computing Concepts Definition High Availability (HA) Clusters Load-balancing Clusters High-performance Clusters Page 35 of 43 33. Using the following table list the advantages and disadvantages of Cluster Architectures. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cluster Architectures Advantages Disadvantages Fundamentals of Grid Computing - http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp3613.pdf Grid and Cluster Computing: Options for Improving Windows® Application Performance http://www.digipede.net/downloads/Digipede_CCS_Whitepaper.pdf Beowulf cluster - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_cluster Video - Distributed Computing - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkkQy6ivbe4 Video - HPC & Cloud - How you can Exploit the Full Potential of your Cluster http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHukYy7kGcE Video - IBM Platform Computing (Clusters) - http://www.youtube.com/user/platformcomputing Video - IBM Accelerating workloads - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzcKeIuH838&feature=c4overview-vl&list=PLYXLybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r Video - IBM Platform Computing - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8uPjgJ7mI&list=PLYXLybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r Video - IBM End-to-end Case Cluster Study http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFerWeyv6B8&list=PLYXLybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r Video - Windows Server 2008 R2 Failover Clustering Introduction (Part 1 of 4) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcByPD_PuQE 34. What are the differences between grid computing and cluster computing? Answer  35. What is a Beowolf Cluster? Answer  36. What type of applications are taking advantage of cluster computing? Answer  Page 36 of 43 Requirement 3 - Virtual Memory Operating Systems, Virtual Addresses and Paging Many Definitions may be found in the Glossary of the Introduction to the New Mainframe: Z/OS Basics books Video - z/OS System Memory Architecture - Unit-10 https://youtu.be/viLXEL27R2s IBM Paul Newton's presentation and demonstration of z/OS address spaces, virtual storage and paging, and using key-controlled protection for system integrity. See Blackboard Folder "Paul Newton's System z Presentations" for a copy of this Presentation Virtual address space - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_address_space What is virtual memory, how is it implemented, and why do operating systems use it? http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/operating-systems/how-virtual-memory-works/ What are the advantages and disadvantages of virtual memory? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080928221645AAFAg23 These videos have been written for Unix, but many of the concepts can be applied to z/OS Video - Virtual Memory - Part 1 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqfjWIYyQ9k Video - Virtual Memory - Part 2 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4px3RrDBa6w Video - Page Replacement - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0d-vLw5Eyk Video - Process Management - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHPySA51t18 Video - Processes - Part I - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIa2mhKCeYo Video - Processes - Part II - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5EV7isUJ6k 3.1 Introduction to z/OS Virtual Memory All programs to be executed must be loaded into the physical memory (RAM) of the computer. Programs and data must be copied from storage, e.g., a disk, and loaded in to RAM by an operating system program call a loader. In a multitasking operating system user programs must be stored in RAM a manner that doesn't overlap or conflict with other user or operating system programs In addition, user and system programs need a way to communicate with each other. If an operating system controls the hardware then a user program needs a communication method to ask the operating system to print output or store data on a disk. z/OS uses virtual addresses to locate programs and data in z/OS address space. A virtual address is divided into three areas: Region, Segment and Page. z/OS uses these concepts to in dynamic address translation find the virtual location of a specified area of memory. While at first these concepts may sound confusing assume that visitor from Ireland wanted to find my home. Would they start searching at the first street in New York City - obviously no Page 37 of 43 First, we would start by asking which state do you want to locate (which Region)? Second, one would ask which city within the state do you want to locate (the segment table)? Third, which street within the city do you want to locate (the page table)? Finally, one can sequentially search all houses on the street or simply use the house address (the byte offset). Likewise, a virtual address uses a similar approach to unique identify a virtual address location and to quickly find the address later when needed. 3.2 Questions - Introduction to z/OS Virtual Memory What is virtual memory, how is it implemented, and why do operating systems use it? http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/operating-systems/how-virtual-memory-works/ Video - How Does Virtual Memory Work? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59rEMnKWoS4 1. Explain how a virtual memory operating system works? Answer: 2. What are the advantages of a virtual memory (storage) operating system? Answer: 3. What are the disadvantages of a virtual memory (storage) operating system? Page 38 of 43 3.3 Dynamic Address Translation Page 39 of 43 3.4 Questions - Format of a Virtual Address 4. The format System z virtual address contains four sections: Region, Segment, Page and Offset. Describe each section of a virtual address. z/OS Virtual Address Concepts Concept Function and Description Region (RX) Segment (SX) Page (PX) Byte Offset (BX) 5. How many bits are in a z/OS virtual address? Answer: 6. The maximum of amount virtual address space the z/OS can manage is ____? Answer: 7. How many bits are in a MVS/370 virtual address? Answer: 8. Older programs written for the older MVS/370 must use which area of virtual memory? Answer: 9. How many bits are in a MVS-XA virtual address? Answer: Page 40 of 43 10. Older programs written for the older MVS-XA must use which area of virtual memory? Answer: 3.5 Frames, pages and slots. Assume that the following program has be divided into eight pages labeled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. The Virtual Memory table contains the address of ALL program pages. Currently, pages A, E, F, and H are located in real storage. If Page A requests, e.g., GO TO, page H, the virtual memory manager needs to consulted to determine the location of Page H. The virtual memory manager determines the ASID of the page making the request. (Remember, the ASID identifies the address space contains all of the real and auxiliary pages Each address space is assigned a Region, Segment and Page table maintained by the virtual memory manager. Since the virtual memory manager determines that Page H is in real memory it tells the physical memory address the real address of the FRAME. If Page B was needed the virtual memory manager would assign the disk address of the SLOT to the auxiliary memory manager. Frames and slots are constantly swapped between real and auxiliary disk storage. Swapping and page stealing are various swapping algorithms. The objective is to minimize the overhead process of moving pages between physical and auxiliary storage. The system programmer can designate that some programs may not be swapped, Since the virtual, physical and auxiliary storage managers are so critical to the operation of z/OS these processes may not be swapped, Page 41 of 43 11. Using the following table, list the concept that best describes a type of page, or addressable unit. z/OS Addressable Units Concept Description A page or 4K block in central storage is called _______ A page or 4K block in virtual storage is called _______ A page or 4K block in auxiliary is called _______ 12. When a program is selected for execution, z/OS first bring the program into which type of storage? Answer: Page faults http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/operating-systems/paging-and-page-faults/ What is the purpose of swapping? http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/operating-systems/purpose-of-swapping/ What is the difference between a thread and a process? http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/operating-systems/thread-vs-process/ 3.6 Questions - z/OS Virtual Paging 13. z/OS uses a series of tables to determine whether a page is located in real storage or auxiliary storage. Only pages within real storage can be executed. Auxiliary storage is used to extend the real memory. Using the following table describe each of the following z/OS paging concepts. z/OS Virtual Paging Concepts Concept Description Page fault Page-in Page-out Page Stealing Unreferenced interval count Swapping System Resource Manager Workload Manager Thrashing 14. Which pages are the most likely candidates to be stolen when using Page stealing? Answer: Page 42 of 43 Page 43 of 43 Requirement 4 - Binary Representation and Character Encoding Enter your Name Here  Using Data Representation Methods Presentation and the links at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system Video - What Is Binary? Part 1 of 2 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTQ8Y6th2Jk Video - What Is Binary? Part 2 of 2 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrdz8Y92ZtY Video - Binary Representation of Decimal Numbers and IEEE754 Format (No Audio) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PM4hSkbx6s Video - Mantissa and Exponent: Explained - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zzx7HN4wo3A Video - Intro to the Floating Point Format - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owtK58XiPGo Video - Floating Point Numbers - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRGaPnBTQL4 Video - What is ASCII - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzQJogN4rVk Video - Unicode-UTF-ASCII - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9v8cHFjNm0 Video - Introduction to UTF-8 and Unicode - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqPTR_v4qFA Video - Characters in a computer - ASCII Tutorial (1/3) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1Sf1IhA0j4 Video - Characters in a computer - Unicode Tutorial (UTF-32 & UTF-16)(2/3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oYfv794R9s Video - Characters in a computer - Unicode Tutorial UTF-8 (3/3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLBtrd9Ar28 Video - Character Set / Character Encoding in HTML5 -http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AZZKk753lc Video - Character sets: ASCII, UTF-8 and the ISO family - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lRzRfFYfqY Binary translator - (Convert text to ASCII - Interesting and Simple) http://nickciske.com/tools/binary.php Hexadecimal - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal Computer Number Formats - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_numbering_formats Data Representation - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_types A Tutorial on Data Representation: Integers, Floating-point Numbers, and Characters http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/datarepresentation.html 4.1 Binary Representation (Storage) of Numeric Data Electronically, a digital computer is only capable of storing, understanding and processing information as combination of bits. A bit is conceptually similar to a simple light switch. Either the switch is on or it is off. Early computer hardware used a variety of different electronic technologies to store a bit. The following are some early pictures of storing bit from Pingdom (http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/08/the-history-of-computer-data-storage-in-pictures/) and Timeline of Computer History http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/ The 1024-bit Selectron. The Magnetic Drum Can you imagine the size of your laptop if we would store a bit using these 1940s and 50s technologies? It doesn't matter which electronic storage method is used, a bit is any device that is capable of having two states. It is either ON or OFF. Most modern computers have electronic components that in theory works like a light switch it is either ON or OFF. To make life easier, the number 1 is used to represent ON or True. The number 0 is used to represent the OFF or false. Binary electronics are reliable and inexpensive to build. Since all digital computer operations are based on two numeric states. All hardware computer functions are built on a combination of bits or multiples of twos, i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 258, 512 and 1024. A combination of bits may be called byte or word. What is more important to remember is that a Binary Representation Code must be used by a computer to understand the meaning of those combination of bits. ASCII and ECBDIC are two examples of binary codes. While electrical engineers may get excited about the basic bit (or one light switch), a bit does little to help an average person store or manipulate human data and information inside a computer. A bit can only represents two states. Symbolically, the ON state can represent a "Passing Grade" and the OFF state can represent a "Failing Grade" Paul Revere was his famous for warning that the British were coming used a binary digit, or two simple values. "One by Land and Two by Sea". As history reports this data representation system was quite adequate. But, what if the British want to stop at Heinz Field during a Pittsburgh Steeler's game to eat a Parmenitti Bros Sandwich before the attack? There was no third state that could represent this change in the battle plan. (A little bit of humor - a real little bit. What can you expect from a Steeler fan?) P a g e 2 | 34 Floating point data representation - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point Decimal floating point - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_floating_point CPUs: How much slower is floating point arithmetic than integer arithmetic? https://www.quora.com/CPUs-How-much-slower-is-floating-point-arithmetic-than-integer-arithmetic The Real Difference between Integers and Floating-Point Values - http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/the-real-difference-between-integers-and-floatingp.html Why can't decimal numbers be represented exactly in binary? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1089018/why-cant-decimal-numbers-be-represented-exactly-in-binary What is the difference between floating point accuracy and precision? http://ask.metafilter.com/204661/What-is-the-difference-between-floating-point-accuracy-and-precision Java - What is the difference between the float and integer data type when the size is the same? – http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4806944/what-is-the-difference-between-the-float-and-integer-data-typewhen-the-size-is What is the difference between precision and scale? – http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5689369/what-isthe-difference-between-precision-and-scale How do I interpret precision and scale of a number in a database? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2377174/how-do-i-interpret-precision-and-scale-of-a-number-in-a-database 4.2 Questions - Binary Representation (Storage) of Numeric Data Video - Lesson 1: Bits and Bytes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSelKbP4sc&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJC-&index=2 Video - Lesson 2: Memory Addresses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yF_txERujps&index=3&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJCVideo - Lesson 3: Integer Types in Memory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCJ93TZS1xg&index=4&list=PLAPTMtRxw27aMpAaIH1ZZU6U1GwkXAJC1. A Binary Number has two states 1 and 0. Why were binary codes created to handle some of the limitations associated with simple binary numbers? Your answer is . 2. Integer, Floating Point, and Fixed Point are alternative binary representation methods to store numeric values and process mathematical operations on the content. What are the "practical" differences between the use of Integer, Floating Point, and Fixed Point Express codes? Your answer is . 3. What are differences between accuracy and precision when using a floating pointy numeric code? Your answer is . 4a.Whatares the differences between precision and scale of a number when numeric data is stored in a database? Your answer is . 5. If 64-bit floating point or integer codes have greater precision than 16-bit floating point or integer codes, what are the practical advantages and disadvantages of having greater storage precision? Your answer is . 6. How does Java specify the type of numeric codes and level of precision to store data? Your answer is P a g e 3 | 34 . P a g e 4 | 34 7. Floating points are stored using the following concepts. Describe each using the following as an example: 117.14 (Hint Slide 17) Concept Purpose and value to be stored Sign of the Exponent Exponent Sign of the Mantissa Mantissa 8. Describe the concept of a Radix Point in relationship to numeric data codes? Your answer is . 9. Describe the concept of IEEE 754 and 854 in relationship to numeric codes. Your answer is . 4.3 Question – 1/3 * 3 10. When numeric data is stored using either the fixed or floating point code what is the ANSWER of "1 divided 3 times 3, or (1/3 * 3)? Explain your answer. (Hint: review the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard). Your answer is 4.4 Questions - Binary Representation (Storage) of Character Data The binary codes and bits does permit computers to process numeric data. But humans also require to communicate with letters of the alphabet, special characters and symbols. In 1963, IBM introduced a 8-bit binary code called EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), ECBDIC which would combine 8bits (256 combinations) which would be used to arbitrarily represent a letter of alphabet. Behinds the scenes the IBM mainframe uses the ECBDIC would store the number 193 which symbolically meant to display a capital letter "A" on the display to make these humans happy. The letter "B" would be stored as an ECBDIC number 194, and so forth. Though IBM's 8-bit EBCDIC was a great idea to store upper and lower case alphabetic characters, numbers, and other symbols, it was proprietary binary code. While a computer can store numbers, this ECBDIC coded number may be assigned to symbolically represent any alphabetic or international character. There were three open coding standards introduced to compete with ECBDIC, i.e., ASCII 7-bit (128 combinations), ANSI 8-bit (256 combinations) and Unicode 16-bit (65353 combinations.) ASCII, ANSI, and Unicode are used by almost all server, desktop or mobile device operating systems, except IBM operating systems. EBCDIC is only used with System z mainframe operating systems. P a g e 5 | 34 Let's review the previous two ECBDIC examples. ECBDIC will store the number 193 to display and represent the capital letter "A", and store the number 194 to the display and represent the a capital letter "B". However, your Windows and Apple computer uses ASCII. ASCII will store the number 65 to display and represent a capital letter "A", and store the number 66 to the display and represent the capital "B". To humans, all we see is the capital letter "A". But to the computer it only sees the decimal number ECBDIC 193 and ASCII 65. If you are confused can you imagine, the confusion if a Windows or Apple operating system uses ASCII to communicate IBM mainframe that uses ECBDIC? This one of the major reasons we use a 3270-client to convert the ASCII binary codes, e.g., the number 65 for a capital letter "A", to the number 193 so that the mainframe can understand that EBCDIC can interpret the transmit characters as a capital letter "A". This is the process of ASCII-to-ECBDIC binary code conversion. ASCII - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii Unicode - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode EBCDIC - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC ASCII Number Values and Binary http://www.roubaixinteractive.com/PlayGround/Binary_Conversion/The_Characters.asp 10. Explain the function, strengths and weaknesses of the following character codes 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, and 16-bit Unicode. (Hint: many great answers to this question in the Binary Representation Presentation) Character Code s 7-bit ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Functions, Strengths and Weaknesses . 8-Bit Extended ASCII (ANSI) Code 8-Bit EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) UTF-8 16-bit Unicode The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), also known as ANSI X3.4, and the Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) are computer character encoding sets. Although there are a number of variants of ASCII, all of them are essentially the same, and the encoding system is often praised by computer scientists for its simplicity and adaptability. EBCDIC is considered an anachronism in the computer world as it was designed for the now superannuated punch cards. ASCII, on the other hand, was developed in the 1960s and is very much designed for use in the world of modern computing. Both ASCII and EBCDIC are based on the Baudot code — a 19th century alternative Morse code — but they were designed for different purposes and to different ends. Essentially a seven-bit code, ASCII allows the eighth most significant bit (MSB) for error checking, but most contemporary computer systems use the codes above 128 for extended character sets. Whereas this is a character encoding set common on a number of different computer systems, EBCDIC is a character set particular to IBM mainframes. EBCDIC is exclusively used on IBM machines such as mainframes, midrange personal computers, and peripheral devices. Since most IBM machines include extensive processing capabilities and some support for modern encoding languages, they are able to keep up and even outperform devices from other brands. However, most machines and operating systems depend on ASCII and Unicode as their default encoding format. P a g e 6 | 34 4.5 Questions - Character Encoding and Character Sets Charset (Character Set) vs. Encoding - https://kore-nordmann.de/blog/0082_charset_versus_encoding.html Character encodings: Essential concepts- https://www.w3.org/International/articles/definitions-characters/ What's the difference between encoding and charset? - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2281646/whats-thedifference-between-encoding-and-charset Character set vs. character encoding - http://www.grauw.nl/blog/entry/254 11. What is the function of Character Encoding in relationship to the storage of numeric and alphanumeric data in the system memory, a program, a data file or a database? Your answer is 12. What is the function of Character Set in relationship to the storage of numeric and alphanumeric data in the system memory, a program, a data file or a database? Your answer is 13. Given the Java statements int hours; double pay, rate. Explain whether these Java statements are related to Character Encoding or Character Sets. Your answer is 14. Given the following standards: UTF-8, UTF-16, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-6, Latin, Extended Latin. Explain whether these Java statements are related to Character Encoding or Character Sets. Your answer is Collating sequence - https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_61/db2/rbafzsortsequence.htm Collating Sequence - The EBCDIC & ASCII Environments - http://www.simotime.com/cblclt01.htm P a g e 7 | 34 4.6 ASCII and EBCDIC Translation Tables and Collating Sequence ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables http://www.simotime.com/asc2ebc1.htm 15. Use the ASCII or EBCDIC Translation Tables. Under the ASCII column search to the listed character in the following table, and then provide the decimal value. Under the EBDIC column search to the listed character in the following table, and then provide the decimal value. Be careful to distinguish between upper and lower case letters, numbers, and spaces. Complete the following table ASCII Character A a Space 1 3 Z ASCII Decimal Value 65 97 EBCDIC Character A A Space 1 3 z EBCDIC Decimal Value 193 129 ASCII and EBCDIC characters are actually stored as binary values, either 7or bits. To better understand the storage of ASCII or EBCDIC, one should review the decimal value or decimal number. While the letter "A" is stored as a number, the processor or operating system does not treat the value as a number that may be added, subtracted, or any other math operation. Programming languages and databases store numeric and character data as string, integer, and floating point data types. Programming languages specify data type rules such as "You cannot perform a mathematical operation on strings, such as adding the letter "A" to the letter "T", i.e.., "A" + "T". While both ASCII and ECBDIC do stores characters as numbers behind the scenes, these character storage numbers are arbitrary and have no mathematical significance. Other programming language data type rules would be that it would illogical to perform math on a character "1", "2", or "3", or to compare ASCII or ECBDIC strings to numeric codes. However, the following questions will ask you to consider another set of data type rules called "collating sequence" which will affect how character codes are compared or sorted. 4.7 Questions - ASCII and EBCDIC Collating Sequences 16. Explain the concept of the Collating Sequence. Your answer is 17. Many systems can store character data in a data file or database as either ASCII, ANSI, ECBDIC, or UNICODE. Why is it important to specify character encoding scheme in relationship to the concept of the Collating Sequence. Your answer is 18. Using the previous link for a table of ASCII decimal values, why won't the capital letter "A" be equal to a lower case letter "a", i.e. IF "A" = "a" …. Your answer is 19. Using the previous link for a table of ASCII decimal values, if you compare the capital letter "A" to the character numeric digit "1", which will be greater, i.e., IF "A" > "1" Your answer is P a g e 8 | 34 20. Using the previous link for a table of ASCII decimal values, a summary of the "ASCII collating (sorting) sequence" is sorted from lowest decimal value to highest decimal value "space < numeric digits < capital letters < lower case letters". Using the previous link for a table of ECBDIC decimal values, provide a summary of the "ECBDIC collating (sorting) sequence" for a space, numeric digits, capital letters, and lower case letters. Your answer is 4.8 Questions - MIME Protocol What is MIME? - http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/MIME What is MIME? - http://www.creative-wisdom.com/teaching/network/mime.shtml Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME MIME type (media or content type). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type 21. Where is function of the MIME protocol in terms or Internet Email, Web Pages and XML? Your answer is 22. Where is function of a MIME type or content type in terms or Internet Email, Web Pages and XML? Your answer is Octal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal Which is better UTF-8 or ISO-? - http://blog.wordtothewise.com/2010/03/which-is-better-utf-8-or-iso/ Understanding text encoding in Word - http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook-help/choose-text-encodingwhen-you-open-and-save-files-HA010121249.aspx Hexadecimal- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal 23. What is the purpose and uses of Octal and Hexadecimal Binary Codes? (Hint: they are not used to store data in a binary format.) Your answer is P a g e 9 | 34 4.9 Questions - How does EXCEL automatically Stores Data using Binary Codes 24. When data is stored in an Excel, Excel automatically selects the best binary code used to store your Excel label or numeric value. List the appropriate Data Type that BEST matches the sample data for the data you type into an Excel cell, e.g., 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, Unicode, Floating point, Fixed-point, Octal or Hexadecimal. (Hint: review the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard). DO NOT TRANSLATE YOUR ANSWER TO BINARY. Applying Binary Representation Codes used by Excel Type of data When you type test words (labels), e.g., "Go Steelers" into an Excel Cell When you type value 16 into an Excel Cell When you type value $5.18 into an Excel Cell Binary representation codes used to store this data by Excel 4.10 Questions - Oracle Data Types Oracle Built-in Datatypes http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/sql_elements001.htm#i54330 Oracle Datatypes - http://ss64.com/ora/syntax-datatypes.html 24. When data is stored in an Oracle table column this data is stored as a binary code. Oracle applies binary code by declaring a column as a "Data Type". List the appropriate Oracle Data Type that BEST matches the binary code, e.g., 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, Unicode, Floating point, Fixed-point, Octal or Hexadecimal. There may be more one Oracle data type that matches a category of binary code because of precision, e.g., an 8-bit integer, 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer, or 64- bit integer. Not all binary code categories may be supported by Oracle. (Hint: review the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard Oracle Data Types used to Implement Numeric and Character Binary Codes Binary Code Oracle Data Types Integers Fixed Floating Point Floating Point 7-bit ASCII 8-bit ASCII Unicode Hexadecimal P a g e 10 | 34 4.11 Questions - Java Data Types Primitive Data Types - https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html Java Data Types: Understanding the 8 Primitive Data Types in Java - https://blog.udemy.com/java-data-types/ Java String is Special - https://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/J3d_String.html Java - Strings Class - http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_strings.htm 25. When data is stored in a Java variable this data is stored as a binary code. Java applies an appropriate binary code by declaring a variable as a "Data Type". List the appropriate Java Data Type that BEST matches the binary code, e.g., 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, Unicode, Floating point, Fixed-point, Octal or Hexadecimal. There may be more one Java data type that matches a category of binary code because of precision, e.g., an 8-bit integer, 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer, or 64- bit integer. Not all binary code categories may be supported by Java. (Hint: review the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard Java Data Types used to Implement Numeric and Character Binary Codes Binary Code Java Data Types Integers Fixed Floating Point Floating Point 7-bit ASCII 8-bit ASCII Unicode Hexadecimal P a g e 11 | 34 Requirement 5. Internal Memory Read the Introduction to Memory and Task Management document Computer Memory Concepts - http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/index1.html Maximum Memory, Standard Memory and Slots - http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/maximum-standardmemory-slots.html Memory RAM Speed - Access Time, Megahertz (MHz), Bytes Per Second http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/measuring-ram-speed.html System DRAM Technologies - http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/system-dram-technologies.html DIMM - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM Double Data Rate - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate DDR - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM DDR2 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM DDR3 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM DDR4 Intel set to bring next-gen DDR4 DRAM memory to computers later this year http://www.pcworld.com/article/2085880/intel-set-to-bring-ddr4-dram-to-computers-in-third-quarter.html Intel plans to bring speedy DDR4 DRAM to computers in Q3 http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245266/Intel_plans_to_bring_speedy_DDR4_DRAM_to_computers_in _Q3 Everything you want to know about Dual- Triple and Quad Channel Memory Architectures http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/133 Multi-channel memory architectures - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-channel_memory_architecture Dual Chanel Architecture - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-channel_architecture Video - PC Memory Tutorial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZV7UV31VGg Video - Understanding and upgrading your RAM - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e68YyNTeL18 Video - Installing your PC's memory - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw-zreo1hBE Video - Learning about Memory (RAM) - HP Workbench http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ5kRofuGLQ Video - How Much Memory (RAM) do I Need? - HP Workbench http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNrzycPDwvk Video - Guide to RAM Memory Channels as Fast As Possible - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8fhsXqq4o Video - Dual & Triple Channel Memory - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARi52co3ANs Video - Motherboard RAM Slots – A+ 220-901 1.2 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDKCSvmlPuc&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAnePNqxrsD9 gSId5&index=3 Video - Understanding PC Memory - A+ 220-901 1.2 (Professor Messer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmRMRlDXph0&index=11&list=PLJytQuP7cOhcnzWnPAne PNqxrsD9gSId5 P a g e 12 | 34 Random Access Memory - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram1.php Choosing RAM - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram2.php Pictures of Selected RAM Form Factors - http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/ram3.php 5.1 Questions - Memory Architectures 1. Provide a detailed description of the following internal (RAM) memory concepts. Us an Snipping tool and paste a Google image that best illustrates the concept Memory Detailed Description Image Architectures DIMM SDRAM DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM DDR4 SDRAM Latency ECC GDDR3 Dual Channel DDRs Quad Channel DDRs 5.2 Memory Performance Ratings and Form Factors DDR Performance Ratings DDR, DDR2, and DDR3 are rated using by two specifications PC or PC2 and DDR or DDR2. DDR-xxx and DDR2-xxx specifications indicates the chip data rate, which is based on the clock speed of the Front-Side Bus. Using the PC2-3200/DDR2-400B DIMM in the DDR2 Performance Ratings below let us assume the Front-Side Bus speed is 200-Mhtrz. The FSB clock speed is determined by the technology used by the mother board. The FSB speed is always significantly slower that the processor speed. At first glance, one may assume that at 200-Mhrtz we can get 200 million units of work done. But here is the beauty of the DDR (DOUBLE DATE RATE) technology – is double-pumped or double-rated. When the FSB bus operates with double data rate transfers data it performs twice the work of the clock speed, e.g., once of the rising voltage of the pulse and once on the falling voltage of the clock signal. It kinda like your boss making you work twice as hard during your 8-hour shift. P a g e 13 | 34 Double-channel technology is NOT double-rated technology. Normally the processor has only one path from the processor to RAM (one FSB). Double-channel means that there are two FSB busses. With doublechannel technology two transfers can be made simultaneously. Again, it may be like your boss giving you an extra worker to help you during your 8-hjour shift. The bottom line is a 200-Mhtrz front-side bus gets 400-Mhrtz of work done. Again the speed of the FSB is determined by your motherboard. PC ratings measure the maximum data transfer rate (not the chip data rate). PC ratings are more likely be used to purchase new RAM. A PC2-3200 indicates that the maximum data transfer rate of the DIMM module is 3,200,000 bytes, not bits. Some of the PC ratings truncate the last two digits. For example, the PC2-4200 DIMM modules actually has a maximum data transfer rate of 4,266,000 bytes. DDR and DDR2 PC ratings, the Chip Data Rate and the Front –Side Bus speed are directly related. Consider the following: PC Rating Speed PC2-3200 divided by 8 equals Chip Data Transfer Rate. /8 400 divided by 2 equals Front-Side Bus /2 200 Mhrtz Ok, Ok. Why do we divide by 8? The Front side but is 64-bits wide. A byte is 8 bits. 64 /8bits = 8 bytes Ok, Ok. Why do we divide by 2? Did you forget double pumping or the meaning of double rated chip already. We can also perform the conversion the other way. Front-side bus speed PC rating. 200 Mhrtz PC2-3200 multiply by 2 equals Chip Data Transfer Rate x2 multiply by 8 400 equals 8 DDR2 Performance Ratings DIMM Module Name PC2-3200 DIMM Maximum Data Transfer Rate PC2-4200* 4266 PC2-5300* 5333 PC2-6400 6400 PC2-8500* 8533 3200 DDR Chip name DDR2-400B DDR2-400C DDR2-533B DDR2-533C DDR2-667C DDR2-667D DDR2-800C DDR2-800D DDR2-800E DDR2-1066E DDR2-1066F Chip Data Transfer Rate I/O Clock 400 200 533 266 667 333 800 400 1066 533 P a g e 14 | 34 Comparing DDR Technologies DDR, DDR2, and DDR3 DIMMS vary physically and architecturally. DDR2 DIMMs are not designed to be backward compatible with DDR DIMMs. DDR DIMMs have 184 pins while DDR2/DDR3 DIMMS have 240 pins. Even though DDR2/DDR3 DIMMS have the same number of pins you cannot mix them do the position of the notch on the DIMM. DDR DIMM Notches The notch on DDR2 DIMMs is in a different position from DDR DIMMs, and the pin density is higher than DDR DIMMs in desktops Within a DDR technology category type you can mix older DDR technology, e.g., PC2-4200 with a newer DDR technology, e.g., PC2-6400. While higher performance DDR2 DIMMs are compatible with lower performance DDR2 DIMMs; however, the higher performance module runs at the lower module's frequency. Comparing DDR RAM DDR Category Type DDR DIMMs (2001) DDR2 DIMMS (2003) DDR3 DIMMS ( improved power consuption) (2007) DDR4 DIMMS (Expected 2012) Pins Frequency 184 desktop 200 laptop 240 desktop 200 laptop 100-200 Chip Data Transfer Rate 200-400 200-533 400-1066 240 desk top 204 laptop 400-800 1066-200 PC Rating PC-2100 PC-2700 PC-3200 PC2-3200 PC2-4200 PC2-5300 PC2-6400 PC2-8500 PC3-8500 PC3-1333 PC3-12800 PC3-14400 PC3-1600 Module Size 256MB, 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB P a g e 15 | 34 DDR Option Codes PC2-4200 ECC PC2-4200R PC2-4200F GDDR4-4200 Explanation The DDR "ECC" option indicates that an extra data byte lane is used for correcting minor errors and detecting major errors for better reliability The DDR "R" option indicates that module is "registered". A "registered" DIMM improves signal integrity (and hence potentially clock rates and physical slot capacity) by electrically buffering the signals at a cost of an extra clock of increased latency. The highest storage capacity for a DIMM is normally a registered module The DDR "F" or "FB" option indicates that module is "fully buffered" and not have the same notch position as other classes. Fully buffered modules cannot be used with motherboards that are made for registered modules, and the different notch position physically prevents their insertion. Graphics Double Data Rate, version 4) is a type of graphics card memory. Unlike standard DDR memory the graphics processor can read and write to the memory at the same time (dual-ported), has a hardware reset feature and lower power consumption. 2. What is the relationship between the concept of a DIMM and a DDR? Answer  3. What type of memory module(s) use(s) 184 pins? Answer  4. What type of memory module(s) use(s) 240 pins? Answer  5. By looking at the physical appearance of the DDR2 and DDR3 memory module how would one determine the difference between the two types of memory modules? Answer  6. You see a memory module that states that it is a PC2-8500 module. What does the number 8500 mean? Answer  7. What is the purpose of a PC rating when discussing internal modules? Answer  8. What is the relationship between PC ratings and the Front Side Bus Speed? Use PC2-8500 as an example. Answer  P a g e 16 | 34 5.3 Question - Crucial.com What type of memory does your computer use Performance Ratings and Form Factors? 9. Go to crucial.com or any other online supplier of computer memory. Enter the model and type of your computer. Find the type of computer memory that is most appropriate for your computer. Use a Snipping Tool to document your findings below. 10. What is maximum amount supported by your motherboard? Answer  11. What is recommended type of memory to be used by your computer? Answer  http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Find-out-how-much-RAM-your-computer-has http://www.online-tech-tips.com/computer-tips/how-to-determine-the-amount-of-ram-installed-on-your-computer/ http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/How-do-I-know-if-my-computer-has-a-memory-problem http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Diagnosing-memory-problems-on-your-computer http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9158258/Most_Windows_7_PCs_max_out_memory 5.4 Questions - Memory Failures 12. What are the three major causes of computer memory failures? Your answer is 13. What is the name of the new tool provided by Windows Vista and 7 that may be used to diagnose memory problems? Your answer is P a g e 17 | 34 5.6 Questions - Difference between Notebook and Desktop Memory The Difference Between Notebook and Desktop Memory http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Computer_Science/2008/laptop_desktop_memory.asp Can Laptop Memory Be Used in Desktop and the Other Way Around? - http://www.popularmemory.org/canlaptop-memory-be-used-in-desktop/ 14. What are the differences between laptop memory and desktop memory? Your answer is 15. What factors affect the maximum amount of RAM that can be installed into your computer? Your answer is P a g e 18 | 34 Requirement 6. Functions of an Operating System Operating System Functions - http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system2.htm The main functions of an operating system - http://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/the-mainfunctions.php Operating Systems - https://www.cs.umd.edu/users/oleary/c662/opsys.pdf How Operating Systems Work - http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm Process (computing) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing) What is a computer process? - http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/process Video - Computer Tour - http://computer.howstuffworks.com/23-computer-tour-video.htm Video - Introduction to Operating Systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzVGL44eq9w Video - Operating Systems - Lecture 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55FeqGGzE5Q Video - Processes & Threads in Operating Systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gif8znTA1Jw P a g e 19 | 34 6.1 Functions of an Operating System P a g e 20 | 34 6.2 Questions - Functions of an Operating System 1. An Operating System provides many Services. Use the following table and provide a description for each of the following operating system function or service. Operating System Function/Service Description Process (Task) Management Memory Management Time Management Device Management (I/O control and Device Drivers) File System Security User Interfaces 2 What is meant by the concept of concurrency? Answer: P a g e 21 | 34 6.3 Questions – Interrupt Processing Read the Introduction to Memory and Task Management document Processor Management http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system5.htm What is Interrupt Processing? Chapter 3.7.1: Overview of z/OS: Introduction to the Mainframe: z/OS basics 3. What is Interrupt Processing? When an interrupt occurs what happens next in the processing cycle? Answer: 7. What is the difference between an I/O Interrupt and an External Interrupt? Answer: Process Control Block - http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system6.htm 8. What is the role of a Process Control Block in relationships to Processes and Interrupts? Answer: 9. List the type of information stored in a Process Control Block. Answer: Computer Processes - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing) Threads - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science) Difference between a process and a thread http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_a_computer_process_and_thread Shell (computing) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29 Command-line interface - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface Command Line Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages) - http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/user_interface/miniweb/pg3.htm Graphical User Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages) - http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/user_interface/miniweb/pg7.htm Touch Sensitive Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages) - http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/user_interface/miniweb/pg11.htm Sound and Speech Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages) - http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/user_interface/miniweb/pg9.htm Command line vs. GUI - http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000619.htm Command line - http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/commandi.htm GUI - http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gui.htm P a g e 22 | 34 6.4 Question - Command Shells 10. What is the function of a shell in computing and operating systems? Answer: 11. What is a command line interface? Answer: 12. How does one know that the operating system is ready to process the next command when using a command line interface? Answer: 6.5 Questions - Comparison of Command Line interfaces and Graphical User Interfaces 13. Use the following table and compare each topic citing advantages or disadvantages of using command line interfaces (CLI) as compared to graphical user interfaces (GUI). Comparison of Command Line and Graphical User Interfaces Topic Ease of Use and Effort to Learn Degree of Control of the Operating System Command Line Interfaces Graphical User Interfaces Multitasking Speed of Use Resource Utilization, e.g., Memory, Processor Time Scripting Remote Access Flexibility to transfer knowledge to other user interfaces Ergonomics and Strain P a g e 23 | 34 Five benefits of command line tools in security - http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/fivebenefits-of-command-line-tools/ Seven Free Security Tools for Linux http://www.pcworld.com/article/224955/7_free_security_tools_for_linux.html List of Linux Security Audit and Hacker Software Tools http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxSecurityTools.html Advantages of command line over GUI http://www.aswedeingermany.de/50SoftwareDevelopment/50ShellVsGUI.html Why Command Line still important? - http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110202071442AAGs5Bc The Importance of Command Line Literacy - http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7096/ 6.6 Command Line interfaces and Security 14. Many security tools have a GUI interface. Using the following table list and explain five reasons why one's ability to use the CLI is very important to their careers? Importance of a Professional's Knowledge of Command Line Tools in Security Topic Discussion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Requirement 7 Computer Buses, Storage Devices and SANS 7.1 Introduction to Computer Busses A bus is simply a wire located on the motherboard. Buses are the highway that connect all the PC internal components and external devices and peripherals to its CPU and main memory (RAM). These embedded wires carry four types of cargo: Electrical Power Control Signals to coordinate activity (How) Memory Addresses, which informs the where to access data and instructions (Where) Data which presents the flow of instructions or data between components 7.1.1 The Front-side System Bus The fastest bus of all is the connection between the processor and its primary cache, and this is kept within the CPU chip. The next level down is the system bus, which links the processor...
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