Question 3: Research The ability to read, understand, critique, and integrate research studies and to design a study to address a gap in the research literature is a vital tool for a doctoral student. As you write your dissertation, you may be reading hundreds of studies, many of which you will evaluate as part of a coherent literature review. Select five empirical articles from peer-reviewed journals that: • you consider critical to your understanding of your area of dissertation research • all address a particular phenomenon and attempt to contribute to theory about it Part 1 1. Describe each study, including: • the research problem, questions, or hypotheses • the research purpose • type of design and elements of the design (e.g., sample, data analysis, operationalization of constructs) • threats to validity and if and how they were addressed • the findings and their implications 2. Critically evaluate each study: Does the author make a compelling case for the meaning and significance of the findings? Part 2 Write a literature review that explains what is known and not known about the phenomenon based on a critical evaluation of the five studies Part 3 Develop a research question that addresses one of the unknowns you identified in Part 2 and sketch a quantitative or qualitative study that can answer the question about what is unknown and contribute to theory (in some sense of theory you discuss in Question 1). Address: • the research purpose • type of design and elements of the design (e.g., sample, the type of data you need to collect and how you will collect it, data analysis) • the strengths and weaknesses of your envisioned design and methods • quantitative: threats to validity and how your design will address them • quantitative: the constructs you will measure and what you will do in order to determine how to operationalize them (you need not identify specific measures) • qualitative: your means of ensuring the quality of your findings • justification for why your chosen design and methods are more appropriate for your research question than alternatives you have considered • your methods of data analysis • how the data you collect will enable you to answer your research question and contribute to theory Draw on the additional resources for this course for guidance in understanding the concepts (e.g., internal validity, threats to validity, and operationalization) needed to address this question. Use the articles provided in annotated bibliography to answer the above question. The research topic was effects of terrorism on the economy. They are five of them. Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: a cross-country panel analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509521. This study categorically aimed at analyzing the effects of interaction between political instability and terrorism on the tourism sector. Panel data from 139 countries was used for the period 19992009 in the study. The study was trying to measure the extent to which the political conflict and terrorism on a given country, can impact negatively on tourism. The researchers found out that the effects of effects of political instability on tourism is far more severe as compared to the effects of one-off terrorist attacks. It is very surprising to note that these findings indicate that terrorist attacks increase the demand for tourism for the law to moderate political risk countries. Significant reduction in tourism business is witnessed in those countries that witness a high level of political risk. Some research findings from other researchers below differ with the findings but terrorism and political volatility combined cause serious damage to the tourism industry. Raza, S. A., & Jawaid, S. T. (2013). Terrorism and tourism: a conjunction and ramification in Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 33, 65-70. An investigation is done on the effects of terrorism on tourism in Pakistan in this research. Terrorism is known to have negative impacts on tourism industry from research conducted in this bibliographies. The annual time series (1980-2010) is used in this study. Johansen and Jeuselius and ARDL is used in this research to confirm the valid long run relationship. The research yields the following findings: there is a significant negative relationship in both long run and short run. The rolling window indicated terrorism having negative coefficients through the sample while unidirectional causal relationship was found, and runs from terrorism to tourism. This paper tries to show the relationship that exists between the level of tourism and terrorism as seen from previous research mentioned here. Yap, G., & Saha, S. (2013). Do political instability, terrorism, and corruption have deterring effects on tourism development even in the presence of UNESCO heritage? A cross-country panel estimate. Tourism Analysis, 18(5), 587-599. The article tries to evaluate the effects of political instability, terrorism and corruption on tourism development especially in the UNESCO- listed destinations. A fixed-effects panel data analysis is employed for 139 countries over a period (1999-2009). The findings from the research an increase in one unit in political instability is associated with a decrease in tourism arrivals between 24% and 31% and a decrease in tourism revenues of between 30% and 36%. While it is noted that in presence of heritage, terrorism has a negative effect on tourism demand even though its effects are much less than what is seen in political instability. While from the study, an increase in the corruption index would not have any adverse effect on the numbers of tourists arriving especially in those countries known to have historical and natural heritage. In order to make things accessible, some tourists may have the feeling that it will necessitate them to give bribes or corrupt authorities for you to have a travel visa to visit some destination sites. The moderation effect still from the research shows that political instability reduces the tourism demand even in those UNESCO- listed countries with heritage destinations. The research seems to give insight into the impacts of terrorism on the tourism sector and even tries to critically give a distinction on the impacts on tourism when one compares the three aspects being studied. Fatima, M., Latif, M., Chugtai, S. F., Hussain, N., & Aslam, S. (2014). Terrorism and its Impact on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan and India. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(7), 1033-1043. The researchers argue that terrorism has economic impacts on growth and they try to evaluate two countries about the same to substantiate the argument. A seven-year data obtained from world bank is used for the analysis. ADF test was then employed to find the co-integration between terrorist activities in this two countries. The researchers also try to compare impact of terror activities between the two countries. The findings are that the economic growth of India has no impact on terror activities on the other hand the economic growth of Pakistan has got a significant impact on terror activities. The findings also show that the terrorist activities in India have an impact on Pakistan terrorist activities but this is usually on the short course, however on the long run there is no stable impact. The findings clearly substantiate the findings that an increase in terror activities usually reduce the GDP growth but it is not clear as it does not distinguish the reason for the difference. Lee, C. Y. (2016). Terrorism, counterterrorism aid, and foreign direct investment. Foreign Policy Analysis, fpa-12087. Many foreign investors actually avoid entering countries which have suspected political risks that are actually termed high political risks. Hence terrorism may discourage or prevent foreign investors as it creates an unsafe environment for business hence impacts on the economy of the host country. The research explored whether terrorism reduces foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The argument is that foreign investors actually look at the host country’s capability to handle terrorism so that they can adjust their information. Foreign aid provided from United States that is used to counter terror attacks is seen as a good and promising signal of the country receiving the help or beneficiary as having potential to counter terrorism. This paper uses two commonly employed terrorism data sets with the drawing of time series using a cross sectional data analysis. Findings help substantiate the claim as it is found that those countries which are beneficiaries of the aid do not experience challenges in FDI inflows at the same time an interesting finding from the research is that conflict tied aid actually portrays a negative image and has a negative effect of terrorism on FDI. This is because it sends negative signals to these investors hence the fear to invest in such a country. The research findings are comparable to almost all the above bibliographies as we have seen the role attitude plays to workers and investors and this directly affects the economy.
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